Сanada and Australia in Focus

Сanada and Australia
inFocus
Навчальнийпосібник
ізкраїнознавства

Навчальнийпосібник „Сanada and Australia in Focus” вміщує короткі відомості про Канадуй Австралію, міфи й легенди цих країн із прозорою фабулою, різноманітні зазмістом, дібрані з урахуванням сфери інтересів і потреб учнів основної школи.Запропоновані тексти ілюструють особливості суспільного життя Канади йАвстралії: соціальної, історичної, релігійної та культурної сфер. У навчальномупосібнику пропонується список лексичних одиниць, глосарій та словник. Докожного з автентичних текстів додаються різноманітні вправи і завдання, щодозволяють зацікавити учнів / студентів, забезпечити їхню комунікативнуактивність, здійснювати контроль рівня сформованості їхніх іншомовнихкомунікативних навичок і вмінь, надати учням / студентам можливість самостійносебе оцінити, порівняти власні навчальні досягнення.
Посібник можебути корисним для учнів загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів, студентівпедагогічних факультетів університетів, вчителів і викладачів, а також для усіхтих, хто вивчає англійську мову самостійно.

CanadianandAustralian MythsandLegends
The Monkeyand the Crocodile
Key words and expressions:
to yell
to slap
to come upwith a plan
to be greedy
to be sad and miserable
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
1. How do you think? Is it possible for monkey andcrocodile to be good friends?
2. Divide into two groups. Make up a list ofadvantages and disadvantages to be a monkey and a crocodile. Share your ideas.
Reading
A long timeago a monkey lived in a great fig tree on the riverbank. Life was good for him. He grew bigand strong eating the tree's fruit. A lot of crocodiles lived in the river and one of themwatched the monkey for a long time as he ate and slept in the tree.
“That monkey'sheart must taste so sweet from all the fruit he eats” the crocodile thought toherself. “I want to eat it”.
She turned toher husband and said “See the big monkey up there in that tree. Bring me hisheart, I want to eat it”.
Her husbandlooked up at the monkey in the tree and then looked at his wife.
“But themonkey lives high in the tree and I’m here in the river. How can I catch him?”
“I don’t carehow you do it, just bring me his heart” yelled his wife, slapping the waterangrily with her tail.
Her husbandknew there was no way of talking her out of something, once she had made up hermind. She wouldn’t talk to him again until he brought her the monkey’s heart.
“Ok, Ok, calmdown, I’ll think of something, dearest” he said.
The crocodilethought and thought and finally came up with a plan.
“I know whatI’ll do” he said to himself. “I'll trick the monkey into riding on my back”.
The crocodileswam closer to the tree.
“Hello MrMonkey. How are you today?” he called out, smiling and trying to soundfriendly. He wasn’t too bright. When he smiled he showed all his big teeth.
“I'm fine,thank you” said the monkey, trying not to look scared as he stared down fromthe tree at the open mouth with all those big sharp teeth.
“Mr Monkey,why do you only eat the fruit from that fig tree when there are so many juicymangoes on trees on the island in the middle of the river?” asked the crocodile.
“Because Ican’t get across the river, the water is too deep” answered the monkey.
“No problem,you can ride on my back and I'll take you over there” said the crocodile.
The monkeydidn’t trust the crocodile completely, but he was greedy and he wanted to tasteall those juicy mangoes on the island. So he jumped down onto the crocodile’sback.
“Hold on tightand off we go” said the crocodile.
The crocodilehad only swum a little way when he dived under the water.
“Why did youdo that?” said the monkey, spluttering and spitting out water. “I could havedrowned”.
“You are goingto drown” said the crocodile. “I'm going to hold you under the water and killyou. My wife wants me to bring her your heart so she can eat it.”
“Ah, youshould have told me before we left” said the monkey. “I didn’t bring my heartwith me. I don’t keep it inside me all the time because it could get knocked topieces from all that jumping around in the tree” he said. «Take me over to the island andafter I've eaten some mangoes, we'll go back to my tree and I'll get my heartfor you” said the monkey.
“No way,monkey” said the crocodile. „We’re going back for your heart first andthen we’ll see about the mangoes.”
“Fair enough,you’re the boss” said the monkey.
When they gotback to the tree the monkey jumped off the crocodile’s back and ran up highinto the tree.
