Table ofcontents
Introduction
1. Theoretical bases of the economicand legal substantiation of realization of innovative activity
1.1 Economic bases of innovativeactivity
1.2 Legal bases of innovative activity
1.3 Working out and the analysis ofthe innovative project
2. The technique of the estimation ofefficiency of the innovative project
2.1 Existing technique of anestimation of the investment project
2.2 Offered model of an estimation ofefficiency of the innovative project
2.3 Comparison of standard and offeredmodels of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project
3. The estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project in public health services
3.1 Estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project by a standard technique
3.2 Estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project by an offered technique
3.3 Comparison of estimations ofefficiency of the innovative project on standard and offered models
4. Management of the personnel of thescientific organizations
4.1 Personnel of the scientificorganisations
4.2 Motivation of the personnel in thescientific organisations
4.3 Problem of a choice of the optimumschedule (mode) of work in the scientific organisations
5. Bases of safety of ability to live
5.1 Legal bases of a labour safety
5.2 Planning of actions for a laboursafety
The conclusion
The literature list
Introduction
In modernconditions successful activity of medical institutions is in many respectsdefined by activity of economic service since the changes which have occurredin all spheres of our society, could not lay aside public health services. Inthe conditions of transition to the market without strengthening of an economicorientation of activity of the head it is difficult to count on stable work ofestablishment. So, is precipitate to sign contracts, to enter new medicalservices and to make other important decisions without corresponding economicexamination. In this connection for medical institutions there is actual aquestion of the analysis and economic activities planning. Many of methods ofeconomic (especially financial) analysis are not new in itself, but those areonly in relation to public health services. Application (adaptation) of thesemethods to features of concrete area? A problem difficult enough, demanding thebig work and qualification [12].
In thepresent degree work the innovative project of manufacture of iatrotechnics onthe basis of treatment-and-prophylactic establishment will be considered.Offered in the given degree work to consideration the innovative project isdeveloped for a substantiation of manufacture and realisation of the newmedical device? The biotest?, intended for diagnostics and treatment of many ofdisease on a method to the developed R.Follem. This direction in medical branchhas started to develop only in the last some years, and its further expansionis planned. Development of this direction has the big prospects in view of thatR.Follja's method allows to treat many diseases, including congenital, andmedical institutions engaged in diagnostics and treatment on R.Follja's methodwhich will be the basic buyers of the device? The biotest?, can organise theactivity in such a manner that technology use would make notable profit.
Medicalinstitutions, private clinics and simply separate doctors constantly expand afield of the activity, all new and new services render, and aspire to receivefrom them benefit. Device «Biotest» allows to organise the wholemedical office on research and treatment, helps with many branches of medicine.For example R.Follja's method is applied in stomatology to diagnostics of compatibilityof the material, seals offered the patient and crowns, with its organism. Thepurpose of degree work is the substantiation of expediency of introduction ofthe innovative project on manufacture of the new device? The biotest?.
Forachievement of this purpose in work following problems are solved:
1) toDescribe the theoretical? Economic and legal? Bases of innovative activity.
2) todevelop own model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project.
3) tospend the comparative description of standard and offered model of anestimation of efficiency of the innovative project.
4) Forthe considered innovative project? Device manufactures? The biotest?? To spendan efficiency estimation by both techniques, standard and developed in thepresent degree work.
5) toconsider the important questions concerning innovative activity, such asquestions of management of the personnel in the scientific organisations andability to live safety issues at realisation of innovative activity. In theappendix to the present degree work the Passport of the innovative project isresulted.
1.Theoretical bases of the economic and legal substantiation of realization ofinnovative activity
1.1 Economicbases of innovative activity
Before tospeak about the economic bases of innovative activity, we will short describethe basic terms and the concepts connected with innovative activity (in thefield of public health services) [26]. According to a management of Fraskati(the document is accepted in 1993 in the Italian city of Fraskati) theinnovation is defined as the end result of the innovative activity which hasreceived an embodiment in the form of a new or advanced product (service),introduced on the market, new or advanced technological process, or in the newapproach to social services. In other words the innovation (innovation) meansresult of the creative activity directed on working out, creation anddistribution of new kinds of products, technologies, introductions of neworganizational forms etc. [31]. In this connection it is necessary to considerthe term an innovation as registration of result fundamental, applied orexperimental researches in any field of activity, promoting development andincrease of efficiency of this activity [47]. Besides opinions of authors ofvarious editions, in terminology questions it is necessary to consider standarddocuments. So in the project of the Federal law? About innovative activity andthe state innovative policy? Following definitions of concepts considered inthe present degree work [62] are given:? An innovation — the end result of thecreative activity which has received realisation in the form of new eitheradvanced production, or the new or advanced technological process used in aneconomic turn;? Innovative activity? Creation of the new or advancedproduction, the new or advanced technological process, realised in an economicturn with use of scientific researches, workings out, developmental works, orother scientific and technical achievements;? The state innovative policy? Thecomponent of a social and economic policy directed on development andstimulation of innovative activity;? Venture innovative funds? Thenoncommercial organisations established legal and (or) physical persons on thebasis of voluntary property payments and (or) voluntary investment in exchangefor a share in the share capital, the creations focused on financing,development in manufacture of new kinds of production and (or) the technologiesconnected with a high risk;? An infrastructure of innovative activity? Theorganisations rendering subjects of innovative activity of service, necessaryfor realisation of innovative activity. In connection with the above-stated thecentral concept for the present degree research? The innovative project? It isnecessary to define as follows. As the innovative project we will understandthe introduction business plan (manufactures and sales) innovative working out(the new goods, service or technology). The business plan, in turn, is both asubstantiation of economic feasibility of introduction of an innovation, andplanning of actions for realisation of the project [46]. Following kinds ofactivity concern innovative activity [63]: performance of the research, developmentaland technological works directed on creation of new or advanced production, thenew or advanced technological process, realised in an economic turn; Carryingout of marketing researches and the organisation of commodity markets ofinnovative products; creation and development of an innovative infrastructure;preparation and retraining of personnel for innovative activity; protection,transfer and acquisition of the rights to objects of intellectual property boththe confidential scientific and technological information; realisation oftechnological re-equipment and manufacture preparation; realisation of tests,certifications and standardization of new processes, products and products; theinitial period of manufacture of new or advanced production, application of newor advanced technology before achievement of a standard time of recovery ofoutlay of the innovative project; financing of innovative activity, includingrealisation of investments into innovative programs and projects; other kindsof works which necessary for realisation of innovative activity and are notcontradicting the legislation of the Russian Federation. Further from theconceptual device we will pass to the description of the economic bases ofinnovative activity. Above it was already told about necessity of steadfastconsideration of the questions connected with an economic aspect of activity oftreatment-and-prophylactic establishments. The first, what it is necessary tonote in this connection? This increase of the importance of economic service inactivity of the medical institutions, connected with increase of the importanceof financial indicators. Other moment? This essential change last yearscharacter of economic work, increase of its complexity and labour input?Complexity and labour input of economic work in public health services isconnected, first of all, with expansion of sources of financing, variousprinciples of planning [40]. The Major factors influencing occurrence of newdirections in economic work of medical institutions, Changes in public healthservices economic mechanism are following [53: 1]). 2) the Computerization ofestablishments of public health services. 3) changes of the status and theorganizational-legal form of medical institutions, their transformation intofull managing subjects with the wide rights in questions of the organisation ofthe work. One of the major kinds of economic work traditionally is planning. Inmodern conditions its relative density. However in modern conditions instead ofcharges of medical institutions priority value starts to get costs planning onthe medical aid rendering, called to provide coordination of resources withvolumes of the rendered services, instead of quantity of capacities (the areas,cots, states etc.) [20]. By consideration of new tendencies in approaches tothe analysis of economic activities of medical institutions what varies notonly toolkit of the economic analysis, but also a methodological basis isessentially important? The economic analysis of work of medical institutionacts as the analysis of activity of the independent and full managing subject,instead of simply consumer of resources as it was earlier [39]. Rather newsphere of activity of economic service is pricing. This problem has got the practicalimportance in connection with introduction of a new economic mechanism andobligatory medical insurance [35]. In the conditions of market relations at anestablishment of the sizes of a payment it is necessary to consider a supplyand demand both on a labour market, and in the market of medical services [48].
