Organizing forms of business activity.
Presently in our country exist and are developped three main types of
business companies: individual holdings (enterprises, based on personal
property of owner), partnership and corporations. For instance, in United
Staffs in 1982 s from 16 million companies suppressing majority were shown
by individual possessions and their average profits formed only 42400
dollars, partnership was in 4 times above, but cost sold by goods
corporations and services at the average exceeded 2 million dollars.
Individual holdings and partnership.
Expect, I has decided to open a shop on the assembly and selling the
computers. I will come to lease a premises under the shop, buy completing
to was than fill regiments, and, possible hire anyone, who stood for the
pay-desk, while I on occupations. I shall completely order a remainder of
profit after my business it is expenses payment.
- An Individual possession - an enterprise, basing in property of one
person, having full right on tinned as a result economic activity profit
and completely responsible for any losses, which tolerates an enterprise.
Possible, my shop will turn out to be unprofitable, either as a many
enterprise, basing in individual property. In this case I will come to pay
for losses from the own pocket. Then I shall have to declare itself a
bankrupt and allow to separate the whole my cash assets and miscellaneous
personal property between that, who I must money.
But individual holdings not always come to nothing. Most often they
ensure heavy existance to its owners, who work many watch, quite often
earning herewith less one,gets an average salary. But under a hour
individual holdings ensure wholly decent profits to its owners.
If my shop on selling the computers prospers, possible, I want to
enlarge. For this me, probably, I will come to scramble over in the
premises little more, create a greater spare of goods, intended for
selling, possible, buy a lorry for the deivery of goods, hire more
employees, gain furniture for the office. I will be necessary free
financial capital to pay for all new equipment and spares. Where to take
this facility on? If personally beside me money not sufficiently, probably
I will try to get necessary financial facilities beside the friend or
relative, which in this case will become a partner or companion.
- Partnership (full company) - an enterprise, basing in joint
ownership two or more persons, having its share in the profit. Each Of
owners, or partners, carries joint responsibility for all losses, which
tolerates an enterprise.
Sometimes, deal leads only one of the partners, but other only gives
money; sometimes both or all owners are active enterprise participants.
Exists several very large partnership with hundreds of companions, amongst
legal and accounting companies in particular.
However form of partnership has two essential defects. First,
partnership (either as individual holdings) are enterprises with unlimited
responsiblity. This means that if enterprise bears a loss, each of partners
personally responsible for all debts regardless of that, was shown it
really active deal participant. For instance, if one of two partners has
gone bankrupt, other has responsibility for all debts of company. Partner
on the business puts on the card all its own property, rather then only
property of company (for this reason company, which need for the confidence
of their own clients, such, as legal and accounting offices, often are
partnership).
The Second essential defect of this organizing form is bounce of
partner's agreements. If is taken a new partner or one of the existing
partners dies or wants to come out of deal, must be invited lawyers for
sheduling a new partner's agreement. This негибкость creates inconveniences
in the process of attraction of financial capital required for enterprise
activity and financings of its growing. Some enterprises, such, as legal
companies, requiring little equipment and not needing for greater volumes
of goods on regiments for selling, can form necessary funds to the account
of condition of individual owner or partners, possible, by means of bank
loans or other persons. But than more enterprise and than more equipment
and spares he is required for the operation, that harder becomes to ensure
a necessary financing specified above by ways. To Mashroom an enterprise
also must be able to form the greater amounts of financing on more or less
regular base. This uncomfortably do by constant attraction of new partners.
Corporations.
If my enterprise on the assembly and selling the computers is
increased and prospects of growing look favourable,, considering defect of
the form of partnership, I, probably, will go on the incorporiration of my
enterprise, will organizine a corporation.
- A Corporation - an organization, concerning with on legal bases by
certain types of activity, such as usage of railways or issue of newspaper.
The Owners to corporations have responsibility only for their own embedding
in the given corporation, even though their for covering the losses
insufficiently, which it tolerates.
Corporation unlike the individual holdings or partnership has legal
existance different from existance of people, which are the owners to
corporations at any concrete moment of the time. Thereby, corporation does
not stop its existance, when one of its owners, named by the shareholder,
or shareholder, dies or when appear new owners.
Property to corporations is divided between its shareholders. Initial
shareholders are one,makes a contribution in the manner of the money or
other resources (such, as a free work or idea of product itself, produced
by the company) at a moment of making a corporation. As an indemnifying
their own expenseses they get rights on the participation in profits of the
companies. This is realized by means of slips of paper, named by
certificates share, installing nature of profit for their owners, on the
reception which they have a right (share can be common and privileged,
difference between which is concluded in the payment fixed, in the event of
privileged, and хаотичного, in the event of common, dividend). Holders
share, or shareholders, each corporations (that is to say owners of
certificates share) elect a board of directors, which have charge of hiring
the high administrations to corporations and realizes a checking for its
work.
On the measure of growing a company can cash to the account of
increasing an issue of share certificates and their sale. In exchange for
right a holdings a corporation gets necessary her facility for the
operation and growing. In turn shareholders can, as a rule, resell their
own share for cash money any, who can their buy. Thereby, present-day
owners to corporations not without fall are one,has gained share first
issue. More probably that present-day owners gained its capital beside
preceding owners through the go-between (broker) on the stock market.
Restrictions exist In some small companies on the right of owner to sell
share to disturb outsiders to gain a checking on the company (if group of
shareholders own a most share corporations, speak that this group checks a
corporation). But outsiders can gain a checking on large companies without
such restrictions by buying their share.
Profit to corporations can be discharged shareholders in the manner
of dividends or can stay in the company in the manner of нераспределенных
profits (stayed profit).
- Dividends present itself more or less regular (usually quarter)
payments, directed by the corporation to its shareholders. Stayed profit -
part of the profit, which company does not pay its shareholders as
dividends. These profits stay at the disposal of company.
Payments of dividends present itself direct profits on embedding the
shareholders. Corporations not obliged to pay dividends, but majority of
corporations their pays. Large companies, as a rule, are tortured to
support a firm flow of payments of dividends to its owners. Rate of paying
dividends, either as a rate of return company and procentage rate of share
price, greatly changes from the company to the company.
Part of the profit, staying at the disposal of company in the manner
of нераспределенной profit, is usually used for the financing of
investments and, thereby, enlarges a cost share company. Eventually,
нераспределенная profit ensures shareholders a return in the manner of
profits on the increase of capital.