Lesson one text: a glimpse of London. Grammar

LESSON ONEText: A Glimpse of London. Grammar: There is ... There are ... Be. Have. Reported Speech. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives.A GLIMPSE OF LONDONLondon is the capital of Great Britain.1 The full name of the coun­try is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2 "Today London is one of the largest cities in the world. Its population* is more than seven million. London is situated on both sides of the Thames. There are fourteen bridges across the Thames. In fact, there are several Londons.3 There is the ancient City4 of Lon­don. It is the oldest part of London. There are no houses in the City, only large office buildings. The City is the country's financial and busi­ness centre. The Stock Exchange,6 the Royal Exchange,8 and the Bank of England7 are all there. During the day the City has a population of half a million. At night the City is a different place. There's no traffic and very few people. It's quiet and empty. London has many faces'. There is the West End with its famous shops and hotels. It's the finest part of London." In the West End there are theatres, cinemas, museums, picture galleries, long streets of fine shops and many big houses. There are beautiful parks, too. The Houses of Parliament,8 Whitehall,9 Downing Street10 are all in the West End. Whitehall is the street where all the Government of­fices are. It is the heart of the government of Great Britain. If the City is the "money" of London, and the West End is the "goods"11 of London, then the East End is the "hands" of London. Working-class London is in the East End. It is a district of docks, factories, poor little houses and narrow streets. Housing conditions in this part of London are very bad. Lots of old houses have no modern conveniences, They are damp, dirty and dark. Every large city is full of contrasts, but London is the city of con­trasts. NOTES 1.^ Great Britain: Великобритания. Though Britain, or Great Britain, is often used as a name for the country as a whole, it is, in fact, the name of the larger of the British Isles, and Comprises England, Wales, and Scotland. The other big island, which lies to the West of Great Britain, is Ireland comprising North­ern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. 2.^ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. This is the coun­try's full official name since 1921 when the Irish Republic became in­dependent. The following shorter names are also correct: the United Kingdom (informally the UK), Great Britain, and Britain. 3. London stands for: the City of London (деловая часть города): the county of London графство Лондон; and Greater London (London with its suburbs) Большой Лондон (город с приго­родами). 4. The City: Сити. The City, the oldest part of London, has an area of just over one square mile, and many centuries ago, there was a wall around the City with gates in it. Used figuratively, the City stands for the country's commercial circles, and is often called "London's square mile of money". 5. Stock Exchange: фондовая биржа. It is the place where professional brokers buy and sell stocks, bonds and other securities of the big commercial firms. The Stock Exchange is an impor­tant part of the financial machinery of the country. 6. Royal Exchange: королевская биржа. At one time the building was used as a meeting place for the City merchants. Now it is no longer used commercially, the building houses the offices of several insurance companies. 7. ^ Bank of England: английский государственный банк. The Bank of England is in Threadneedle Street. The Bank's other name is "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street". Old Lady refers to its traditional conservatism in financial matters. The name of the street comes from "to thread a needle" вдеть нитку в иголку. In olden times it was a tailors' street. 8. The proper name for the Houses of Parliament is the Palace of Westminster. The building of the Palace of Westminster is the seat of the British Parliament. The British Parliament has two Houses (Chambers): the House of Lords палата лордов and the House of Commons палата общин. -Used figuratively, Westminster stands for the British Parliament 9. Whitehall: Уайтхолл. In this street are the most important offices of the Government: the Home Office Министерство внутренних дел; the Treasury Казначейство, Министерство финансов; the Ministry of Defence Министерство обороны, and so on. Whitehall is synonymous with the British Government (its offices, or policy). 10.^ Downing Street: Даунинг-Стрит. The small street off Whitehall contains the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Министерство иностранных дел и по делам Содружества, and No 10 the official London residence of the Prime Min­ister. Thus, Downing Street may stand for the British Government, Prime Minister, or Foreign Office. 11. goods: букв. товары, здесь—витрина, где все выставлено на­показ.VOCABULARY full a 1. полный (заполненный до предела) The bus is full. 2. пол­ный (наполненный кем-н/чем-н) Phr be full of people (books, buses, ideas, light, etc) 3. полный (не сокращенный) a full name (answer, text, etc)population n население across prep через; по другую сторону (чего-н) There is a bridge across the river. The post office is across the street.different а 1. иной, другой, не такой The street has a different name now. Phr be different from sb/sth отличаться от кого-н/чего-н 2. раз­личный, разнообразный, разный different people (things, goods, places, questions, problems, etc); differ v различаться, отличаться The new Mos­cow greatly differs from the old Moscow, difference n различие, разница There is no (little, some, a wide, etc) difference between them; a differ­ence in living conditions (colour, temperature, meaning, etc)traffic n уличное движение There is much (little, no, etc) traffic in the street. The traffic is heavy (light) here. Phr traffic lights светофор; traffic rules правила уличного движенияquiet а тихий, спокойный a quiet place (street, sea, day, night; child, person; voice, etc)empty a 1. пустой, незанятый an empty bag (room, bus, seat, etc) 2. пустой, бессодержательный an empty promise (talk, etc)famous а знаменитый, известный a famous writer (name, picture, monument, etc) Phr be famous for sb/sth славиться кем-н/чем-нgovernment n 1. правительство Moscow is the seat of the Soviet Government. 