Hurricanes Essay, Research Paper
Hurricanes
Hurricanes get their start over the warm tropical waters of the North
Atlantic Ocean near the equator. Most hurricanes appear in late summer or early
fall, when sea temperatures are at their highest. The warm waters heats the air
above it, and the updrafts of warm, moist air begin to rise. Day after day the
fluffy cumuli form atop the updrafts. But the cloud tops rarely rise higher than
about 6,000 feet. At that height in the tropics, there is usually a layer of
warm, dry air that acts like an invisible ceiling or lid.
Once in a while, something happens in the upper air that destroys this lid.
Scientist don not know how this happens. But when it does, it’s the first step
in the birth of a hurricane.
With the lid off, the warm, moist air rises higher and higher. Heat energy,
released as the water vapor in the air condenses. As it condenses it drives the
upper drafts to heights of 50,000 to 60,000 feet. The cumuli become towering
thunderheads.
From outside the storm area, air moves in over the sea surface to replace
the air soaring upwards in the thunderheads. The air begins swirling around the
storm center, for the same reason that the air swirls around a tornado center.
As this air swirls in over the sea surface, it soaks up more and more water
vapour. At the storm center, this new supply of water vapor gets pulled into the
thunderhead updrafts, releasing still more energy as the water vapor condenses.
This makes the updrafts rise faster, pulling in even larger amounts of air and
water vapor from the storm’s edges. And as the updrafts speed up, air swirls
faster and faster around the storm center. The storm clouds, moving with the
swirling air, form a coil.
In a few days the hurricane will have grown greatly in size and power. The
swirling shape of the winds of the hurricane is shaped like a dough-nut. At the
center of this giant “dough-nut” is a cloudless, hole usually having a radius of
10 miles. Through it, the blue waters of the ocean can be seen. The hurricane’s
wind speed near the center of the hurricane ranges from 75 miles to 150 miles
per hour.
The winds of a forming hurricane tend to pull away from the center as the
wind speed increases. When the winds move fast enough, the “hole” developes.
This hole is the mark of a full-fledge hurricane. The hole in the center of
the hurricane is called the “eye” of the hurricane. Within the eye, all is calm
and peaceful. But in the cloud wall surrounding the eye, things are very
different.
Although hurricane winds do not blow as fast as tornado winds, a hurricane
is far more destructive. That’s because tornado winds cover only a small area,
usually less than a mile across. A hurricane’s winds may cover an area 60 miles
wide out from the center of the eye. Another reason is tornadoes rarely last as
long as an hour, or travel more than 100 miles. However, a hurricane may rage
for a week or more (example: Hurricane Dorthy) In that time, it may travel tens
of thousands of miles over the sea and land.
At sea, hurricane winds whip up giant waves up to 20 feet high. Such waves
can tear freighters and other oceangoing ships in half. Over land, hurricane
winds can uproot trees, blow down telephone lines and power lines, and tear
chimneys off rooftops. The air is filled with deadly flying fragments of brick,
wood, and glass.