Gothic Painting (1280-1515)
The Gothic style began with the architecture of the 12th
century, at the height of the Middle Ages, when Europe was putting the memory
of the ``Dark Ages'' behind it and moving into a radiant new era of prosperity
and confidence. At the same time, Christianity was entering a new and
triumphant phase of its history, and so the age of chivalry was also the time
of the building of the magnificent Gothic cathedrals, such as those in the
northern French towns of Chartres, Reims and Amiens. In the realm of painting,
the change to the new style became visible around a century after the first of
these cathedrals rose. In contrast to the Romanesque and Byzantine styles, the
most noticeable feature of the art of the Gothic period is its increased
naturalism. This quality, which first appeared in the work of Italian artists
in the late 13th century, became the dominant painting style throughout Europe
until the end of the 15th century.
The Gothic era in painting spanned more than 200 years,
starting in Italy and spreading to the rest of E.
By the end of the 14th century, the fusion of Italian and
Northern European art had led to the development of an International Gothic
style. For the next quarter of a century, leading artists travelled from Italy
to France, and vice versa, and all over Europe. As a consequence, ideas spread
and merged, until eventually painters in this International Gothic style could
be found in France, Italy, England, Germany, Austria and Bohemia.
Masters of illumination
The ancient art of book illumination was still the
prevailing form of painting in France at the beginning of the 15th century. It
reached new heights, however, in the work of the three Limbourg brothers, Pol,
Herman, and Jean, exponents of the International Gothic style.
They came from Gelderland, a province of the Netherlands,
but worked in France. They were the only other Gothic painters to take such
orderly joy as that shown by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the city and its
environment, its people, and its rulers. The Limbourg brothers all died
suddenly in 1416, probably of the plague.
The Limbourgs' joint masterpiece, Les Très Riches Heures, was
commissioned by the wealthy and extravagant manuscript collector, the Duc de
Berry. Les Très Riches Heures
is one of a genre of 15th-century illustrated prayer books known as ``book of
hours''. The ``hours'' were prayers to be said at one of seven hours of the
day. A book of hours would naturally contain a calendar, and this became the
opportunity for a display of the illuminator's talent. Sadly, this particular
example was unfinished at the time of the Limbourgs' and the Duc de Berry's
deaths.
Each month is marked by an enchanting scene, usually
showing appropriate seasonal activities. In August, we see courtly lovers
riding to hunt with their falcons, while the great white ducal castle gleams in
the distance and the peasant swim happily in the winding stream. The blue upper
part of the painting shows an astrological hemisphere. With its mixture of
courtly refinement and everyday reality, this miniature is representative of
many in the book.
The Garden of Eden was painted
separately from the rest of Les
Très Riches Heures and inserted into it later. It is a
great enclosed circle showing the world as it was intended to remain before
Adam and Eve's fall from grace. The whole story of the loss of Eden and human
self-will is set graphically before us. Adam and Eve are finally ejected from
the lush greenery of Eden unto a dangerous rocky shore. The Limbourgs'
consciousness of tragedy is no less acute for being so chivalric in its manner.
For all their elegance, they are as aware as all great artists that pain is our
human lot.
In the 15th century, the International Gothic style
developed in two directions: both could be called revolutions. One was in the
South, in Florence, and was the birth of the Italian Renaissance. The other
tool place in the North, in the Low Countries, where painting went through an
independent but equally radical transformation: this was the beginning of the
Northern Renaissance movement.
Список
литературы
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