2. управление, форма правленияmodern а современный a modern author (museum, style, dress, in­dustry, model, etc); modern history (literature, art, architecture, etc)^ WORD COMBINATIONSbe situated быть расположенным, находитьсяin fact фактически, в действительностиfinancial and business centre финансовый и деловой центрpicture gallery картинная галерея the working class рабочий класс, трудящиесяhousing conditions жилищные условия modern conveniences удобства (газ, водопровод, телефон, центральное отопление и т. п.)EXERCISES COMPREHENSION Ex 1. Answer the following questions: 1. Where is Great Britain situated? What is the country's full name? 2. What is the capital of Great Britain? How big is London? What is its population? Where is London situated? How many bridges are there across the Thames? 3. What is the oldest part of London? How important is the City in the life of the country? What is it like during the day? Why is it quiet and empty at night? 4. What other parts of London are there? 5. What is the West End famous for? 6. Where are the Government offices situated? What is in Downing Street? 7. Why is the City the "money" of London and the West End the "goods" of London? 8. What district is the East End? Why is it the "hands" of London? What are the housing conditions in that part of London? What are the houses of the working people like? 9. Why is London the city of con­trasts?Ex 2. Look through the text and notes once again, and explain:1. the difference between:(a) the British Isles, Great Britain, Britain, the United Kingdom, and England.(b) London and Greater London.2. what each of the following stands for:(a) the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, London's square mile of money.(b) the "money", the "goods", the "hands", the "lungs" of London.3. the literal and figurative meanings of:the City, Westminster, Whitehall, Downing Street. Ex 3. Find in the text the English for:полное наименование; административные здания; финансовый и деловой центр; правительственные учреждения; рабочий Лондон; район доков и фабрик; изобиловать контрастами^ KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY Ex 4. Make up five groups of three words associated in meaning or area of usage: river district home house metropolis country lake capital state residence city county sea part nation Ex 5. In (a) find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following. In (b) replace the words in bold type by their opposites. Make all necessary changes. Translate the sentences.(a) small, modern, many, noisy, full, short, ugly, rich, big, wide, good, dry, clean, light. (b) 1. The bottle is less than half full. 2. Turn down the radio, please. It's too loud. 3. The area is rich in minerals. 4. The weather was damp and cold. 5. The sun was up. It was light. 6. The bag was full and very heavy. 7. Every time he tells the same story. 8. The girl wants a shorter dress. 9. Old cities usually have narrow streets. 10. The film is too long. 11. That's a bad joke! 12. The country has a dry climate. 13. She likes this sort of heavy humour. 14. My friend lives in a noisy street. 15. The traffic is not so heavy in the morning as in the afternoon.Ex 6. Compare the meanings of the words in bold type.1. (I) This is a new building, (II) This is a modern building. 2. (I) The painter was a big man. (II) The painter was a great man. 3. (I) He is a new writer, (II) He is a modern writer. 4. (I) It was a damp day. (II) It was a wet day. 5. (I) This is fine silk. (II) This is beautiful silk. 6. (I) The girl was quiet, (II) The girl was silent.Ex 7. In the following pairs of sentences, bring out the difference in meaning* between the words in bold type.1. (i) There's heavy traffic in the dock area. (ii) He speaks with a heavy accent. 2. (i) These are all empty boxes. (ii) These are all empty words. 3. (i) It was a dark morning. (ii) It was a dark secret. 4. (i) There is a wide avenue across the city. (ii) There is a wide difference between these two ideas. 5. (i) It was a quiet colour. (ii) He was a quiet child. 6. (i) Long hair is no longer fashionable. (ii) Her sister was ill for a long time. 7. (i) This is a big place you have here. (ii) "Love" is a big word. 8. (i) The bag is light. (ii) The colour is light. 9. (i) This is dry wood. (ii) This is a dry subject. 10. (i) The tree is still green. (ii) The boy is still green. 11. (i) The house is damp. (ii) The climate is damp. 12. (i) It is a fine morning. (ii) This is a fine museum.Ex 8. The words below are names of parts of the body. Complete the sentences, by one of the words (used as a noun) and translate them into Russian.ear (2), heart (2), hand, face, eye, head, foot, mouth, body1. Moscow is the — of the Soviet Union. The — of Moscow is the Kremlin. 2. This year the camp is situated at the — of a hill. 3. The child has a good — for music. 4. The painter is very famous. He has a wonderful — for colour. 5. The boy has a very good — for foreign languages. 6. They have some very nice watches in that shop, quite mod­ern, too, with square — and three —, one for the hours, another for the minutes, and still another for the seconds. 7. Father's seat was at the — of the table. 8. A legislative — is a group of persons who make laws. 9. London lies in the — of the Thames.Ex 9. Compare the meaning of the following words with the words of the same root in Russian.office, financial, business, hotel, museum, gallery, class, modern, contrast, official, mile, figurative, professional, broker, commercial, firm, company, residenceEx 10. Translate the following sentences. Note the pattern. five hundredthousandmillion workers hundreds thousandsmillions of workers 1. В 2000-м году население Советского Союза будет более 270 000 000. 2. Ежегодно сотни москвичей получают квартиры. 3. В Большом Лондоне более семи миллионов жителей. 4. В субботу и воскресенье Лондон пустеет. Сотни лондонцев выезжают за город. 5. Днём улицы любой столицы мира заполнены тысячами машин. 6. В Венгрии одно большое озеро. Это—Балатон. А в Финляндии десятки больших и сотни малых озер.Ех 11. Answer the following questions, using 'both' and 'all' according to the model.Model: 1. Which of these two exercises is difficult? (a) They are both difficult. (b) Both of them are difficult. 2. Where are the government offices in London? (a) They are all in Whitehall. (b) All of them are in Whitehall.(A) 1. Which of his brothers is a worker? 2. Are the students in your group Russian? 3. Where are your English books? 4. Are these two stamps English? 5. What are your parents? 6. Where are the children? 7. Are Rooms 30 and 32 on the left-hand side of the corridor? 8. Are the new hotels in Moscow big?(B) 1. What cities are Gorky and Saratov? Are they on the Volga? 2. Are Sochi and Gagri on the Black Sea? 3. Where are the theatres sit­uated in London? 