The monkeyyelled down at the crocodile “You dumb crocodile, who ever heard of anyonekeeping their heart up a tree. You may be bigger than me and have lots of sharpteeth but you're not smarter than me. My heart is inside me, come up here andget it if you can”.
The crocodilerealised he'd been tricked. He was sad and miserable. “This is not good. How am I evergoing to explain this to my wife?” the crocodile thought to himself. “She sowanted to taste that monkey’s heart”. A tear fell down his cheek as he swam back to his wife.
Comprehension check
Putthe following events (A-F) in the right order. Number them (1-6).
a. The crocodile thought andthought and finally came up with a plan.
b. The crocodile realisedhe'd been tricked.
c. A long time ago a monkeylived in a great fig tree on the riverbank.
d. When they got back to thetree the monkey jumped off the crocodile’s back and ran up high into the tree.
e. The monkey didn’t trustthe crocodile completely, but he was greedy and he wanted to taste all thosejuicy mangoes on the island.
f. Her husband looked up atthe monkey in the tree and then looked at his wife.

a b c d e f 1
WRITIHG
Write anarticle of about 100-120 words to a school newspaper. Express your point ofview on the legend.
The RiverSnake
Key words and expressions:
distant
to stand indoubt
years passed away
an oath
brother-in-law
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
1. Work insmall groups. Make a list of words and word combinations which can characterizea snake. Compare your list with other groups.
Reading
Once upon atime a certain woman had been on a visit to a distant village. As she was goinghome she reached the bank of a flooded river. She tried to wade across but soonfound that the water was too deep and the current too strong. She looked aboutbut could see no signs of a boat or any means of crossing. It began to growdark, and the woman was in great distress at the thought that she would not beable to reach her home. While she thus stood in doubt, suddenly out of the river came a greatsnake and said to her, “Woman, what will you give me if I ferry you acrossthe river?» Sheanswered, «Snake, I have nothing to give you.»
The snakesaid, «I cannot take you across the river unless you promise to give mesomething.» Nowthe woman at the time was pregnant and not knowing what else to do, shepromised that when her child was born, if it were a daughter she would marryher to the river snake, and if it were a son that, when the boy grew up heshould become the name friend of the snake. The woman swore to do this with anoath, and the snake took her on his back and bore her safely across the floodedstream. The woman safely reachedher home, and in a little time a daughter was born to her.
Years passedaway, and the woman forgot all about the snake and her oath. One day she wentto the river to fetch water, and the snake came out of the stream and said toher, «Woman, where is the wife whom you promised to me?» The woman then remembered her oath,and going back to her house she returned to the river with her daughter. Whenthe girl came to the bank of the river, the snake seized her and drew herunderneath the water, and her mother saw her no more.
The girl livedwith the snake at the bottom of the river, and in the course of years bore himfour snake sons. Afterwardsthe girl remembered her home, and one day she went to visit her mother. Herbrothers when they came home were astonished to see her and said, «Sister,we thought that you were drowned in the river.» She answered, «No, I was notdrowned, but I am married and have children.» The brothers said, «Where isthis brother-in-law of ours?» Their sister said, «Go to the river and call him.» So they went to the river and called,and the snake came up out of the water and went to their house with them. Thenthey welcomed the snake and gave him great quantities of rice beer to drink.After drinking this the snake became sleepy and went to sleep. Then thebrothers who did not like a snake brother-in-law took their axes and cut offthe head of the snake while he slept, and afterwards their sister lived in theirhouse.
Comprehension check
Read thestatements (1-8) that follow the text and decide if they are TRUE or FALSEaccording to what the text says. Mark your answers (x) in the table after thestatements. An example has already been given for you.Statements TRUE FALSE Once upon a time a certain man had been on a visit to a distant village. x The woman promised that when her child was born, if it were a daughter she would become a sister to the river snake. The woman was in great distress at the thought that she would not be able to reach her home. One day the women went to the river to swim, and the snake came out of the stream. Years passed away, and the woman forgot all about the snake and her oath. The woman safely reached her home, and in a little time a daughter and a son were born to her. The girl lived with the snake near the river. The brothers welcomed the snake and gave him great quantities of wine to drink.
WRITIHG
Write whathappened after the following:
a. It began to grow dark, andthe woman was in great distress at the thought that she would not be able toreach her home.
b. Years passed away, and thewoman forgot all about the snake and her oath.
c. The girl lived with the snake at thebottom of the river, and in the course of years bore him four snake sons.