1.2 Legalbases of innovative activity
Innovativeactivity is carried out according to the Constitution of the Russian Federationand the Civil code of the Russian Federation. The Project of the Federal law oninnovations and innovative activity Besides, prepares. To regulate innovativeactivity according to this Law and laws accepted according to it and otherstandard legal certificates of the Russian Federation, laws and other standardlegal certificates of subjects of the Russian Federation, and also theinternational contracts of the Russian Federation, concerning innovativeactivity [64]. If the Federal Law on innovative activity while exists only inthe project in many regions of Russia Regional laws on innovative activity [63]operate. Regional laws on innovations and innovative activity and the Projectof the Federal law are under construction approximately on the same structure,therefore for illumination of legal bases of innovative activity it will bepertinent to state the maintenance and substantive provisions of the Project ofthe Federal law on innovations and innovative activity, having resulted themaintenance of this Project [62]. We will consider substantive provisions ofthis Project. First of all, in the Project it is supposed to consider followingconcepts: an innovation? The end result of the creative activity which hasreceived realisation in the form of new either advanced production, or the newor advanced technological process used in an economic turn; innovativeactivity? Creation of the new or advanced production, the new or advancedtechnological process, realised in an economic turn with use of scientificresearches, workings out, developmental works, or other scientific andtechnical achievements; the state innovative policy? The component of a socialand economic policy directed on development and stimulation of innovativeactivity; venture innovative funds? The noncommercial organisations establishedlegal and (or) physical persons on the basis of voluntary property payments and(or) voluntary investment in exchange for a share in the share capital, thecreations focused on financing, development in manufacture of new kinds ofproduction and (or) the technologies connected with a high risk; aninfrastructure of innovative activity? The organisations rendering subjects ofinnovative activity of service, necessary for realisation of innovativeactivity [63]. In the Project makes a reservation that innovative activity iscarried out according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civilcode of the Russian Federation, the present Federal law and laws acceptedaccording to it and other standard legal certificates of the Russian Federation,laws and other standard legal certificates of subjects of the RussianFederation, and also the international contracts of the Russian Federation,concerning innovative activity. If the international contracts of the RussianFederation establish other norms, than provided by the present Federal lawnorms of the international contracts [63] are applied. In the Project it isnoticed that following kinds of activity concern innovative activity:Performance of the research, developmental and technological works directed oncreation of new or advanced production, the new or advanced technologicalprocess, realised in an economic turn; carrying out of marketing researches andthe organisation of commodity markets of innovative products; creation anddevelopment of an innovative infrastructure; preparation and retraining ofpersonnel for innovative activity; protection, transfer and acquisition of therights to objects of intellectual property both the confidential scientific andtechnological information; realisation of technological re-equipment andmanufacture preparation; realisation of tests, certifications andstandardization of new processes, products and products; the initial period ofmanufacture of new or advanced production, application of new or advancedtechnology before achievement of a standard time of recovery of outlay of theinnovative project; Financing of innovative activity, including realisation ofinvestments into innovative programs and projects; other kinds of works whichnecessary for realisation of innovative activity and are not contradicting thelegislation of the Russian Federation [63]. Subjects of innovative activity arelegal bodies, irrespective of the organizational-legal form and a pattern ofownership, physical persons? Citizens of the Russian Federation, the foreignorganisations and citizens, and also persons without citizenship. Subjects ofinnovative activity can carry out functions of customers and (or) executors ofinnovative projects and programs, investors, consumers of results of innovativeactivity, and also the organisations serving innovative process and promotingdevelopment and distribution of innovations [62]. The state according to thecurrent legislation guarantees to subjects of innovative activity: The statesupport of innovative programs and the projects directed on realisation of thestate innovative policy; the state support of creation and development ofsubjects of an infrastructure of innovative activity; the state support topreparation, retraining and improvement of professional skill of the shotswhich are carrying out innovative activity; intellectual property protection,protection against an unfair competition and monopolism; access freedom to theinformation on priorities of the state innovative policy; freedom ofdistribution and gathering of the information on innovative requirements andresults of scientific and technical and innovative activity, except for theinformation containing state, office and the trade secret [64]. Publicorganisations and associations in which charter innovative activity isprovided, can carry out on the competitive beginnings it at the expense ofmeans of the federal budget, budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation andto get the state support. Public authorities of the Russian Federation,authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation by preparation of projects ofstandard legal certificates and programs in the field of innovative activitycan involve public organisations and associations [62]. The basic form of relationsbetween subjects of innovative activity are the contracts (contracts) concludedaccording to the current legislation of the Russian Federation [63].
Thedisputes arising at realisation of innovative activity, are considered in anorder established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and thelegislation of subjects of the Russian Federation [62]. Public authorities inan order established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and thelegislation of subjects of the Russian Federation, can stop or suspendinnovative activity in cases of spontaneous and other disasters, introductionsof state of emergency in territory of the Russian Federation, and also ifcontinuation of innovative activity can lead to infringement established by thelegislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of subjects of theRussian Federation of ecological, sanitary-and-epidemiologic and other normsand rules, the rights and interests legal and physical persons [62].
1.3 Working out and the analysis of the innovative project
By meansof the innovative project the important problem on finding-out and asubstantiation of technical possibility and economic feasibility of innovativeactivity dares. Despite a variety of projects, their analysis usually followssome general scheme which includes the special sections estimating commercial,technical, financial, economic and институциональную feasibility of theproject. [49]. Essentially the essence of the analysis of the innovative projectconsists in the answer to two simple questions [52:
1])whether we Can sell a product which is growing out of realisation of theproject?
2)whether we from it can receive sufficient volume of the profit justifying theinvestment project? The analysis of efficiency of the innovative projectconditionally breaks on [52]: the market analysis, the analysis of thecompetitive environment, working out of the marketing plan of a product,maintenance of reliability of the information used for the previous sections.As innovative projects are carried out at already existing markets, in theproject their characteristic should be resulted. The marketing analysis shouldinclude the analysis of consumers and competitors also. The analysis ofconsumers should define consumer inquiries, potential segments of the marketand character of process of purchase. For this purpose the developer of theproject should carry out detailed research of the market. Besides, it isnecessary to carry out the analysis of the basic competitors within the limitsof market structure and restrictions, on it influencing [29]. In drawing 1.1the general sequence of the analysis of the innovative project is presented. Itis necessary to notice, what the resolution used on the scheme? The projectdeviates? Has conditional character. The project should be really rejected inthe initial kind. At the same time the project can be altered because of, forexample, its technical impracticability and the analysis of the modifiedproject should begin from the very beginning.
Let'sdescribe high lights of the analysis of efficiency of the innovative project[37]. The technical analysis [37] Problem of the technical analysis of theinnovative project is:? Definition of the technologies most suitable from thepoint of view of the purposes of the project? The analysis of local conditions,including availability and cost of raw materials, energy, a labour? Stock-takingof potential possibilities of planning and project realisation. The technicalanalysis is usually made by group of own experts of the enterprise withpossible attraction of narrow experts. Standard procedure of the technicalanalysis begins with the analysis of own existing technologies [51]. The ruleof a choice of technology provides the complex analysis of some alternativetechnologies and a choice of the best variant on the basis of any aggregatedcriterion [56]. The financial analysis of [37] investment projects Givensection is the most volume and labour-consuming. The general scheme offinancial section of the innovative project follows simple sequence [37]. 1)the Analysis of a financial condition of the enterprise in preparation of the innovativeproject. 2) the analysis of break-even of manufacture of principal views ofproduction. 3) the forecast of profits and monetary streams in the course ofrealisation of the innovative project. 4) an estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project. We will stop short on key questions of financial section ofthe innovative project. The financial analysis of the previous work of theenterprise and its current position usually is reduced to calculation andinterpretation of the basic financial factors reflecting liquidity, creditstatus, profitableness of the enterprise and efficiency of its management.Usually it does not cause difficulty. It is important to present also infinancial section the basic financial reporting of the enterprise for a numberof previous years and to compare the basic indicators on years [51]. Thebreak-even analysis includes regular work under the analysis of structure ofthe cost price of manufacturing and sale of principal views of production anddivision of all costs into variables (which change with change of a volume ofoutput and sales) and constants (which remain invariable at change of a volumeof output). The Main objective of the analysis of break-even? To define abreak-even point, i.e. a sales volume of the goods which corresponds to zerovalue of profit. Importance of the analysis of break-even consists incomparison of a real or planned gain in the course of realisation of theinvestment project with a point of break-even and the subsequent estimation ofreliability of profitable activity of the enterprise [27]. The Most responsiblepart of financial section of the innovative project is actually its investmentpart which includes [37]:? Definition of investment requirements of theenterprise for the project? Establishment (and the subsequent search) sourcesof financing of investment requirements? Estimation of cost of the capitalinvolved for realisation of the investment project? The forecast of profits andmonetary streams at the expense of project realisation? An estimation ofindicators of efficiency of the project. The most difficult is the question ofan estimation of a recoupment of the project during its term of realisation[5]. The volume of monetary streams which turn out as a result of projectrealisation should cover size of the total investment taking into account aprinciple? Costs of money in time?.. Each new stream of money received in a yearhas the smaller importance, than equal to it on size the monetary streamreceived year earlier. As the characteristic measuring the time importance ofmonetary streams, the norm of profitableness from investment received actsduring realisation of the investment project of monetary streams [5]. Theeconomic analysis [37] be integrated procedure of an estimation of economicefficiency can it is presented in the form of the following sequence [37: 1])to Present results of the financial analysis. 2) to make new classification ofexpenses and incomes from the point of view of the economic analysis. 3) totranslate financial values in economic (they do not coincide because ofdiscrepancy of the prices and expenses for external and home market). 4) toEstimate cost of other possibilities for use of resources and reception of thesame product. 5) to exclude all calculations on internal payments (as they donot change the general riches of the country). 6) to Compare annual economicstreams of means with initial volume of the investment (it will be a finalanalysis). The institutsionalnyj analysis of [37] Institutsionalnyj theanalysis estimates possibility of successful performance of the investmentproject taking into account organizational, legal, political and administrativeconditions. This section of the investment project is not quantitative and notfinancial. Its main task? To estimate set of the internal and external factorsaccompanying the investment project [37]. The estimation of internal factors isusually made under the following scheme. 1) the analysis of possibilities ofindustrial management. Well-known that bad management in a condition to fill upany, even over the good project. Analyzing industrial management of theenterprise, it is necessary to be focused on following questions [37]:?Experience and qualification of managers of the enterprise? Their motivationwithin the limits of the project (for example, in the form of a share fromprofit)?
Compatibilityof managers with the purposes of the project and the cores ethical and projectcultural values. The analysis of a manpower. A manpower with which it is plannedto involve for project realisation should correspond to level of technologiesused in the project [42]. The analysis of organizational structure. Theorganizational structure accepted at the enterprise should not brake projectdevelopment. It is necessary to analyse, as there is at the enterprise adecision-making process and as distribution of responsibility for theirperformance is carried out. It is not excluded that it is necessary to allocatemanagement of realisation of the developed investment project in separateadministrative structure, having passed from hierarchical to matrix structureof management as a whole on the enterprise [51]. The basic priorities inrespect of the analysis of external factors are mainly caused by a policy ofthe state in whom following positions [37] are allocated for the detailedanalysis:? Conditions of import and export of raw materials and the goods?Possibility for foreign investors to put means and to export the goods? Laws onwork? Substantive provisions of financial and bank regulation. This points inquestion are most important for those projects which assume attraction of thewestern strategic investor [37]. The analysis of risk [37]. The essence of theanalysis of risk consists in the following. Without dependence from quality ofassumptions, the future always bears in itself an uncertainty element. The mostpart of the data necessary, for example, for the financial analysis (elementsof expenses, the prices, production sales volume, etc.) Are uncertain. In thefuture forecast changes as to the worst (profit decrease), and in the best arepossible. The risk analysis offers the account of all changes, both towardsdeterioration, and towards improvement [48]. In the course of projectrealisation following elements are subject to change: cost of raw materials andaccessories, cost of capital expenses, service cost, cost of sales, the pricesand so on. As a result of target parametre, for example profit, will be casual.The risk uses concept of likelihood distribution and probability. For example,the risk is equal to probability to get negative profit, that is the loss. Thewider range of change of factors of the project, the большему is subject torisk the project [57]. As a rule, definitively innovative project is made outin the form of the business plan. In this business plan all questions listedabove, as a rule, are reflected. The business plan of the innovative project,first of all, should meet requirements of that subject of innovative activityon which decision the further destiny of the project [36] depends. So, inchapter 1 of degree work theoretical bases of innovative activity in publichealth services have been considered, and, the basic terminology is entered,the economic reasons of innovations and legal maintenance of innovativeactivity are described. From chapter 1 it is possible to draw a conclusion,what a principal cause causing innovative activity in economy in general and inpublic health services in particular? The new market relations compelling eachconcrete enterprise to search additional sources of financing. These economicbases in turn generate the legislative base providing a legal field ofinnovative activity.