4. Are the Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England in the City? 5. Are Cambridge and Oxford Uni­versity towns?Ex 12. Fill in the blanks with 'it' or 'there' according to the sense.1. The Lake District in England is called so, because— are really a lot of lakes there. — is a very beautiful part of the country. At the beginning of the 19th century — was a group of poets who lived in this district. They were known as Lake Poets. 2. Prince Edward Island is the smallest province in Canada, both in territory and population. In fact, — is like one large, well-kept farm. — is no place more than a few miles from the coast. — is a very quiet island. — is almost like being in another world. — is no heavy industry on the island. Its main industry is agriculture. Yet — is a historical place for — is the birthplace of Canada.Ex 13. Add the correct form of 'there is', or 'it is' to the following.1. — a beautiful cathedral in this place before the war. 2. — a short way from here to the station? 3. — a shorter way to the station if you are in a hurry. 4. — a pity that you won't be at the party. 5. — a woman standing here a minute ago. 6. — a fact that he is a clever man. 7. — no time for tea if we are in a hurry. 8. — time to go to bed. 9. — no place like home. 10. — a problem to get to Oxford from London? — no problem at all. You can get there either by boat or by bus. 11. — one empty seat in the plane when 1 arrived. 12. — a beautiful park here in a couple of years. 13. Don't you think—time for another cigarette? 14. — a place I know where you can have good coffee. 15. — a crossing here?Ex 14. Study the following phrases. Recall the sentences in which they are used in the text. Use them in sentences of your own.one of the cities; in the world; on both sides of the river; across the river; in fact; during the day; at night; a street with shops; a district of docks; in the City (this part of the town, the West End, the East End); lots of houses; full of contrasts; a city of contrasts Ex 15. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs. Retell the passages.(A) 1. The full name—the Soviet Union is the Union—Soviet Socialist Republics. Moscow, its capital, is one — the largest cities — "the world. It is situated — both sides — the Moskva. There are ten bridges — the Moskva river. — fact, there are twelve, but two — them are for underground-trains. 2. — the heart — England, about 112 miles north west — London, is Birmingham, a city — over a million inhabitants. The district around Birmingham is a district — factories and mines. The nearest port is Liverpool—the mouth—the river Mersey—the Irish Sea. 3. One—the towns, right—the centre—England is Stratford, Shakespeare's birthplace. — the bank — the river Avon there is a mon­ument to Shakespeare. Not far — it is Shakespeare's house; a small house — small rooms, and a small garden. Now Stratford is a busy town — streets full — people and cars. 4. The streets — the West End — London are all famous — some­thing: Piccadilly — its clubs, Harley Street — its doctors, Charing Cross Road — its bookshops. 5. If the City is a busy place — the day and a quiet place — night, Soho (— the heart — the West End) which is famous — its French, Italian and Swedish restaurants, is a busy place — night, but quiet — the day.(B) Scotland is — the north — the British Isles. It is — the north — England. Scotland is a country — its own traditions, traditions which are alive even now and are rare — the modern world. Scotland is part — Britain, but Scotland is not England. It differs — England — many ways. Scotland has her own administration of government* which is centred—Edinburgh. She has her own national heroes, a national dress, the kilt** (which is, strictly speaking, only — men); her own typical instrument, the pipes*** (or the bagpipes); her own nation­al country dances and songs (some — which are very popular — Eng­land, too); her poetry (some — which is famous — the English-speak­ing world). In short: Scotland is not England.Ex 16. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.several (2), different, difference (4), differ, damp (2), famous (3), full, empty (2), quiet, modern1. Charles Dickens is a — 19th century English writer. He is— for his novels about working-class England. 2. There are—paintings by Rembrandt in the Hermitage, the world — museum in Leningrad. 3. The Rossiya hotel in Moscow is an interesting example of — archi­tecture. 4. In the words of the great American writer Mark Twain the — between the right word and the almost right word is the — between lightning and the lightning bug.**** 5. The family was out of town, and the | house stood —. 6. The play is — of humour. 7. You really mustn't smoke on an — stomach. 8. The woman's clothes were — with the rain. 9. There were — people at the bus-stop. 10. There is a world of — be­tween "few" and "a few", "little" and "a little". 11. October weather is — and foggy. 12. In contrast to his brother who is a noisy sort of man, he is very —. 13. The sisters — from one another in the colour of their eyes. 14. In fact there is no — in meaning between "have something" and "have got something". 15. Three — persons told me the same story.Ex 17. Replace the Russian words and phrases by suitable English equivalents. Retell the passage.I was born in a small town in the north of England. There is a big castle in the centre of the town and (несколько) fine old churches. Here most of the streets are dark and (узкие); the houses are on both sides of the streets and they are not much (отличаются от) each other. In the suburbs the houses are bigger and newer, with (всеми удобствами), and the streets are (шире). There are three cinemas in the town. One of them is not far from our house. I usually go there once a week; but when the film is good we all go to the cinema together. Before the war we still had trams, but now we only have buses. The town itself is а (тихое) place now, with very few people in the streets during the day and very (небольшое уличное движение). But there was a time (несколько) hundred years ago when the town was quite (знаменитым). (Действительно) it has a long and interesting his­tory. The country around it is very beautiful. There is a river nearby where one can bathe, or fish. There are two bridges (через) the river. On the other side of the river there are some low, green hills.Ex 18. Test translation.