Coyote andthe Rock
Key words and expressions:
a blanket
to rumble
to stretch out
to squash
to howl
a witch
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
1. Tell whatdo you know about coyotes. Where do they live? How do they look like?
2. What arethe differences between coyotes and wolves?
Reading
Onesunny day Coyote and Fox were out walking up a hill together. They were warmand decided to stop for a rest. Coyote pointed to a large smooth rock in frontof them and said, «that's a goodlooking rock. Let's rest there.» He spread his blanket over the rock andthey lay down. When they were ready to move on again, Coyote decided he wastired of carrying his blanket. It was too heavy on this fine day.
Hespoke to the rock. «Thank you for letting us rest on you Rock. I'm leavingmy blanket as a present, to protect you from the rain and the snow».
Coyoteand Fox set off down the hill on the other side. They hadn't gone far when theSun hid behind the clouds and large drops of rain fell.
Coyotesaid «Fox, go and get my blanket back from Rock. We need it now». Foxwent back to Rock and asked for the blanket. «No!» said Rock in hisdeep voice. «This was a present and I need it to protect me from therain».
Coyotewas angry when Fox told him what Rock had said. He ran back up the hill.
«Rock,you are ungrateful and selfish. All these years you've been lying here withnothing to protect you — a few more drops of rain won't harm you. I am cold andgetting wet and I need this blanket.» And he snatched it back. Coyote andFox sat under the blanket, keeping warm and dry. Rock was cold and wet. Whenthe rain stopped, Sun peeked out from behind the clouds to see if anyone hadmissed him. Then the ground began to rumble and a crashing sound came from overthe top of the hill.
«Fox,go and see what is making the ground rumble» said Coyote.
Foxrushed up to the top of the hill, then ran back down screaming «Coyote!Quick run! Run! Rock is coming to take back the blanket».
Foxleapt into a nearby Badger hole. But it was to small and the tip of his tailstuck out. Rock rolled over the hole and squashed the furry tip, turning itwhite. Even today Fox's tail still has a white tip. Coyote ran as fast as hecould, his tail stretched out behind him. Reaching the river, he swam to theother side. «I'm safe now» he said. «Rock can't swim. He'll sinkto the bottom if he follows me».
Rockrolled into the river and started swimming. Coyote's jaw dropped open insurprise. He scrambled up the bank and ran off again, heading for the forest.
«Thesebig trees will protect me» he panted.
Rocksmashed and crashed his way through the forest, knocking down trees in hispath.
«Goaway Coyote, before Rock kills us all,» shouted the trees.
Coyoteran from the forest, down onto the prairie where he saw two bears.
«Helpme! Help me!» he howled. «Rock is chasing me.»
«Wewill stop him» growled the Bears.
Thefirst Bear put out one paw to stop Rock, and his paw was broken.
«Yeeoow!»he cried in pain.
Thesecond Bear put out both paws but Rock rolled right over him, squashing him asthin as a pancake. Coyote ran on until he saw some Buffalo grazing.
«Helpme!» he howled. «Rock is chasing me».
TheBuffalo lowered their horns and charged at Rock. Rock cracked their heads andkept rolling.
«Oooh!My head hurts» moaned one of the Buffalo. Coyote ran on until he saw twoold women talking outside their lodge. They were holding stone hatchets.
«Helpme!» he howled. «Rock is chasing me».
Heran up and hid behind the women and when Rock reached them they hit him withtheir hatchets, shattering Rock into thousands of tiny pieces. Coyote fell onthe ground, exhausted. The two women started whispering, but he could hear whatthey said.
«Coyoteis so plump and juicy, he will go well in our cooking pot».
Frightened,Coyote realised they were witches. He had to do something fast or they wouldeat him for dinner that night! Thinking that he was too tired to run again, thewitches went inside their lodge to get their cooking pot.
Coyotenoticed their water jugs outside the door. He jumped up, emptied the water out,then lay down again. When the witches came out again he said «I need adrink of water after all that running».
Thewitches pointed to the jugs.
«There'splenty there Coyote. Help yourself».
Heturned one of the jugs upside down.
«They'reempty. I'll go down to the river and fill them for you».
Thewitches believed him. When he was out of sight, Coyote laughed, dropped thejugs and ran away as fast as he could. When the witches realised they had beentricked, they became angry and blamed each other. They shouted louder andlouder and finally hit each other on the head with their stone hatchets. Theydropped down dead and that was the end of the witches.