2. Thetechnique of the estimation of efficiency of the innovative project
2.1Existing technique of an estimation of the investment project
Existing(standard, classical) the technique of an estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project includes [35:
1])calculation of factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV);
2)calculation of an index of profitability of investments (PI);
3)calculation of internal rate of return or norm of profitability of theinvestment (IRR);
4)decision-making on project realisation. We will describe each step of thistechnique.
At theheart of process of acceptance of administrative decisions of investmentcharacter the estimation and comparison of volume of prospective investmentsand the future monetary receipts lie. As compared indicators concern thevarious moments of time, a key problem here is the problem of theircomparability. To concern it it is possible differently depending on existingobjective and subjective conditions: rate of inflation, the size of investmentsand generated receipts, horizon of forecasting, a skill level of analysts etc.The international practice of an estimation of efficiency of investmentsessentially is based on the concept of time cost of money and is based onfollowing principles.
1) theestimation of efficiency of use of the invested capital is made by comparisonof a monetary stream (cash flow) which is formed in the course of realisationof the investment project and the initial investment. The project admitseffective if return of the initial sum of investments and demandedprofitableness for the investors who have given the capital is provided.
2) theinvested capital no less than a monetary stream is resulted by this time or bycertain settlement year (which as a rule precedes the beginning of realisationof the project).
3)Process of discounting of capital investments and monetary streams is madeunder various rates of discount which are defined depending on features ofinvestment projects. At definition of the rate of discount the structure ofinvestments and cost of separate components of the capital are considered. Theessence of all methods of an estimation is based on the following simplescheme: Initial investments at realisation of any project generate monetarystream CF1, CF2..., CFn. Investments admit effective if this stream issufficient for? Return of the initial sum of capital investments and?Maintenance of demanded return on the invested capital. 1) calculation offactor of the pure resulted cost (NPV) [29] Calculation of this factor is basedon comparison of size of the initial investment (IC) with a total sum of thediscounted pure monetary receipts generated by it during predicted term. Asinflow of money resources is distributed in time, it is discounted by means offactor r, established by the investor independently, proceeding from annualpercent of return which he wants or can have on the capital invested by it.Let's admit, the forecast becomes that the investment (IC) will generate duringn years, revenues at a rate of CF1, CF2, CF… The general saved up size ofthe discounted incomes (PV) (Present Value) and the pure resulted cost (NPV)(Net Present Value) Pays off.
/>
Where n?Quantity of the periods of time on which the investment, r is made? Norm ofprofitableness (profitableness) from an investment. It is obvious that if:NPV> 0 the project should be accepted; NPV
It isnecessary to notice that indicator NPV reflects a look-ahead estimation ofchange of economic potential of the enterprise in case of acceptance of theconsidered project. This indicator is additive in time, i.e. NPV variousprojects it is possible to summarise. This very important property allocatingthis criterion from others and allowing to use it as the core at the analysisof an optimality of the investment project. At comparison of two or severalinvestment projects, obviously, it is necessary to choose that project whichhas higher value NPV [39]. 2) Calculation of an index of profitability ofinvestments (PI) [39] Pays off a profitability index (Profitability Index) (PI)under the formula:
PI = ∑k[Pk / (1 + r)k] / IC,
Where IC?Sizes of the initial investment; Pk? The prospective cumulative income; r? Normof profitableness (profitableness) from an investment; k? Quantity of theperiods of time (years). It is obvious that if: PI> 1 the project should beaccepted; PI
/>
Where CFj- an entrance monetary stream during j th period, INV? Value of the investment.The sense of this factor at the analysis of efficiency of planned investmentsconsists in the following: IRR shows expected profitableness of the project,and, hence, as much as possible admissible relative level of expenses which canbe ассоциированы with the given project. For example, if the project isfinanced completely at the expense of the loan of commercial bank value IRRshows the top border of admissible level of the bank interest rate which excessdoes the project unprofitable. Thus, IRR is as though? A barrier indicator?: ifcost of the capital above value IRR? Capacities? It is not enough project toprovide necessary return and return of money and therefore the project shouldbe rejected [32]. 4) (ARR) [12] This factor has Calculation of effectivenessratio of the investment two characteristic features: he does not assumediscounting of indicators of the income; The income is characterised by anindicator of net profit PN (balance profit minus deductions in the budget)[19]. The algorithm of calculation is exclusively simple, as predetermines wideuse of this indicator in practice: the investment effectiveness ratio (namedalso in registration rate of return) (Accounting Rate of Return) (ARR) pays offdivision of mid-annual profit PN into average size of the investment (thefactor undertakes in percentage). The average size of the investment is divisionof the initial sum of capital investments into two if it is supposed that afterterm of realisation of the analyzed project all capital expenses will bewritten off; if presence of residual or liquidating cost (RV) its estimationshould be considered in calculations is supposed.
ARR = PN/ [1/2 (IC + RV)],
The givenindicator is compared to factor of profitability of the advanced capitalcounted by division of the general net profit of the enterprise for a total sumof means, advanced in its activity (a result of average balance net) moreoften. The method based on use of effectiveness ratio of the investment, alsohas a number of the essential lacks caused, basically, that it does notconsider time components of monetary streams. In particular it does not dodistinction between projects with the identical sum of mid-annual profit, butthe varying sum of profit on years, and also between the projects havingidentical mid-annual profit, but generated during various quantity of years. 5)decision-making by criterion of the least cost After a statement of the generalscheme of standard model of an estimation of efficiency of investment projects,we will state some conclusions. There are investment projects in which it isdifficult or it is impossible to calculate the monetary income. This sort ofprojects arise at the enterprise when it is going to modify the technologicalor transport equipment which takes part in many versatile work cycles and it isimpossible to estimate a monetary stream. In this case as criterion fordecision-making on expediency of investments operation cost acts.
2.2Offered model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project
Featureof subjects of research considered in the present degree work consists what thegeneral model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project inpublic health services till now is not made? This problem at thesis for adoctor's degree level on economy. In frameworks of usual degree research it ispossible to offer only the model focused on the concrete innovative project. Inthis connection? To complete the picture? Before actually statement of offeredmodel of an estimation of efficiency of the project it is necessary to describein brief the project, i.e. to make the short resume of the project. Theinnovative project considered in the present degree research consists in theorganisation of manufacture and sale of the diagnostic device? The biotest?предназначеного for a finding акупунктурных points, carrying outэлектропунктурной the express train of diagnostics of a condition of a humanbody by results of measurements of parametres of biologically active points,testings of preparations and therapy according to R.Follja's technique. TheScope — the diagnostic device of the doctor of the therapist, the homeopathist,the anaesthesiologist, etc. Novelty of the project (innovation, an innovation)consists what release of the product, analogue not having to in Russia, abroadis supposed? The device very cheap and reliable.
Thedevice device. The case is made of shock-resistant polystyrene. On the obversepanel are located: 1 — the microampermeter 2 — the switch of operating modes ofthe device 3 — the switch? Diagnostics/therapy? 4 — the step switch offrequencies of therapy 5 — the indicator of inclusion and the category of thepower supply 6 — light indicators of a finding of biologically active points(definition of degree of falling of an arrow) On a lateral surface of thedevice is located a regulator of amplitude of influence of electroimpulses. Thedevice block diagramme? The biotest? It is presented on fig. 3 and includes: — the device of search of biologically active points — the measuring amplifier — the microampermeter — the setting generator with a frequency divider — targetpressure
Remoteterminal units: passive round electrodes; an active electrode; a footelectrode; a plate for testing of preparations and medicines Additional devices.Under the demand of the customer the device is completed with a charger (З.У.). The charger is intended for gymnastics of accumulators (if they are presentinstead of electric batteries at a food compartment). As delivery of adiagnostic office of the doctor is possible. The device enters into it fordevice connection? The biotest? To the COMPUTER. The device of the coordinationof the device has been for this purpose specially developed? The biotest? Andthe COMPUTER and as the software allowing completely is written to automatework of the doctor. Assortment. 1 kind of the device will be issued? Thebiotest? With стрелочным the indicator, completely corresponding to theabove-stated description of Advantage of the given device in comparison withanalogues available in the market. Device «Biotest» was developedstrictly on the basis of R.Follja's method. The device has included all mostnecessary qualities such as simplicity, удобность both ease in circulation anddevice adjustment, small weight of a product, reliability and durability of aproduct, small power consumption, a food from battery power supplies«finger-type» which are widely accessible, aesthetic appearance ofthe device and its remote terminal units. Device life cycle? The biotest?Basically it will be defined by life cycle of the most applied method ofR.Follja. Development tendencies will consist in device improvement, additionin it of new functions, improvement of available characteristics, change ofappearance of the device. As it is planned to develop new updating of thedevice? The Biotest Th? With стрелочным the indicator + the additional digitalindicator of level, degree of falling of an arrow and some other parametres.The offered model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project willinclude: 1) an estimation of competitive advantages of the goods (service),offered by the considered project; 2) an estimation of a market capacity ofsale on which the considered project, including as the basic indicator thesales volume forecast is focused; 3) calculation of the capacity necessary forrealisation of the project, and its comparison to a predicted sales volume; 4)calculation of the project of volume of investments necessary for realisation;5) calculation? Break-even points?, i.e. critical for a recoupment of theproject of volume of output; 6) summarising calculation of the basic indicatorsof the project, such as profit (total and pure); profitability of production;profitability of funds; the full cost price; labour input; the predicted pricefor production; a critical sales volume and release; efficiency of capitalinvestments; a time of recovery of outlay; a stock of financial durability. Acore of offered model is the analysis of break-even and a project recoupment. Thebreak-even analysis includes regular work under the analysis of structure ofthe cost price of manufacturing and sale of principal views of production anddivision of all costs into variables (which change with change of a volume ofoutput and sales) and constants (which remain invariable at change of a volumeof output). The Main objective of the analysis of break-even — to define abreak-even point, i.e. a sales volume of the goods which corresponds to zerovalue of profit. Importance of the analysis of break-even consists incomparison of a real or planned gain in the course of realisation of theinvestment project with a point of break-even and the subsequent estimation ofreliability of profitable activity of the enterprise. The most responsible partof financial section of the project is actually its investment part whichincludes? Definition of investment requirements of the enterprise for theproject? Establishment (and the subsequent search) sources of financing ofinvestment requirements? Estimation of cost of the capital involved forrealisation of the investment project? The forecast of profits and monetarystreams at the expense of project realisation? An estimation of indicators ofefficiency of the project. In the course of an estimation of a recoupment ofthe project the question of the account of inflation is critical. Really, themonetary streams developed in time, it is necessary to count in connection withchange of purchasing capacity of money. At the same time there is a positionaccording to which the final conclusion about efficiency of the investmentproject can be made, ignoring inflationary effect. In one of heads it will beshown that inflationary change of a price level does not influence anestimation of the pure value of monetary streams led to the present moment onwhich base the basic indicator of efficiency of the investment project isdefined.