(A) 1. Столица Советского Союза — Москва. Она расположена по обеим сторонам Москвы-реки. Москва — большой промышленный го­род со множеством фабрик и заводов. Это также порт пяти морей. Москва является культурным центром страны. Здесь много музеев, картинных галерей, театров и кино. Библиотека имени В. И. Ленина — одна из самых крупных библиотек мира и самая большая библио­тека в Советском Союзе. Она находится в самом центре Москвы, не­далеко от Кремля. 2. Москва — очень старый город; ей более 800 лет, но это также и молодой город с новыми проспектами, красивыми площадями и парками. Новые районы города отличаются от старых. Улицы в но­вых районах широкие, с высокими домами по обеим сторонам. Здесь нет ни фабрик, ни заводов. Здесь много солнца и воздуха. В жилых домах все удобства. В Москве живет более 8 млн. человек.(В) 1. Какая самая красивая улица Москвы? 2. Сколько мостов через Москва-реку? 3. Где самый большой стадион в Москве? Как он называется? 4. Чем отличаются новые районы Москвы от старых? 5. Как сейчас выглядят Ленинские горы? 6. Где самое большое улич­ное движение в Москве? 7. Чем славится Красная площадь? 8. Как полностью называется Советский Союз? 9. Каково население Совет­ского Союза?GRAMMAR There is ... There are ... . Be. Have.Ex 19. Study the following charts.With Countable Nouns There is ('s) a (some) book on the table. There is a pen and some pencils in my bag. 2. There are ('re) some (a few) chairs in the room. 3. Is there any (a) river in''this place? 4. There was no* wind yesterday. 5. There were few factories in this district. 6. There will be a lot of students at the meeting ('11 be) 7. There won't be many visitors tomorrow. (B) With Uncountable Nouns There is some little a little no a lot of much bread in the breadbox. sugar in the cup. butter on the plate. money in my bag. oil in our country. work at our office today. Ex 20. Use the correct form of the verb 'be'.1. The hour was late, there—no taxis. 2. There—a lot of stu­dents at our Institute now, there — more next year. 3. — there no talk about it at supper? 4. — there time to do this work tomorrow? 5. There — a lot of people at the meeting tomorrow. 6. There — little snow in this part of the country last year. 7. There — only a few new houses here some years ago. 8. The street was very noisy when there — a bus line here. 9. There — a lot of coal in the Donbas. 10. There — a lot of fruit in our garden next summer.Ex 21. Make up sentences of your own according to the patterns in the above charts.1. a beautiful picture; on the wall. 2. a lot of children; in the gar­den. 3. any factories; in this town; before the revolution? 4. a few Eng­lish books; in my library. 5. a rich library; at our institute. 6. one thousand words; in this dictionary. 7. any water; in the glass? 8. time; for this work; tomorrow. 9. how many parts; in this book? 10. a picture of London and two maps; on the wall. 11. a lot of fruit; in Bulgaria. 12. traffic lights; at every corner in this city. 13. any gold; in this part of the country? 14. no guests; in the house; last Sunday. 15. milk; a little; in the bottle. 16. much money; not; in my pocket; when I was a student. 17. how many; films; at the festival; of the Moscow Studio? 18. heavy traffic; in the centre of the city.Ex 22. Replace the Russian words by suitable English equivalents.1. He takes (мало) sugar in his tea. 2. There is (немного) sugar in the sugar-bowl. 3. She has (немного) books on this subject in her li­brary. 4. There are (много) interesting books in my bookcase. 5. There are (совсем нет) factories in this town. 6. There is (сколько-то) bread in the house. 7. There is (немногo) butter in the butter-dish. 8. I had (мало) money on me at the moment. 9. You won't get (много) advice from him. He is too young. 10. Is there (какая-нибудь) river in those parts? 11. Give me (какую-нибудь) book on the Economy of this country. 12. There is (большое) traffic in this part of the city. 13. There is (много) fruit in the Caucasus. 14. Did you get (сколько-нибудь) information from this book?Ex 23. Express the opposite idea.1. There are few government offices in this part of the town. 2. There is only one bridge across the river in this place. 3. When I was there last, there were no houses on the left side of the street. 4. There isn't any sugar in my tea. 5. We had a fine spring, there will be a lot of apples this year. 6. There is some writing paper on the desk. 7. There was no time to visit the museum. 8. There are several bookshops in this street.Ex 24. Complete the following, using “ there is ...”, “ there are ..”'. Use “a lot of”, “much”, “many”, “few”, “a few”, “little”, “any”, “no” where necessary.1. This is the older part of the city (historical places). 2. Moscow is a very big city (more than 5,000 streets, avenues, and squares). 3. The theatre is not far from here (still a shorter way across the square). 4. This sidestreet is very quiet (traffic). 5. The film was interesting to me (peo­ple who did not like it). 6. It's very late (time to go there on foot). 7. The sky is dark (a heavy rain in a few minutes). 8. The lecturer was a very interesting man (questions when the lecture was over). 9. I am sorry we are late. (another train for at least two hours). 10. Nobody is at home (light in the windows). 11. Don't leave yet (supper soon). 12. We'll have a hard time this spring (examinations). 13. I have an invitation to the party (interesting people).Ex 25. Change the following sentences, using 'there is ...', 'there are ...'.1. We have about 5,000 male and female names in the list of Russian names, but not all of them are popular today. 2. The Rossiya Hotel is the biggest in the USSR and in Europe. It has 3,071 rooms and may have 5,374 guests. 3. Moscow has 28 markets and soon it will have anoth­er two. 4. "Have you tram-lines in Moscow?" "Yes, we have, but not many." 5. They still had several empty seats in the plane when we ar­rived at the airport. 6. They have a very good dance band in that res­taurant. 7. Hurry up. We have no time for tea. 8. Some five years ago they had no metro in their town. Now they have several lines and no transport problems. 9. We shall have a heavy rain in a moment, I think. 10. They had no railway in that part of Siberia for a long time. 11. They will have a good film on at our local cinema tomorrow. 12. How many students have you got in your class?Ex 26. Translate the following sentences into English, using 'there is ..., there are ...'.(A) 1. В Лондоне много театров. Все они в Уэст-Энде. 2. В Сити нет жилых домов. 3. Днем на улицах Сити очень много народа, а ночью улицы пустые. 4. На Оксфорд Стрит очень много магазинов. 5. В Ист-Энде мало парков, там много фабрик и заводов.(B) 1. В Советском Союзе много больших рек. 2. Сколько озер в Советском Союзе к востоку от Урала? 3. На Волге много больших промышленных городов. 