Comprehension check
Some words aremissing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the box for eachgap (1-6) in the text. Do not change the words. There is one word which you donot need to use.large, on, out, heavy, rock, warm
One sunny dayCoyote and Fox were _____ walking up a hill together. They were ______ anddecided to stop for a rest. Coyote pointed to a _____ smooth rock in front ofthem and said, «that's a goodlooking rock. Let's rest there.» He spread his blanket over the _____ andthey lay down. When they were ready to move ______ again, Coyote decided he wastired of carrying his blanket. It was too ______ on this fine day.
WRITIHG
Into the boxbelow write the words and word combinations which can characterize a rock and acoyote.a rock a coyote
CoyoteBrings Fire
Key words and expressions:
to guard
to share
a fire being
a cunningsmile
slyly
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
What legendsabout fire and Fire Beings do you know? Relate them to your classmates.
Reading
Longago, the Fire Beings were the only people who had fire. They guarded it closelyand wouldn't share it with other tribes or animals. This didn't matter so muchin spring and summer, but in winter many young children and old people diedfrom the icy cold. Just before the next winter, some of the animals called ameeting.
«Wecan't let our children and grandparents die from the cold this year,» saidSquirrel.
«Wehave to get fire from the Fire Beings to keep warm.»
«Howcan we do that?» asked Chipmunk. «The Fire Beings won't share it withus».
«Let'sask Coyote for help» said Frog. «He's crafty and cunning, and he'llknow how to get fire».
Coyotelistened and thought about the problem. Then he smiled a cunning smile.
«Thereis a way to get fire from the selfish Fire Beings» he said.
«How?How can we do that?» asked Chipmunk
«We'lltake it!» answered Coyote slyly. «I have a plan. Follow me!»
Coyotelead the animals to the Fire Beings' camp on top of the mountain. The othershid in the bushes while Coyote walked into the camp.
«Who'sthere?» screeched one of the Beings. «Someone's trying to steal ourfire».
«It'sall right,» hissed another. «It's only an old moth eatencoyote».
«Huummph!Moth eaten indeed,» thought Coyote, but he didn't say anything.
Helay down by the fire and pretended to go to sleep, keeping one eye half open.Three Fire Beings sat nearby. One was huge and ugly — with a small bald headand big rolls of fat around his stomach. Snot dripped in long slimy strandsfrom his nose. The other two were old hags, with eyes like red stones andclawed hands like a vulture.
Aftera few minutes, a banging noise started in the bushes. It was Coyote's friends.
«What'sthat horrible noise?» cried the fat ugly Fire Being. «Who'sthere?»
Thethree of them went to investigate. Seeing his chance, Coyote snatched up aglowing piece of fire and ran off down the mountain as fast as he could.Realising they had been tricked, the two hags screamed and chased after him.The big fat bald Fire Being just stood there, with more snot dripping from hisnose. The hags were old, but they could run like the wind. They nearly caughtCoyote. One of them stretched out her claws and touched the tip of his tail.The heat turned the hairs white. Coyote threw the fire into the air towardsSquirrel. She caught it in her tail and scampered off over stumps and boulders.The fire scorched her so badly, that her tail curled up over her back. She wasalmost caught, until Chipmunk bounded up beside her.
«Me!Me! Throw it to me!»
Catchingthe fire, Chipmunk turned to run. One of the hags clawed her back leaving threestripes down it. Chipmunk threw the fire to Frog, but one of the Beings grabbedhis tail.
«Letme go!» yelled Frog.
Hesquirmed and struggled so much that his eyeballs bulged and he thought hisheart would burst. With one last mighty leap he tore himself free, leaving hisbeautiful long tail behind, still wriggling in the hag's claw. Frog threw thefire to Wood and Wood swallowed it. The Fire Beings hit Wood and kicked him andcut him with their knives, but still Wood didn't spit out the fire. At last thehags gave up and went home, mumbling to themselves: «Oh dear, I think Ibroke a nail». «Never mind. We'll have frog's tail souptonight.» «Mmm! That sounds nice».
Coyotecalled all the animals together to teach them how to get the fire from Wood.
«Fireis a gift for everyone. If you rub two dry sticks of Wood together very fastWood will get itchy and give you some fire. From now on you will be warm inwinter».