2.3 Comparison of standard and offered models of an estimation ofefficiency of the innovative project
Twomodels applied to an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project wereabove described. A problem of this point? To give their comparativedescription. These models in two basic directions will be compared: by resultsand under the maintenance. Concerning comparison by results. Certainly, boththese models bring the purpose the answer to an attention to the question,whether it is necessary to put up money in the considered innovative project ornot; but these two models differently answer this question. In what heresimilarities and distinctions? It also is a problem of the comparativedescription of models by results. Comparison of models under the maintenanceassumes transfer qualitative and the quantitative parametres used in bothmodels, and also a conformity establishment between these two sets ofparametres. Also it will be necessary to draw the general conclusion under theanalysis of two models: what are? Pluses? And? Minuses? Applications ofeveryone them them what of them it is necessary to prefer at the analysis ofthe considered project, etc. Let's remind that the standard model assumes: 1)calculation of factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV); 2) calculation of anindex of profitability of investments (PI); 3) calculation of internal rate ofreturn or norm of profitability of the investment (IRR); 4) decision-making ofrealisation of the project. The offered model assumes 1) an estimation ofcompetitive advantages of the goods (service), offered by the consideredproject; 2) an estimation of a market capacity of sale on which the consideredproject, including as the basic indicator the sales volume forecast is focused;3) calculation of the capacity necessary for realisation of the project, andits comparison to a predicted sales volume; 4) calculation of the project ofvolume of investments necessary for realisation; 5) calculation? Break-evenpoints?, i.e. critical for a recoupment of the project of volume of output; 6)summarising calculation of the basic indicators of the project, such as profit(total and pure); Profitability of production; profitability of funds; the fullcost price; labour input; the predicted price for production; a critical salesvolume and release; efficiency of capital investments; a time of recovery ofoutlay; a stock of financial durability; 7) decision-making on realisation (orto a deviation) the project. As it is possible to see, in sense of the purposeof application both these models have the purpose to answer a question, toaccept to realisation or to reject the considered innovative project. On a wayof the answer to this main point of model differ. Distinction consists what thestandard model basically uses relative factors, and offered model? Theabsolute. To show this difference it is possible on a simple example: thestandard model will tell that it is necessary to put money, as each enclosedrouble will bring 20 copecks of the income (i.e. Let's enclose 1 rouble, wewill receive 1 rouble of 20 copecks), whereas the offered model of anestimation of efficiency will tell what to put up money in the innovativeproject costs, as the enclosed 1000 roubles will return as 1200 roubles. It isobvious, what this distinction not essential since at use of that and theirother model it is possible to add with corresponding indicators? Standard modelabsolute, offered? The relative. The standard model uses relative indicatorsowing to tradition; the offered model uses absolute indicators from conveniencereasons? At application of offered model it is possible to draw a conclusion ofsuch grade that for realisation of the innovative project it is necessary toinvolve 14011 c.u. that through 7 months to receive 19873 c.u. Under themaintenance of indicators two considered models basically coincide. We willprove it. The standard model does not give possibility to execute an estimationof competitive advantages of the goods (service) offered by the consideredproject. However the standard model should contain this indicator asintermediate result? If the project is not directed on manufacture of acompetitive product the project will be unprofitable and inefficient. A similarsituation with a market capacity indicator? This indicator is not necessary forapplication of standard model, however, it does not mean that the offered modelwins at standard, having this indicator. Capacity calculation is designated asan obligatory indicator at application of offered model. This indicator is notpresent as a part of standard model, however for calculations of factors ofstandard model anyhow it is necessary to know the capacity requested by theproject. For this reason for application of standard model more low we will usethis factor, but counted within the limits of application of offered model.Calculation of necessary volume of investments is necessary for application ofboth models: in offered model it is taken out as a separate indicator, in thestandard? Is present at quality of parametre (intermediate result) atcalculation of all indicators of standard model. Means, at application ofstandard model we will address partly to results of application of offeredmodel. The break-even point pays off at application of offered model, butanything similar is not present in standard model. It is caused by what abreak-even point? An indicator absolute whereas the standard model usesrelative indicators. As to such characteristics of the project, such as profit(total and pure), profitability of production, profitability of the funds, thefull cost price, the labour input, the predicted price for production, acritical sales volume and release, a time of recovery of outlay, a stock offinancial durability? All of them are present at offered model, and at standardmodel there are only relative indicators, namely: efficiency of capital investmentsand analogue of an indicator of profitability of production. If the purposes ofapplication of models coincide, some indicators and intermediate results arecrossed, in what a difference between them and what for it is necessary to usetwo models? First of all, the numerical characteristics given by models, notshould differ strongly from each other as we consider their application to thesame project: If the standard model gives any numerical indicator its accuracywill be difficult for improving owing to that the standard model has alreadyproved. We will draw conclusions by results of considerations of techniques ofan estimation of efficiency of innovative projects. How it was possible tonotice, the standard model is less labour-consuming in the application? In it,undoubtedly, there is an advantage of standard model before offered model.However, the basic difference between standard and offered models what theoffered model gives more information on the concrete project? And in it the bigadvantage of offered model before the standard. For example, the standard modelof an estimation of efficiency of the project cannot answer on a question, inwhat volume it is necessary to make production that the project was profitable?The standard model uses this indicator, but does not count it whereas theoffered model at first counts it, and then uses. So, both those and othermodels can tell that, for example, as a result of three years of realisationthe project will be profitable whereas the offered technique can tell that theproject will pay off in 7 months. The offered model also has one essentiallack? All basic indicators pay off on the basis of the sales volume forecast.But it is the forecast, obviously, can be only approximate. Hence, all basic indicatorsof offered model will be approximate. In the following chapter the comparativeanalysis of application of standard and offered model on an example of theconcrete innovative project will be given.
3. Theestimation of efficiency of the innovative project in public health services
3.1 Estimation of efficiency of the innovative project by a standardtechnique
1)Calculation of factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV) For application of astandard technique of a case of the innovative project considered in thepresent degree work, all basic numerical data will undertake from point 3.2 ofthe present work. So the forecast, let us assume, becomes that the investment(IC) will generate within 3 years, revenues at a rate of CF1, CF2, CF… Thegeneral saved up size of the discounted incomes (PV) (Present Value) and thepure resulted cost (NPV) (Net Present Value) Pays off.
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Here n — quantity of the periods of time on which the investment is made, r — norm ofprofitableness (profitableness) from an investment. It is known that if:NPV> 0 the project should be accepted; NPV
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Here andmore low in work we will believe that 1 c.u. = 1$. We will notice also, what atthe moment of 01.04.04 Central Bank rate of the Russian Federation of theAmerican dollar made 28 rbl. 13 copeck Here in the first composed number 14011of c.u. with a minus corresponds to the full cost price of the project,r=0,166, or, what the same, r=16,6 %? Level of profitability (profitableness)of the project. For our project the settlement size is more than zero, theproject profitable means. 2) calculation of an index of profitability ofinvestments (PI) Pays off a profitability index (Profitability Index) (PI)under the formula:
PI = ∑k[Pk / (1 + r)k] / IC,
Let'sremind that if: PI> 1 the project should be accepted; PI
Here 8721c.u.? Net profit size. In brackets three composed as we investigate the projectwithin three years? 2005, 2006 and 2007 whereas we begin project realisation in2004. For the considered project this size is more than unit, hence, theproject profitable. 3) calculation of internal rate of return or norm ofprofitability of the investment (IRR) (Internal Rate of Return) (IRR)understand value of factor of discounting As internal rate of return or norm ofprofitability of the investment r at which NPV the project it is equal to zero:IRR = r, at which NPV = f (r) = 0.
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Where CFj- an entrance monetary stream during j th period, INV — value of theinvestment. Strictly speaking, this factor dismisses not so much, how many theequation, having solved which, we will find the norm of profitableness INN isminimum necessary for realisation of the project. For our project it is had afollowing equation:. We will notice that in the left member of equation threecomposed owing to that consideration is conducted for three years. A trial anderror method we find that for performance of following equality it isnecessary, that approximate equality was observed. It means that the norm ofprofitableness of 8,1 % whereas from following point it will be visible thatnorm of profitableness of our project of 16,6 % is necessary for a project recoupment.It means that it is necessary to recognise the project profitable. We will drawconclusions by results of calculations of the basic factors of model under thedecision on acceptance or a project deviation is accepted after considerationof values resulted above factors. As we saw, all these factors have yieldedthat result that the project profitable and it should be accepted torealisation.