4. Сколько рек в Москве? 5. На Калинин­ском проспекте много высоких красивых домов. Много там и мага­зинов. 6. В Москве девять железнодорожных вокзалов.(C) 1. Сколько слов в этом словаре? 2. Раньше эта улица не была шумной, а теперь на ней большое движение. 3. В этом году в нашем саду будет очень много цветов. 4. У нас в аудитории нет часов. 5. В этой библиотеке есть читальный зал? 6. Сколько будет аудиторий в новом здании вашего института? 7.—Почему твой портфель такой тяжелый? — В нем словарь, учебник и несколько тетрадей. 8. В бу­тылке мало молока. 9. В этой части страны мало холодных месяцев, но в каждом месяце бывает несколько холодных дней. 10. Раньше в этом городе не было кинотеатров, а теперь здесь три кинотеатра и клуб.Ех 27. Practise the following according to the models.Model 1: Now Mary is well but a week ago she (very ill). but a week ago she was very ill.1. I am a teacher now but a year ago I (a student). 2. Now we are students but a few months ago we (school children). 3. It is cold today but yesterday it (still warm). 4. Now she is a long way from here, but yesterday she (at home). 5. He is an engineer now but two years ago he (Д worker). 6. Now the weather is nice but early in the morning it (rainy). 7. Now the hall is empty but it (full of people) just five minutes ago. 8. There are a lot of people in the streets today, but yesterday they (empty).Model 2: I think (he, be, there, tomorrow) I think he'll be there tomorrow.I think: 1. he, be a musician. 2. they, be present at the meeting. 3. we, be at home, on Sunday. 4. the weather, be good, tomorrow. 5. there, be a lot of people at the party. 6. she, be a good teacher. 7. the party, be very interesting. 8. the book, be very difficult for her. 9. I, be there, at five o'clock, too.Ex 28. Translate the following sentences.1. Она будет хорошим специалистом. 2. Мы были в Москве во время кинофестиваля. 3. Она сейчас в деревне. Они будут в городе не раньше понедельника. 4. Я буду дома в субботу. 5. Он был очень интересным докладчиком (лектором). 6. Они были в Лондоне два года назад. 7. Сколько студентов в вашей группе? 8. У него прекрасная библиотека. 9. Приходите к нам в воскресенье. Все будут рады ви­деть вас. 10. Много лет тому назад этот город был столицей страны. 11. У меня завтра не будет времени. 12. У них была прекрасная ма­шина, а где она сейчас?Ех 29. Form disjunctive questions.1. You weren't busy in the morning. 2. Your school was near home. 3. Your parents are not in town in summer. 4. A lot of people will be present at the meeting today. 5. There are a lot of interesting things in this museum. 6. Everybody'll be happy to meet the famous writer. 7. They had quite a problem with the boy. 8. The train was not late today. 9. We'll have a meeting on Friday. 10. Everybody's busy. 11. She has a country house near Moscow. 12. I'm right. 13. There's nobody at home. 14. You'll be in Irkutsk on Saturday. 15. The book won't be interesting for them. 16. Tomorrow's Sunday.Ex 30. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the verb 'be' and retell the texts.^ (A) PARKS OF LONDONThere — more than eighty parks in London. The best known parks near the centre of London — Hyde Park, Regent's Park and St. James's Park. Hyde Park —- a large park of three hundred and forty acres. At the time of King Henry VIII there — wild animals in ,the park Today people walk-in the park or sit on the grass. The Serpentine — a lake in the middle of Hyde Park. In summer you can swim in the Serpentine or go out in a boat. Regent's Park — larger than Hyde Park. The London Zoo — in Regent's Park. There—more than six thousand animals and birds in the Zoo. You can visit the Zoo by boat. The boat goes along the Regent's Canal. There — also an open air theatre in Regent's Park. You can see Shakespeare's plays there in summer. St. James's Park — the oldest and the smallest of these three parks. It — very near Buckingham Palace. The. lake and gardens in St. James's Park—very beautiful.(B) In A.D. 61, in the times of the Romans, London (it — Londi-nium in those days) — a walled city. But there — probably a small settlement even before that time. The first settlements — on two hills on the north bank of the Thames. These places today—Westminster and St. Paul's.* In the city walls there— "gates". Now there—still several: Bishopsgate and Ludgate — two of them.^ Reported SpeechImperative (Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition)Ex 31. Study the following chart. Direct Speech Reported Speech The old lady says/said to the young man: "Give me a hand with my heavy suitcase." "Never say such things again," Father said to me. Peter said to his wife: "Don't forget to send me a telegram, please." The old lady asks/asked the young man to give her a hand with her heavy suitcase. Father told/ordered me nev­er to say such things again. Peter asked/begged his wife not to forget to send him a telegram. Ex 32. Use Reported Speech.**1. "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sportsman. 2. "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said. 3. "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow," the manager said to the client. 4. "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid. 5. "Give a smile," the photographer said to me. 6. "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend. 7. "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student. 8. "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child. 9. "Leave your things here," my companion advised me. 10. "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman.Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives Ex 33. Study the following chart. Positive Comparative Superlative small hot . easy narrow smaller hotter easier narrower smallest hottest easiest narrowest old older elder oldest eldest comfortable more comfortable most comfortable good bad little much many far better worse less more farther further best worst least most farthest furthest Ex 34. Compare the following according to the model.Model: the Don, the Dnieper, the Volga: long, short 1. The Don, the Dnieper and the Volga are long rivers. 2. The Dnieper is longer than the Don but shorter than the Volga. 3. The Volga is the longest of the three, and the Don is the shortest.1. the Urals, the Pennines, the Alps: high, low; old, young. 2. the climate of Karelia, the Central Asia Republics, Siberia: damp, dry; cold, hot. 3. the Azov Sea, the White Sea, the Caspian Sea: deep, shallow; cold, warm. 4. the Behring Strait, the English Channel, the Gibraltar Strait: narrow, wide. 5. the four seasons of the year: spring, summer, autumn, winter; cold, warm; beautiful. Ex 35. Use the following patterns in sentences of your own.1. The weather today is better (worse) than it was yesterday. 