3.2Estimation of efficiency of the innovative project by an offered technique
Industrialcompetitive advantages. For device manufacturing? The biotest? Components willbe used inexpensive, not scarce, широкодоступные, but at the same timequalitative, basically import manufacture. In this connection the device willhave high consumer properties at the low cost price. A market estimation. Themarket of the medical equipment in Russia is not sated enough by the equipmentof the given direction [23] whereas the developed device has no strongcontenders both on Russian, and in the foreign market. It promotes fastadvancement of the device on the market of Russia and the near abroad. Changesin the given market can occur under the influence of following externalfactors: — occurring in the currency market — preference of consumers As it is necessaryto pay attention of change to the internal factors influencing a condition ofthe given market: — a competition; — change of internal structure ofparticipants of the market. All it leads to constant changes in the givenmarket that and as consequence constant improvement and expansion of assortmentof production, and as to expansion of a variety of the services given togetherwith the offered goods constantly promotes qualitative improvement of structureof participants. Novosibirsk scientists carry out statistical researches,applicable for the marketing analysis of the market of medical services [24].On the spent statistical researches the schedule of distribution by consumersof given production on categories has been constructed:
15 % — the Doctors who are engaged in individual activity of 30 % — the Medicalinstitutions applying non-standard methods of diagnostics and treatment of 55 %- the Medical institutions rendering additional paid services of a Fig. 3.1.?Distribution of consumers on categories From the resulted data we see, whatmore than half (55 %) consumers of medical services address in theestablishments rendering additional paid services? But these establishmentsjust also are potential buyers of production for which the investment project[61] is developed. That fact is interesting that in the Russian market atpresent there are all some competitors [25]: * Peterlink Electronics. It is theGerman company, she offers very high-class devices working only complete withthe COMPUTER and the software. Production of this company has no such necessaryproperty as compactness and mobility. The firm offers completely equippedoffices intended only for work with this device. Completely equipped officecosts approximately $20000. Such expenses are presumed only by the providedmedical institution. * Kindling. It too the company from Germany. About itthere is an information small amount. Devices of this company are delivered andwork both from the COMPUTER and without the COMPUTER but as have no property ofcompactness and mobility. The complete set of the equipment of the givencompany costs approximately from $5000 to $6000 depending on a complete set. *Start-1. It is the Russian firm. Makes complexes both from the COMPUTER, andwithout the COMPUTER. It is known that the complex without the COMPUTER costsapproximately $1400. The basic advantage of all three listed companies consiststhat in their devices there is a quantity of additional functions, but thisadvantage is not the main thing. Lacks of all three companies consist that: — Devices do not have properties of compactness, mobility, and they are difficultin circulation; — the high prices for complexes. Advantages of our device areits such properties as: mobility, compactness, possibility to work both instationary, and in field conditions, possibility to work both complete with theCOMPUTER, and without the COMPUTER, very low price at quality not conceding tocompetitors, but in our device are collected only the basic functions which arethe most necessary. A lack of the given device is absence in it of additionalfunctions available for competitors. A company lack is its not so widepopularity on the given segment of the market, but this lack constantlydecreases. The table in which the advantages set forth above and lacks areshown is more low resulted.
Let'snotice that at the moment of April, 1st, 2004 1 American dollar on a CentralBank rate of the Russian Federation made 28 rbl. 15 copeck Of the table it isvisible that the considered device has big advantages in comparison with thecompetitive. The goods of competitors are calculated basically on a narrowcircle of the consumers having their possibility to buy, and many have suchpossibility far not. At the same time the considered device has low enoughprice at the basic requirements not conceding to competitors, and in someparametres them even surpasses. Demand forecasting. For the forecast we willtake advantage of mathematical modelling of demand for the developed device?The biotest?.. The essence of an applied mathematical method consists inextrapolation of the statistical data about presence of similar devices inmedical institutions of a city and area for 2002-2004 on volume of demand forthe considered device in 2005. For extrapolation carrying out it is necessaryto calculate a trend line. Calculation of a straight line of demand. Thegeneral equation of a straight line [8]
y=a0+a1t,
Where at?The predicted volume of demand, t? Time moment (year, day, month, etc. in whichus the demand volume), a0 and a1 interests? Unknown factors of a straight lineof demand subject to calculation. Two unknown person of factor of a straightline of demand we will find from two linear equations
na0+a1åt=åy,(3.5)
a0åt+a1åt2=å yt.(3.6)
Here п?Quantity of the considered moments of time (for example, as in our case, threeyears). At application of the described model of forecasting of demand for adeveloped product, we will take advantage of results of own researches whichconsisted in data gathering about presence of the devices realising a method ofFollja in medical institutions of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region. Theidea of the forecast of demand consisted in that, having the information onpresence similar developed in the present work of devices, to assume that onthe offered device demand will develop under the same mathematical laws. Fordrawing up of the equations of the predicting we will take advantage of thefollowing table in which results of telephone surveys of assistants to headphysicians on economy of various medical institutions of a city of Novosibirskand the Novosibirsk region are brought:
From theschedule it is visible that in 2005 theoretical volume of demand for thedevice? The biotest? In Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region will make 600units of production. Working out of the organizational project of manufacture.5 day working week and 8 hour working day necessary quantity the person Issupposed, occupied on an industrial site (the basic workers) makes 2 persons.Specificity of the given work assumes, that the employees occupied on anindustrial site possess high qualification in radio electronics andinstallation of electronic components. The control system of all firm is underconstruction by a principle of linear organizational structure which allows toconduct an effective control behind firm work as a whole. More low in the tablecalculation of annual fund з/п heads, experts and employees is resulted.
Capacitycalculation. For normal work of firm the one-replaceable operating mode with 8hour working day is recommended. Duration of working week of 5 days. It isnecessary to notice that duration of work of firm during the day makes 9 hours.Here it is necessary to include an hourly break on rest in work. The break tobe put after first 4 business hours. Taking into account what the totalquantity of days for holidays, target, within a year makes holidays of an orderof 112 days, we receive, what quantity of the working days in a year of 365days? 112 days off = 253 working days. From here the fund of a usage time ofthe equipment for 8 hour changes taking into account time for service makes1820 hours. Knowing fund of an operating time of the equipment, we will defineannual throughput. 2 persons work for us. The average norm of time forassemblage of one device makes 6 hours. Hence capacity (throughput) in a yearmakes: Qгод. = (1820:6) *2=607 piece/year As it has already been noted, thepredicted sales volume makes 600 pieces / year. Hence, the factor of loading ofthe equipment makes: Кзагр. = 600/607=0.99, i.e. 99 %. It is necessary to noterisk which should be considered in offered model. As it has been told above, acore of offered model of an estimation of efficiency of innovative projects isdemand forecasting. If real demand differs from predicted throughput ofassembly shop can be regulated a multiplier corresponding to quantity of thepersonnel. So, if real demand will make, for example, 900 pieces throughputwill need to be counted not under formula Qгод. = (1820:6) *2=607 piece/year,and under formula Qгод. = (1820:6) *3=910 sht/year that corresponds to thatworkers should be 3, instead of 2 persons. It means that the offered model issteady against risk of change of demand as it will be easy to be arranged byquantity of the personnel under real demand. Calculation of volume ofinvestments. For calculation of necessary volume of financing it is necessaryto define structure of expenses which are necessary for firm work. They look asfollows: 1) Expenses for premise rent for the first month are defined fromcalculation that rent cost for 1 square metre of a premise a year makes 300c.u., we receive rent cost: Саренды = 300 * (24+30*0.15)/12 = 712 u.e./mes Asoutput makes 15 % from total amount of manufacture of all enterprise that fromrent not industrial premises is taken 15 %. 2) Expenses for the equipment andstock.
In thistable, as well as further, one standard unit corresponds to 1 US dollar, i.e.approximately 30 roubles. 3) expenses for initial purchases of accessories atthe rate on 1 month of work. For definition of expenses we believe that everymonth in firm the identical number of devices equal 1/12 of part of annualrelease is issued. The annual volume of release is accepted 600 units. Hence ina month 50 devices will be issued. Expenses for purchase of accessories foreach device approximately are equal 38 c.u. From here is received that expensesfor creation of stocks of materials for work within a month are equal38*50=1900 c.u. 4) Initial publicity expenses undertake with such calculationthat it is necessary to dispatch a direkt-mail at least all 1/3 of Moscowmedical institutions fair brochures. It is supposed to spend for it about 500c.u.