2. This book is as interesting as that one. 3. The Thames is not so (as) long as the Dnieper. 4. He is twice as old as I am. 5. His library is much richer than mine. 6. She is two years younger than I (am).Ex 36. Translate the following sentences.1. Какой из шести континентов самый большой? 2. Какой са­мый короткий месяц в году? 3. Днем на улицах города гораздо боль­ше транспорта, чем вечером. 4. Новые здания гостиниц более совре­менные и они гораздо выше, чем старые. 5. Моя библиотека не столь интересна и богата, как библиотека моего друга. 6. Николай самый молодой из моих друзей. Ему столько же лет, сколько и моей младшей сестре. 7. Кто у них в семье самый- старший из детей? 8. Летом у нас больше свободного времени, чем зимой. 9. В конце года у них в отделе вдвое больше работы, чем обычно. 10. Мой брат на три с половиной года старше меня.Ех 37. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective given in the brackets. Use the article where necessary.1. The Soviet Union is — country in the world (large). Its territory is 22,402.2 thousand square kilometres. 2. There is no country in the world that is as — in minerals as the Soviet Union (rich). The Soviet Union has — reserves in the world of important minerals such as coal, oil, gas, iron, zinc, nickel and others (rich). 3. Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, is one of its — towns (old). It is — than Leningrad (old). 4. Red Square is — place in Moscow (beautiful). In old days it was — place in Moscow (busy). 5. The Hermitage in Leningrad is one of—of the world's art museums (fine). There are—than two and a half million works of art of different ages, countries and peoples (many). 6. Leningrad, like Moscow, is one of — industrial centres in our country (important). 7. The British Museum in London is famous for its library, which has one of — collections of books in the world (rich). 8. The Eng­lish Channel, at its — part, the Strait of Dover, is 32 kilometres wide (narrow). 9. Among the world's— countries are the Vatican, in Rome, and Monaco, which is situated in the South of France (small). 10. The Sears Tower in Chicago is the world's — all-electric building (tall). It is — than both the Empire State building and the World Trade Cen­tre in New York (tall).The ArticleEx 38. Study the following chart. Give me a book. (any book) Give me the book. (the book in your bag) There is an article in today's paper. The article is on modern architecture. It's an interesting article. Ex 39. Make up situations, explaining the use of the article in the following pairs of sentences. 1. (I) This is a house, (II) This is the house. 2. (I) You can have a new bag. (II) You can have the new bag. 3. (I) May I have an English dictionary? (II) May I have the English dictionary? 4. (I) This is a fa­mous picture, (II) This is the famous picture. 5. (I) You had a copy of my report, (II) You had the copy of my report. 6. (I) She is a doctor, (II) She is the doctor.Ex 40. Fill in the blanks with articles.1. This is—very difficult sentence for me.—sentence has too many unknown words in it. 2. Ours is — noisy street. — street is in the centre of the city. It is — street with very heavy traffic during the day. 3. "Is there — theatre in your town?" "Yes, we have one. — theatre is in the town's central square." 4. You have — mistake in the second form of the verb. — mistake is bad, it is not — spelling but — gram­mar mistake. 5. He has— interesting collection of butterflies. —col­lection is the second best in our country. 6. He has — elder brother. — brother is away the greater part of the year. He is— sailor.Ex 41. Fill in the blanks with articles. Retell the passage.I like Elsom. It is — seaside resort in — South of England. — town is not very far from Brighton and it has the charm of — old town. — town was never fashionable. In winter Elsom was usually — quiet place and the Dolphin — very comfortable inn. In — hall of — inn there still is a framed letter from Mr Thackeray, — famous writer. In August and September — town is full of holiday-makers and is for two months — noisy place. (After "The Round Dozen" by W. S. Maugham) ^ READING Ex 42. Read the text, timing yourself. Make up questions covering the contents. Retell the text. IONA The island of Iona is situated to the West of Scotland. Iona is a very small island. In fact it is one of the smallest islands in the Atlantic. The population of the island is not large. There are not very many people there. Life on the island is very different from life in town; there are no big shops or blocks of flats* or busy roads. There is only one car on the island, but every family has a boat. There is lots of fish and crabs in the sea. The houses have no modern conveniences. There is no electricity for electric lights and no running water. So in the summer people are up with the sun and in bed with the sun, too. In the winter they have oil lamps or candles in their cottages. Iona is a wonderful place for a holiday. It is very quiet there. There are hundreds of holiday-makers there every summer. There are beautiful long beaches where the sand is very, very white, and most of the time the sea is very clear. In fact Iona is famous for its beaches. The island also has its historical place of interest — the ancient Abbey, which is on a small hill in the middle of the island. In fact there is very little of the old Abbey today, only the walls and the old stone church. After a holiday on lona life in a big city with its noise, tall houses, big shops and heavy traffic is a great contrast.