Theanalysis of economic indicators. For carrying out of the given analysis it isnecessary to make a report of the basic economic indicators. Them concern such,as: profit (total and pure); profitability of production; profitability offunds; the full cost price; labour input; the predicted price for production; acritical sales volume and release; efficiency of capital investments; a time ofrecovery of outlay; a stock of financial durability. 1) the size of total profiton sales of the considered device within the first year of work will make 14011c.u. provided that the predicted break-even sales level will be provided. Fordefinition of size of net profit it is necessary to define the tax to propertyof the enterprise which reduces base of the taxation under the profit tax. Costof property of the organisation develops from: — costs of rent of a building — 8550 c.u.; — costs of the equipment minus 7 % of deterioration 3400 * (1-0.07=3162 c.u.; From here property cost makes: 8550+3162=11712 the Tax to property(2 %) makes c.u.: 11712*0.02 = 234 c.u. the Tax to the maintenance of availablehousing of 1.5 % from a gain 14011*0.015=210 c.u. the Tax to generaleducational needs of 1 % from payment fund 14994*0.01=150 c.u. the Base of thetaxation under the profit tax is equal: 14011-234-210-150 = 13417 c.u. theProfit tax makes by the current moment 35 % and is equal: 13417*0.35=4696 c.u.the net profit Size makes 13417-4696=8721 c.u. Profit at the disposal of theorganisation (a difference between net profit and returned investments):8721-6512=2209 2) the Size of profitability of production makes c.u.: r = П: Т =14011/84600*100 = 16.6 %, that is on 100 roubles of sold production arenecessary 16.6 roubles of profit. 3) size of profitability of productionassets: (П: (ОФ + МС) *100) where average cost of a fixed capital (ОФ) equals:ОФ=8550+3400=11950 c.u. average cost of material circulating assets (МС) isequal: МС=22800 c.u. From here the size of profitability of production assetsis equal: (14011 / (11950+22800)) *100 % = 40.3 % 4) the Full cost price ofproduction is equal 70554 c.u. 5) Labour input of let out production is equalto the sum of time spent for each unit of production on a separate workplace:Т=6 hours. 6) the predicted price for firm production is equal 141 c.u. 7) theCritical volume of a gain from sales makes 55695 c.u. at which the criticalsales volume makes 395 devices. 8) efficiency of capital investments is definedas the relation of profit to capital investments (investments): Е = П / To =8721/6512=1.34 9) the Time of recovery of outlay — size return efficiency ofcapital investments: Т = 1 / Е = 0.75 years or 9 months. 10) the stock offinancial durability of the organisation is defined as follows: Wпрочн. =(Dmax-Dmin)/Dmax*100 %, where Dmax — the maximum revenue of production sale;Dmin — the revenue at a critical break-even sales level; Wпрочн. = (84600?55695)/84600*100 % = 34 %. It means that there is a possibility to lower theincome of sales on size of 34 % from the planned. If to speak about rate ofreturn (20 %) it is optimum for firm, the considerable which share of sales isprovided directly though all attention is concentrated to buyers with a lowprosperity. Net profit, being at the command it is quite enough enterprise topay back capital investments within the first year of work. The low norm ofprofitability of the sold goods will be compensated by a stable break-evensales level. Labour input of production on time allows firm to provide thedemanded volume of release, not задействуя thus a considerable quantity ofemployees. The price for production, should draw attention of potential buyerswith low level of a prosperity as it is enough low in comparison withcompetitive by the current moment. The critical sales volume makes 66 % fromthe planned. This fact allows firm to stabilise the position in the marketwithin the first year of work even in case of struggle from outsidecompetitors. Efficiency of capital investments is estimated in 134 %. That isafter the first year of work the size of net profit, firm being at the commandwill make 134 % from the enclosed capital. The small time of recovery of outlayof the capital allows firm already by the end of the first year of work to getthe profit going on development of the organisation, instead of return of theenclosed means. The stock of financial durability of the company makes 34 %that allows the company to work in the conditions of a competition withoutlosses. That is there is a possibility to lower the planned income of sales onsize of 34 % from the planned. On the basis of the considered indicators it ispossible to draw a conclusion that the project is effective for followingreasons: 1) Low profit, but stable sales; 2) the Low prices for production; 3)Low level of a critical sales volume in comparison with the planned; 4) Highefficiency of capital investments; 5) the Short time of recovery of outlay ofthe capital; 6) the Sufficient stock of financial durability. All it will allowfirm to occupy stable position in the market within the first year of work andwill provide a break-even sales volume.
3.3 Comparison of estimations of efficiency of the innovativeproject on standard and offered models
We canspend comparison of estimations of efficiency of the innovative project onstandard and offered models only having compared an end result of applicationof these models? I.e. the answer to a question, whether it is necessary to putup money in the project? And to compare values of the indicators calculated atapplication of standard model with similar indicators of offered model. 1) tofactor of the pure resulted cost (NPV) from standard model there corresponds anindicator of net profit plus size of initial investments. That is in standardmodel an indicator
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Whereasin offered model a similar indicator 2209 + 14011 = 16220 c.u., where 2209c.u.? Profit at the disposal of the organisation (a difference between netprofit and returned investments). A difference in the sum here that the offeredmodel in calculations uses the predicted size of a sales volume. It is theforecast becomes on the basis of linear approximation which, as it is known,yields approximate results. It is necessary to notice, what the divergence ofvalues of these factors makes all (1? 16200/17149,3) *100 % = 5,52 %. It allowsto draw a conclusion about enough split-hair accuracy of offered model ingeneral and the sales volume forecast in particular. 2) to an index ofprofitability of investments (PI) from standard model there corresponds an indicatorof efficiency of capital investments: the Standard model gives value of factorwhereas the offered model gives Е = П / To = 8721 / 6512=1,34. A divergence? 4%, i.e. accuracy of offered model it is high. 3) the Standard model assumescalculation of internal norm of profitableness which for the considered projectis equal. The similar indicator in offered model is not present, however istold that profitability of the project 0,166. In other words, the standardtechnique says that that the project was profitable, value of internal norm ofprofitableness a minimum whereas the offered model says is necessary that theproject has norm of profitableness 0,166. Here it is impossible to compareaccuracy of calculations, it is possible to tell only that conclusions of thesetwo models do not contradict each other. For more evident comparison of modelswe will result the comparative table of values of the basic factors of models.
So,having compared values of the basic indicators of two models, we will notice,what definitive conclusions of their application to the considered project toodo not differ from each other? Both that and other model have drawn theconclusion that in the considered project it is necessary to put up money.
4.Management of the personnel of the scientific organizations
4.1Personnel of the scientific organisations
In thepresent point of degree work the personnel of the scientific organisations fromtwo points of view: from the point of view of motivation of work and from thepoint of view of special subculture. The question on interrelation of thesepoints of view is interesting: on the one hand, the personnel of the scientificorganisations, as well as the personnel of other spheres of activity, has usualhuman wants in food, habitation, etc., on the other hand, belong to closedenough social class. The given theme mentions two interconnected variables: thepersonnel and the organisation, in essence, the individual and group, also arebrought by an attention to the question on motivation of the personnel inachievement of the purposes of the organisation, i.e. about influence onbehaviour of the individual according to problems and the group purposes. Thereis a necessity of the analysis of motivation as systems of factors or themotive forces influencing social behaviour of the individual, and the analysisof the group affecting the individual. In details to list all? Forces?, whichдвижут our acts, hardly probably. Therefore the author considers expedient tostop on the following approach:? Numerous evident displays of uniformity insocial behaviour speak at all orientation on what? Or considered? Thesignificant? Norm, but also not custom, and it is simple that fact, what the giventype of social behaviour, in essence, most of all on the average corresponds,by an objective estimation of individuals, their natural interests, and whatthey focus the behaviour on these interests?.. (M.Veber) [11]. Thus, the basicsource of behaviour of the person is its interest. In this connection it isnecessary to understand with a number of the interconnected concepts?Motivation components: requirement, interest, motive, the purpose, value. Asrequirement we will understand a lack something necessary for existence anddevelopment of the individual (group). Under interest? The realisedrequirement. Under motive? The realised actual requirement inducing the personto activity for the purpose of its satisfaction. The purpose? It somethingrealised as means of satisfaction of requirement and acting owing to it in theform of value for the given subject. Value? It is the importance of this orthat subject or the phenomenon for satisfaction of requirement [176, with. 22].
Thus, theperson is not born with ready motivation, its formation is I many respectscaused by a situation, factors of social and economic character.
4.2 Motivation of the personnel in the scientific organisations
Asalready it was told above, the motivation of the personnel of the scientificorganisations in a sense does not differ from motivation of representatives ofother trades. We will consider this motivation. Base of modern theories ofmotivation of the personnel in the scientific organisations is the theory ofrequirements developed by American psychologist A.Maslou (1908? 1970) [19].A.Maslou has assumed that the person is based on satisfaction of a series ofthe requirements built in hierarchy or a pyramid from five groups. In anincreasing order it: — physiological or base requirements (food, heat, arefuge, safety, sex etc.); — Requirements of safety (protection, an order); — social requirements (dialogue, an accessory to group); — requirements forrespect (self-esteem and respect of others; the status, prestige, glory); — requirement for self-realisation (creative results, achievements, career) [16].Маслоу has made the assumption that in the elementary case of requirement aresatisfied one for another i.e. as soon as one requirement is satisfied, it actsas motivation for satisfaction of the following. But if at satisfaction ofgroup of requirements, arises what? Or the new base requirement, the personwill pay the attention first of all to it. From the point of view? Motivationsin work? The employer considering that the person lives only bread uniform,will be nonplused, as its workers will be unfortunate and немотивированны.According to A.Maslou, the person only there lives bread uniform where ingeneral there is no bread. It is necessary to remember three importantpositions of the theory of Maslou: 1) the Hierarchy of requirements remindsdevelopment of the person since the childhood till an old age: the babyrequires food and heat, safety and love; in process of growth there is agradual development of self-esteem and, at last, appears? Itself the motivated?The adult. 2) disappearance of the satisfied requirements and occurrence ofothers in the form of motivation is not realised process: as soon as you havegot a job, you will forget at once all last hardship and will start to think ofcareer, etc. if it does not occur, you will feel unfortunate as though and atall have no work. 3) Maslou notices that five steps are not somethingindependent. There is a certain degree of interaction between them. The theoryof Maslou is under construction on the assumption that while necessity forsatisfaction of base requirements for hierarchy as is important, as, forexample, requirement of a human body for the vitamins, the healthy person willbe guided, basically, requirement of self-realisation of the potential. If withthe person interfere in satisfaction of requirements of lower level,requirements of higher level cannot arise. A.Maslou's theory has brought theall-important contribution to understanding of that underlies aspirations ofpeople to work. The head should understand that to motivate the person itshould give the chance to it to satisfy its major requirements by means of thatline of action which promotes achievement of the purposes of the organisation.It is necessary for head to investigate carefully requirements of thesubordinates for the purpose of satisfaction in interests of business and group[21, with. 218].
4.3 Problem of a choice of the optimum schedule (mode) of work inthe scientific organisations
Thestructure of workers of the innovative enterprises is not homogeneous. So,along with science officers in these organisations engineers, and alsotechnicians and laboratorians work. Besides, and work of scientists is nothomogeneous for the maintenance. It can include original and typical works, andalso the works of organizational character connected with the coordination andthe control over activity of experts. Certainly, as the work schedule cannot beuniversal for all categories of workers of scientific division and even forexperts of one category. At introduction of new types of operating schedules itis necessary to pay attention not only to a kind of work of experts, but alsoon economic gains (expenses on heating, illumination, rent of premises, a foodof workers, payment of parking places etc.) and technical possibilities(presence of phones, faxes, personal computers etc.). Besides, new types ofoperating schedules can be considered and as original not monetary methods ofstimulation of productivity. So, for example, according to German researchers,about 20 % of workers a flexible operating schedule consider as a primaryfactor of positive motivation. As a whole the work schedule is characterised bystability. Usually people work 5 days in a week, 40 hours per week, from 9o'clock in the morning to 6 o'clock in the evening, have standard lunch time.Along with obvious advantages, such mode has also lacks: traffic jams, turns atlifts are created. Besides, people often have stresses because are late forwork, they have conflicts to the chief. As new types of an operating scheduleusually name: the flexible hours, the compressed working week (the summarisedworking day), a partial employment. The flexible operating schedule isunderstood as the work schedule at which the worker can choose time ofarrival-leaving in certain limits which are established by a management. Thecompressed working week represents the work schedule in which there is anexchange between quantity of the hours fulfilled daily, and quantity of theworking days within a week. So, the usual number of hours can be fulfilled notfor five days, and for four (for ten hours daily) or for three days (for twelvehours daily). The Partial employment (partial hiring)? It is work withperformance of the same duties, but during smaller time. The greatestdistribution to the scientific organisations the flexible hours (have gotflexible time, flexible working hours). It is under construction in thedifferent ways: and #61485; the Daily choice of time of the beginning and thework termination; and #61485; Variable duration of the working day; and #61485;Allocation of the general (присутственного) time (i.e. Time established by thehead when all employees should be on work). Depending on flexibility degree, itis possible to allocate various types of schedules. We will consider them in adirection from least to the most flexible. All of them are used in practice.The flexible cycle demands from workers of a choice of certain time of thebeginning and the work termination, and also work under this schedule duringthe certain period (for example, weeks). The sliding schedule allows to changetime of the beginning and the work termination, but thus it is necessary towork a full time? 8 hours. Variable day allows to change duration of theworking day (for example to work one day of 10 hours, and another? 6 hours butso that as a result in a weekend it has turned out only 40 hours or for a monthof 160 hours). The sliding schedule and variable day are most effective in abranch science. Abroad analogue it are laboratories of industrial firms and aprivate small-scale business. Very much the flexible hours demand presence ofworkers during the general time (for example, from 10 o'clock in the morning to2 o'clock in the afternoon, but only on Monday and Friday). Flexible placingallows to change not only hours, but also a work arrangement? It is possible towork at home, in branches, etc. The flexible hours cannot be used in the eventthat the work period depends on work of any equipment, for example, for theworkers performing skilled and experimental works. The great value, along witha choice of an optimum operating mode for the scientist has time effective utilisation.It is possible to allocate three reasons aggravating congestion: and #61485;Small degree of delegation of responsibility; and #61485; incorrectly selectedpriorities; and #61485; too big absorption in daily efforts. For optimisationof use of time principles of Pareto and Eisenhower have great value. In 1897The Italian economist Pareto has invented the formula showing that allblessings are distributed non-uniformly. In most cases the greatest share ofincomes or the blessings belongs to a small number of people. M.S.Lorentz (theAmerican economist) has illustrated this theory with the diagramme. The doctorD. M.Dzhuran has applied the diagramme to classification of problems of qualityon not numerous essentially important and numerous insignificant and named thismethod the analysis of Pareto. Application of a principle of Pareto isexpedient and at working hours planning. In this case means that concentrationof attention on the vital activity most of all influences achievement ofdesirable results. The rule 20/80 from here follows: concentration of 20 % oftime on the most important problems can lead to reception of 80 % of results.The others of 80 % of time provide only remained 20 % of results. Eisenhower'sprinciple is important for definition of the importance of problems. Eisenhowersubdivided problems on their importance and promptness into problems And, Inand С «A-problems»: very important and urgent? To carry outimmediately. «In? Problems»: important, not urgent? To define, intheir what terms it is necessary to carry out." S-problems ": lessimportant, but urgent? To delegate. Affairs which are not neither important,nor urgent should not distract attention of the head. In connection with theaforesaid, the great value gets definition of optimum parities between workersof various qualification. Optimum it is possible to consider such parity atwhich science officers do not carry out functions unusual for them. There arerecommendations according to which optimum parity between technicians andengineers should make 0,3 / 1 at performance of researches and 1,7 / 1 atperformance of developmental works. On the average this parity should make 1 /2. Questions of formation of target groups in scientific personnel In a generalview understand as group of two and more persons who co-operate with each otherin such a manner that each person influences others and simultaneously is underthe influence of other persons. It is noticed that association of workers ingroups allows to solve a number of problems: As much as possible to usecreative potential; to involve workers in managerial process. Target groups(time creative collectives), created of engineers and science officers have thefeatures in comparison with quality mugs as before groups more difficultpurposes are put. Practice of formation of target groups of the scientistsworking in various research divisions of firm is extended. Creation of suchgroups for working out of any one important problem gives the chance to bebeyond existing departments and laboratories that is the important factor ofincrease of an efficiency of scientific research. Target groups of experts(time creative collectives) differ from circles of quality that operate on thebasis of in advance formulated problem and always carry a temporality. They canbe created for different terms: from 2-3 and more years. It defines alsoselection of participants of groups. Groups are created as for study ofseparate organizational or technical questions, and for the decision of difficultcardinal problems. The overall performance of groups is influenced by followingfactors: the size, structure, group norms, unity, a conflictness, the statusand a functional role of its members. Before formation of target group (timecreative collective) it is necessary to carry out the morphological analysiswhich leads to splitting of the general problem into a number of subtasks andreveals possible alternatives of their decision. Each subtask breaks intostages. To generate collective of executors, it is necessary to have the listof all subtasks which should be solved in the course of work performance;characteristics of each subtask with definition of requirements to theirpotential executors. Besides it is necessary to have a databank on all possibleexecutors of work. At division of a task in view into subtasks each executorshould know the concept of designing of all object. The new tendency isallocation of personnel services for needs of the time organizationalstructures which are engaged in process of innovations. Such personnel servicesalso carry a temporality and move on divisions according to stages ofrealisation of the project. The actual organizer of work on attraction andpersonnel development is the head of the innovative enterprise who embodies theidea and is financially interested in innovation introduction. The head ofdivision defines quantity of executors of each subtask, recognising that oneexecutor performs from two to three stages of work. Selection of executors iscarried out proceeding from complexity of performed work. Thus the potential ofexecutors should be a little above, than demanded. At a stage of working outand realisation of the ideas which have been put forward by target groups,sometimes there are the so-called design groups, different in the big scales ofcarried out works and большей number of executors. In any target group selectthe most prepared experts. But even at the most careful selection almost alwaysthere is a distinction between them on readiness degree to performance of aproblem assigned to them. In this connection training of less skilled executorsat more qualified should be provided. Short-term employment on which eachexpert has an opportunity better will sometimes be organised to imagine senseof a collective problem and the basic approaches to its decision. Still большееvalue gets preliminary training at creation of the design groups which work hasmore long-term and complex character. In these cases for experts specialseminars can be held. The seminar program should cover acquaintance of itsparticipants with features of the organisation of works in design group, withspecificity of planning, with establishment principles приоритетности inperformance of works, methods of search of optimum decisions on the basis ofthe analysis of real situations. The attention is given also to working off ofpractical skills of teamwork in group. At a seminar there is an acquaintance ofexperts to the future project head which should spend some employment. Itallows it to come into contact and to prepare participants of design group forforthcoming activity. Upon termination of a seminar to its participants thespecial certificate on the right to work over the project can stand out. In theUSA creation of interfirm target and design groups is observed also. Usually intheir structure experts from the external research organisations are involved.As a result of such cooperation from firm innovative structures in which areoccupied both members of groups, and scientific shots can separate. In thiscase it is possible to define the innovative enterprise as target group whichis created for industrial development and adjustment of sale of productionbased on the new technical concept.