^ SPEECH AND COMPOSITIONEx 43. (A) Ask your friend: what the capital of the USA is; the name of the official residence of the president of the USA is; New York is famous for; islands it is situated on; the longest river in the USA is; river in Great Britain is the most important; the British Museum is famous for; the names of the two oldest universities in Great Brit­ain are; country has the largest population in the world; countries are situated on islands; the oldest part of Moscow is; the Kremlin is famous for; places of interest there are in Moscow; etc. how big the population of the Soviet Union is; many re­publics there are in the Soviet Union; large the Soviet Union is; old Moscow is; different new Moscow is from old Moscow; many people there are in Moscow; many stations the Moscow metro has; many metro stations there were in 1935; many bridges there are across the Moskva; etc. if (whether) the USA is the full name of the country; New York is the capital of the USA; the Houses of Parlia­ment is one building; there is much traffic in Oxford Street; the Thames is as long as the Volga; the Thames is the longest river in England; the Brit­ish Isles were part of the continent at one time; etc. when Leningrad had the name of Petersburg; Moscow had the biggest fire; Moscow was not the capital of the country; Red Square is full of people; etc. where Great Britain is situated; Hyde Park is; the new build­ing of Moscow University is situated; etc. why Moscow is called a port of five seas; the seat of'the British Government is called the Houses of Parliament; etc. (B) Tell me: what your name is; place you are from; your home town is like now; it was like ten years ago; places of in­terest there are in your town; your town (street) is famous for; time you are usually free; your plans for tomorrow (next Sunday) are; lessons you will have tomorrow; etc. how old you are; big your family is; many brothers and sisters you have; far your home town is from Moscow; far your house is from the Institute; many lessons you have every day; many lessons you had yesterday; etc. if (whether) your home is in a new district; your house has all modern conveniences; there is much traffic in your street; you have classes every day; you will be free tomorrow; you were busy yesterday; you were a stu­dent two years ago; you have many friends; your friends are also students; etc. when your classes are over; reading halls are full of stu­dents; the Institute is a quiet place; students have the busiest time of the year; you will have your examina­tions; etc. where your home town is situated; you are usually on Sun­days; you were last Sunday; etc. who your best friend is; has a rich library of English books in your group; you usually have talks on books with; etc. Ex 44. Answer the following questions, using the vocabulary of the lesson. Sum up your answers.^ SOME FACTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION 1. What is the full official name of the Soviet Union? 2. What is the geographical position of the country? 3. What seas and oceans wash its shores in the North? In the North-East? In the East? 4. What countries border on the Soviet Union in the West? In the South? In the South-East? 5. How large is the country's territory? 6. How big is the popu­lation of the USSR? 7. What are the names of the fifteen Union Repub­lics comprising the USSR? 8. What are the capitals of the Union Re­publics? 9. What are the biggest rivers in the European part of the USSR? In Siberia? In the Far East? In Central Asia? 10. What are the largest lakes on the territory of our country? 11. Is the Caspian Sea a lake or a sea? 12. What is Lake Baikal famous for? 13. What are the biggest mountain chains in our country? 14. What are the highest mountain peaks in the Caucasus? In the Pamir? 15. What are the most .important industrial districts, and where are they situated?^ A VISIT TO MOSCOW1. How old is Moscow? 2. What is the heart of Moscow? 3. What is Moscow famous for? 4. What places of interest are there in Moscow? 5. Which historical building do you think the most interesting, and why? 6. What are Moscow's shopping centres like? 7. What parks are there in Moscow? 8. How many stadiums are there in Moscow? 9. What is Moscow's biggest stadium? 10. What are the new residential districts like? 11. What conveniences are there in a modern flat? 12. How different is new Moscow from old Moscow? 13. How big is Moscow's population? 14. What will Moscow be like in ten years' time?^ GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN 1. What is Britain's political system? 2. What is a constitutional monarchy? 3. Why is England a kingdom? 4. What is the role of the mon­arch? 5. Does the country have a written constitution? 6. What is Brit­ain's legislative body? 7. How many chambers are there in the British Parliament? What are their names? 8. What is the country's executive body? 9. Who forms the British Cabinet? 10. What are the main politi­cal parties in Britain? 11. What party is in power? 12. Who is Prime Minister?Ex 45. Read the following. Answer the questions. Write up the passage in Eng­lish.На Британских островах, отделенных от Западной Европы проли­вом Ла-Манш (the English Channel), расположилась Великобритания, а официально—Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. По форме правления это государство является конститу­ционной монархией. Площадь Великобритании 244,1 тысяч кв. км, население составляет 56 млн. человек. Государственный язык — анг­лийский. В состав Соединенного Королевства входят Англия, Уэльс, Шот­ландия, Северная Ирландия (Ольстер Ulster). Англия — историческое ядро Соединенного Королевства — раски­нулась в южной и средней частях самого крупного из Британских островов — Великобритании. Уэльс занимает юго-западную часть острова Великобритания, Шотландия же — его северную часть, а также прилегающие острова: Гебридские (the Hebrides), Оркнейские (the Orkneys) и Шетландские (the Shetland Islands). Северная Ирландия расположена в западной части Соединенного Королевства на острове Ирландия, втором по величине острове.Questions:1. What is the full official name of the country often called "Great Britain"? 2. What piece of water separates the British Isles from the Continent? 3. What form of government does the country have? 4. How big is the country's territory? 5. How big is its population? 6. What is the country's state language? 7. What are the names of the parts com­prising Great Britain? 8. What is the country's ancient heartland? 9. Is Wales in the south-eastern or south-western part of the island of Great Britain? 10. Where is Scotland situated? 11. What islands lie off the Scottish coast? 12. Which island is the larger — Great Britain or Ireland?Ex 46. Act as interpreter. Sum up the dialogue.Question: What is the political system of the Soviet Union? Answer: Советский Союз является социалистическим общенародным государством. Q: What is the highest body of state power of the USSR? А: Высшим органом государственной власти в СССР является Верховный Совет СССР. Q: How many chambers are-there in the Supreme Soviet? А: Верховный Совет состоит из двух палат: Совета Союза и Совета Национальностей. Q: What are the legislative and executive bodies of the USSR? А: Верховный Совет СССР является законодательным органом, а Совет Министров СССР, т. е. Правительство СССР, яв­ляется высшим исполнительным и распорядительным (ad­ministrative) органом. Q: What is the role of Moscow in the political life of the country? А: Ее роль очень велика. В Москве находится Центральный Комитет Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, Пре­зидиум Верховного Совета СССР и Советское правитель­ство.