5. Bases of safety of ability to live
5.1 Legalbases of a labour safety
Laboursafety? System of safety of a life and health of workers in the course of thelabour activity, including legal, social and economic, organizational,sanitary-and-hygienic, medical-hygienic, rehabilitation and other actions. Wewill describe the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of alabour safety the Legislation of the Russian Federation on a labour safetyconsists of corresponding norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation,Legal bases of a labour safety [27, with. 123-127] and published according tothem законодательских and other statutory acts of the Russian Federation andrepublics as a part of the Russian Federation. Guarantees of realisation of therights of workers on a labour safety and standard requirements on a laboursafety are established by acts of republics as a part of the RussianFederation, cannot be below guarantees and standard requirements, are providedby Legal bases of a labour safety [27, with. 125]. Actions of the present Basesextends on:? The enterprises, establishments and the organisations (further?The enterprises) all patterns of ownership irrespective of sphere of economicactivities and departmental subordination;? Employers;? The workers consistingwith employers in labour relations;? Workers of co-operative societies;?Students of educational institutions of the higher and average vocationaltraining, pupils of educational institutions of average, initial vocationaltraining and the educational institutions of the basic general educationpassing an industrial practice;? The military men involved for work at theenterprises;? The citizens who are serving time on a sentence of court in theirwork at the enterprises. On the citizens of the Russian Federation working onhiring in other states, the legislation on a labour safety of thestates-employers, and on foreign citizens and persons without the citizenship,working on the enterprises which are in jurisdiction of the Russian Federationextends, the legislation on a labour safety of the Russian Federation if otheris not provided international by contracts (agreements) of the RussianFederation extends. We will describe main principles of a state policy in thefield of a labour safety the State policy in the field of a labour safetyprovides joint actions of bodies of a legislative and executive power of theRussian Federation and republics as a part of the Russian Federation,associations of employers, trade unions in the name of their correspondingbodies and other representative bodies authorised by workers on improvement ofconditions and labour safeties, to the prevention of an industrial traumatismand occupational diseases. The basic directions of a state policy in the fieldof a labour safety are:? A recognition and maintenance of a priority of a lifeand health of workers in relation to results of industrial activity of theenterprise;? Coordination of activity in the field of a labour safety, otherareas economic, social policy, and also in the field of protection of asurrounding environment;? An establishment of uniform standard requirements ona labour safety for the enterprises of all patterns of ownership irrespectiveof sphere of economic activities and departmental subordination;? Thegovernment of activity in the field of a labour safety, including the statesupervision and the control of observance of legislative and other statutoryacts about a labour safety;? Public control over observance of legitimaterights and interests работ6никаов in the field of a labour safety on themanufacture, carried out by workers through trade unions in the name of theircorresponding bodies and others authorised by workers representative bodies;? Interactionsand cooperation of state bodies, supervision and the control over employers,trade unions in the name of their corresponding bodies and other authorisedworkers, representative the bodies interested in working out and practicalrealisation of a state policy in the field of a labour safety;? Carrying out ofthe effective tax policy stimulating creation of healthy and safe workingconditions, working out and introduction safe technicians and technologies,means collective and an individual defence of workers;? Application of economicsanctions with a view of observance by the enterprises and workers of standardrequirements on a labour safety;? Maintenance of workers with the specialclothes, special footwear, means collective and an individual defence, thetreatment-and-prophylactic food, necessary prophylactics at the expense ofmeans of employers;? Obligatory investigation of each accident and occupationaldisease on manufacture;? An establishment of indemnifications and privilegesfor a laborious work and works with harmful or dangerous working conditions,ineradicable at a modern technological level of manufacture and theorganisation ore;? Protection of interests of the workers who suffered fromunfortunate case on manufacture or have received occupational disease, and alsomembers from families;? Preparation of experts in the field of a labour safety,including in educational institutions of the higher and average vocational training;?An establishment of the state statistical reporting about working conditions,about accidents on manufacture and occupational diseases;? Informing of workerson a condition of conditions and a labour safety at the enterprises;?Realisation of actions for propagation of an advanced experience in the fieldof a labour safety;? The international cooperation at the decision of problemsof a labour safety. The state in the name of bodies of a legislative andexecutive power taking into account consultations of associations of employers.Professional the unions in the name of their corresponding bodies and otherauthorised workers, representative bodies develops, carries out andperiodically reconsiders the co-ordinated policy in the field of a laboursafety. Some words about guarantees of the worker on the rights on a laboursafety. Each worker has the right to a labour safety, including:? On aworkplace protected from influence of harmful or dangerous production factorswhich can cause an industrial trauma, occupational disease or working capacitydecrease;? On compensation of the harm caused to it by a mutilation,occupational disease or other damage of the health, connected with execution oflabour duties by it;? On reception of a trustworthy information a prize of theemployer or the state or public bodies about a condition of conditions andlabour safeties on a workplace of the worker, about existing risk of damage ofhealth, and also about the accepted measures on its protection againstinfluence of harmful or dangerous production factors;? On refusal without anyunreasonable consequences for it from performance of works in case ofoccurrence of direct danger to his life and health before elimination of thisdanger;? On maintenance with means collective and an individual defenceaccording to requirements of legislative and other statutory acts about alabour safety at the expense of means of the employer;? On training to safemethods and receptions of work at the expense of means of the employer;? Onprofessional retraining at the expense of means of the employer in case of asuspension of activity or closing of the enterprise, shop, a site orliquidation of a workplace owing to unsatisfactory working conditions, and alsoin case of disability in connection with unfortunate a case on manufacture oroccupational disease;? On carrying out of inspection by bodies of the statesupervision and the control or public control of conditions and a laboursafety, including on demand of the worker on its workplace;? On participationin check and consideration of the questions connected with improvement ofconditions and a labour safety. The state in the name of bodies legislative,executive and judicial authority guarantees the right to a labour safety to theworkers participating in labour process under the labour contract (contract) withemployers. Conditions labour (contract) contract should correspond torequirements legislative and other statutory acts about a labour safety. In thelabour contract (contract) authentic characteristics of working conditions,indemnifications and privileges are specified to workers for a laborious workand works with harmful or dangerous working conditions. For the period of asuspension of works at the enterprise, in shop or on a site, a workplace in aconsequence of infringement of the legislation on a labour safety, standardrequirements on a labour safety not because of the worker, behind it the workplace, a post and average earnings remain.
5.2 Planning of actions for a labour safety
Inconnection with inclusion of questions of a labour safety of workers of branchin the Concept of development of public health services and a medical sciencein the Russian Federation, considering the numerous offers arriving fromcontrols, establishments of public health services and the trade-unionorganisations, on the basis of the Recommendations confirmed by the decision ofMinistry of Labor of the Russian Federation from 29.12.96? 74, Ministry ofHealth of Russia has prepared the project of the Program which has beenconsidered and approved at session of Board of Ministry of Health of Russia23.12.97. The program consists of 4 sections: 1) Legal and standard maintenanceof protection works. 2) organizational and technical maintenance of a laboursafety. 3) training of workers on a labour safety, a supply with information inthe field of a labour safety. 4) scientific maintenance of a labour safety. TheProgram purpose? Working out of prime measures under the prevention of anindustrial traumatism and the professional ache diseases, elimination of thenegative moments in the organisation of this work. Program section 1 provideswork on revision operating and working out of new rules and typicalinstructions on a labour safety and safe operation of branches, offices,laboratories, the equipment of establishments of public health services andGossanepidnadzor. Financing of these works is supposed to be carried out at theexpense of means of the Federal budget. Section 2 provides working out ofprograms of improvement of conditions and protection work at level of controlsand establishments of public health services of subjects of the RussianFederation (there where such programs are not developed yet). In section 3creation of system of improvement of professional skill concerning a labour safetyfor heads, experts, attendants, working out differentiated (according to volumeof performed work) training programs on a labour safety is provided. Trainingof heads will be carried out on the basis of the Russian medical academyпоследипломного formations and on places, the medical institutions having thepermission to the right of training concerning a labour safety. The basicactions of section 4 are researches of working conditions and preparation ofscientifically well-founded offers on a work and rest mode, and also ongranting of privileges and indemnification workers of the branch, working inespecially harmful and dangerous working conditions. These actions it isplanned to carry out forces of a branch science. It is supposed to provide financingat the expense of means of Federal fund of obligatory medical insurance.Planning of actions for a labour safety consists in working out of instructionson a labour safety, actually planning of actions, the control over carrying outof these actions and observance of instructions, and also to investigation ofaccidents and the illnesses connected with dangerous factors at realisation ofprofessional work. Instructions on a labour safety can be developed for workersof separate trades, and for separate kinds of works. Instructions are developedfor workers on the basis of typical instructions, safety requirements stated inoperational and repair documents of the equipment, used on the givenenterprise, and also in the technological documentation of this enterprisetaking into account conditions of production. Instructions by trades and onseparate kinds of works are developed for workers according to the list whichis made by a protection service of work of the enterprise with participation ofheads of divisions.
Theconclusion
So, theinnovative project considered in the present degree research consists in theorganisation of manufacture and sale of the diagnostic device? The biotest?,for a finding points, carrying out the express train of diagnostics of acondition of a human body by results of measurements of parametres ofbiologically active points, testings of preparations and therapy according toR.Follja's technique. The Scope? The diagnostic device of the doctor of the therapist,the homeopathist, the anaesthesiologist, etc. Novelty of the project(innovation, an innovation) consists what release of the product, analogue nothaving to in Russia, abroad is supposed? The device very cheap and reliable.Besides questions theoretical (economic and legal) the bases of innovativeactivity, questions of management the personnel in the scientific organisationsand safety issues of ability to live, the central part of the present degreework was:? Working out of own model of an estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project;? The comparative description of two techniques (traditionaland offered) estimations of efficiency of the innovative project;? Carrying outof an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project of manufacture of thedevice? The biotest? By both techniques;? Comparison of results of anestimation of efficiency of the project by both techniques. We will shortformulate conclusions on these positions. Existing (standard, classical) thetechnique of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project includes: 1.Calculation of factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV); 2. Calculation of anindex of profitability of investments (PI); 3. Calculation of internal rate ofreturn or norm of profitability of the investment (IRR); 4. Decision-making onproject realisation. The Offered model of an estimation of efficiency of theinnovative project will include: 1. An estimation of competitive advantages ofthe goods (service) offered by the considered project; 2. Estimation of amarket capacity of sale on which the considered project, including as the basicindicator the sales volume forecast is focused; 3. Calculation of the capacitynecessary for realisation of the project, and its comparison to a predictedsales volume; 4. Calculation of the project of volume of investments necessaryfor realisation; 5. Calculation? Break-even points?, i.e. critical for arecoupment of the project of volume of output; 6. Summarising calculation ofthe basic indicators of the project, such as profit (total and pure);profitability of production; profitability of funds; the full cost price;labour input; the predicted price for production; a critical sales volume andrelease; efficiency of capital investments; a time of recovery of outlay; astock of financial durability; 7. Decision-making on realisation (or to adeviation) the project. How it has been noted in degree work, the standardmodel is less labour-consuming in the application? In it, undoubtedly, there isan advantage of standard model before offered model. However, the basicdifference between standard and offered models what the offered model givesmore information on the concrete project? And in it the big advantage ofoffered model before the standard. For example, the standard model of anestimation of efficiency of the project cannot answer on a question, in whatvolume it is necessary to make production that the project was profitable? Thestandard model uses this indicator, but does not count it whereas the offeredmodel at first counts it, and then uses. So, both those and other models cantell that, for example, as a result of three years of realisation the projectwill be profitable whereas the offered technique can tell that the project willpay off in 7 months. The offered model also has one essential lack? All basicindicators pay off on the basis of the sales volume forecast. But it is theforecast, obviously, can be only approximate. Hence, all basic indicators ofoffered model will be approximate. We will describe results of application ofthese models to an estimation of efficiency of the concrete innovative project.1. On the importance for an estimation of efficiency of the project in twoconsidered models are comparable factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV) fromstandard model and an indicator of net profit plus size of initial investments.That is in standard model an indicator
Whereasin offered model a similar indicator 2209 + 14011 = 16220 c.u., where 2209c.u.? Profit at the disposal of the organisation (a difference between netprofit and returned investments). A difference in the sum here that the offeredmodel in calculations uses the predicted size of a sales volume. It is theforecast becomes on the basis of linear approximation which, as it is known, yieldsapproximate results. It is necessary to notice, what the divergence of valuesof these factors makes all .
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