Ех 47. Speak on the following topics. Make use of the words and phrases given below.1. In My Part of the Townthe finest part of the city; a new district; many new buildings; long streets of tall houses; blocks of flats; be different from; be famous for; clean; quiet; little traffic; little noise; no factories; no factory smoke; a beautiful park with big old trees; trees on both sides of the street; lots of flowers; a post office across the street; a cinema at the corner; many different shops; an excellent bus service; in fact.2. Our New Homea family of four; a two (three, etc)-room flat; a corridor; a kitchen; a bedroom; a living-room; a bathroom; all modern conveniences; pictures on the walls; a carpet on the floor; flowers in a vase; a table in the middle of the room (at the wall); curtains on the windows; an armchair in the corner; quiet; large windows; a TV set; a bookcase with books.3. My Home Town(a) a small town; green; quiet; clean; few big houses; lots of one-family cottages; modern conveniences; narrow streets; a river; be situat­ed on both sides of a river; lots of trees and flowers; much snow in winter; several bridges across the river; a railway station in the heart of the town; be famous for; be different from; full of holiday-makers in summer; at the foot of a big mountain.(b) a big industrial centre; capital; noisy; heavy traffic; in the heart of ...; several parks; lots of office buildings; full of people; hotels; big shops; tall houses; population; be empty on Sundays; in the country; be famous for.Ex 48. Discuss the following, giving your arguments for or against.1. You think that it's better to live in a big town. Your friend says that he likes living in a small town much better. 2. You are a student living away from home. Compare the city you are living in now with your home town. Say which is bigger, has more places of interest, etc. 3. You have been on a holiday to the seaside. Your friends have been in a students' camp on the Volga or some other river, or in the moun­tains. Describe each of these places and compare them.Ex 49. Subjects for oral and written composition.1. Moscow—the capital of the USSR. 2. The state and political system of the USSR. 3. The story of the capital of one of the Union Republics. 4. The state and political system of (a) Great Britain; (b) the USA. 5. Places of interest in London (Warsaw, Budapest, Prague, Sofia, Berlin, Paris, Rome, Washington, etc). 6. My home town. 7. Places of interest in your home town. 8. Describe a busy street, a shopping centre, a building of historical importance. 9. Your home town now and what it was like ten years ago. 10. New cities on the map of the USSR. 11. Write a letter to your friend who has left the town and has gone to live in another. Ask him to describe it.^ LESSON TWOText: An Englishman's Diary (after Stephanie Andrews). Grammar: The Indefinite Tense Forms (Present, Past and Future). Reported Speech. Sequence of Tenses.AN ENGLISHMAN'S DIARYAn Englishman's day — and who can describe it better than an Englishman's wife? It begins when he sits down to breakfast with his morn­ing newspaper. As he looks through the headlines there is nothing he likes better than his favourite breakfast of cornflakes with milk and sugar (por­ridge if he lives in the North), fried bacon and eggs, marmalade1 on toast2 and tea (with milk, of course) or coffee. He in fact gets such a meal if there is enough money in the family to buy it. After breakfast, except on Saturdays and Sundays which are holi­days, he goes to work by train, tube,3 bus, car, motor scooter, motor bike4 or walks there. He leaves home at about 7:30. At offices or factories there is a tea or coffee break at eleven. Then at mid-day everything stops for lunch.5 Most offices and shops close for an hour from one to two. Englishmen are fond of good plain food, and they usually want to know what they eat. They like beefsteaks, chops, roast beef and York­shire pudding,6 fried fish and chipped potatoes. There are usually two courses7 in the mid-day meal — a meat course with a lot of vegetables, a sweet dish,8 perhaps fruit pudding and cus­tard9 with tea or coffee to finish. Then back to work again with another break in the middle of the afternoon, once again for tea or coffee, sometimes with a cake or bis­cuit.10 The working day finishes at any time between four and six. When an Englishman gets home he likes to inspect his garden before the eve­ning meal: tea, high tea,11 dinner or supper. When his evening meal is over, the Englishman may do a little gardening and then have a walk to the "local"12 (the nearest beerhouse) for a "quick one" (a drink, al­coholic, of course!). There are a lot of people at the "local" and he can play darts, dominoes, billiards or discuss the weather, the local events or the current situation. But if the Englishman stays at home, he may listen to the radio, watch television, talk or read. Then at any time between 10 and 12 he has his "nightcap" — a drink with a snack — and then off to bed ready for tomorrow. NOTES 1. marmalade: a kind of jam made of citrus fruit джем (особ. апельсинный или лимонный). Note that the English for мармелад is "candied fruit jelly". 2. toast: (a slice/piece of) bread made brown and crisp by heating at a fire ломтик хлеба, подрумяненный на огне; гренок. In English this noun is uncountable, always used in the singular. 3. tube (coll): the London underground railway (from the shape of the tunnels, which look like large tubes into which the trains fit very neatly; similarly a tube train, a tube station). 4. motor bike (coll): motor cycle 5. lunch: any light meal, especially the regular mid-day meal between breakfast and dinner. For the working people "lunch" is "dinner" and the evening meal "supper". Dinner, whether eaten at mid-day or in the evening, is a formal meal with several courses. 6. Yorkshire pudding: пирог из жидкого теста (приправа к мясу). The dish comes from Yorkshire, England's largest county. Yorkshiremen eat it separately before a meal. 7. course; a part of a meal. Eg We usually have a three-course dinner. 8. dish: a particular kind of food блюдо. Eg My favourite dish is spaghetti with cheese. 9. custard: a kind of sauce made of milk, sugar, eggs, etc сладкий крем (из яиц, молока, муки и т. д.) 10. biscuit: сухое печенье, галета. Note that the English for бисквит is "sponge cake". 11. high tea: an evening meal with tea and usually meat, eggs, etc плотный ужин с чаем