«Itold you Coyote was cunning» said Frog.
«Yes,but I wonder what frog's tail soup tastes like?» asked Squirrel.
Andthat is why today, Coyote's tail has a white tip, squirrel's tail curls aroundover her back, chipmunk's coat has white stripes and frog has no tail. Buteveryone is warm in winter.
Comprehension check
Some words aremissing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the box for eachgap (1-8) in the text. Do not change the words. There is one word which you donot need to use.Chipmunk, fat, tricked, Squirrel, investigate, old, Coyote, claws
Thethree of them went to ________. Seeing his chance, Coyote snatched up a glowingpiece of fire and ran off down the mountain as fast as he could. Realising theyhad been _______, the two hags screamed and chased after him. The big ______bald Fire Being just stood there, with more snot dripping from his nose. The hagswere ______, but they could run like the wind. They nearly caught ________. Oneof them stretched out her ______ and touched the tip of his tail. The heatturned the hairs white. Coyote threw the fire into the air towards ________.She caught it in her tail and scampered off over stumps and boulders. The firescorched her so badly, that her tail curled up over her back. She was almostcaught, until _____ bounded up beside her.
WRITIHG
Work in pairs.Compose 10 questions on the text and ask your partner.
Why Bat Hasno Friends
Key words and expressions:
a claw
a beak
vigorously
to hold acouncil
to nod inagreement
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
How do youthink? What shall we do to have a lot of friends? Do you have friends? How tobe a good friend? Share your ideas.
Reading
Manyyears ago there was a great war between the birds and the animals. No-one knowswhy. It just happened. The creatures with wings flew to the battle site andmade their camp. Those who had legs, walked there. Bat joined the birds.
«Hey,I've got wings. So I must be a bird. And there are more of us, so we shouldwin!» The first battle was long and hard, but gradually slashing claws andtearing teeth began to win over beaks and wings. Bat could see that the birdswere losing so he hid behind a bush. When the battle was over the animalswalked back towards their camp.
«Man,did we kick those birds' butts or what?» said Buffalo, spitting out a fewfeathers.
«Yeah!We kicked their butts» cried Bat in his high pitched voice.
Theanimals stopped. «What are you doing with us?» shouted Beaver,slapping the ground hard with his big, flat tail. «You've got wings.You're with the other side.»
«Yeah,that's right» growled Bear. «And I'm going to eat you!»
«Guys!Guys! Get Real!» said Bat, pointing into his mouth. «When have youever seen a bird with teeth? Of course I'm one of you!»
«Isuppose so,» grumbled Bear.
Thenext day there was to be another battle and Bat walked to the site with theanimals.
«Let'srip their beaks off!» he yelled.
Thistime the birds flew as an army with the sun behind them, its bright lightblinding the animals. Tearing talons and flapping wings tore into furry bodies.The birds were winning. Again Bat hid behind a bush. When it was all over andthe birds started to fly back to their camp, Bat silently joined them.
«Thatwas a good victory today», said Eagle.
«Yeah!We kicked their butts» shouted Bat.
«Holdon» said Crow. «You were with the other side.»
«Guys!Guys! Get Real» said Bat. «When have you ever seen an animal withwings like mine? Of course I'm one of you.» He flapped his wingsvigorously.
«Isuppose so», said Eagle.
Andthat's how it was in each battle. When Bat saw that the side he was on wasgoing to lose, he pretended he was on the other side. Eventually the birds andanimals got tired of fighting each other. They all came together while theirChiefs held a council of truce to decide how things would be settled. It wasvery difficult for Bat to pretend that he belonged to both sides. The Chiefsknew what he had done.
«Friendsshould always help each other and not pretend to be one thing when they areanother» they said. «Bat has wings, but he is not a bird. He hasteeth, but he is not an animal. From now on, Bat will only fly at night whenother birds are asleep and the animals are hunting.»
Allthe creatures nodded in agreement.
«Youwill always be alone, Bat. You will never have a friend among the creaturesthat fly or from those that walk!»
Andthat's why Bat always flies at night and doesn't have any friends.
Comprehension check
1. Give an outline of the legend.
2. Retell the legend as if you were a bat.
WRITIHG
Write whathappened after the following:
1. The next day there was to be another battle… .
2. They all came together while their Chiefs held a council of truce… .
3. From now on, Bat will only fly at night… .
Spider,Hare and the Moon
Key words and expressions:
to be afraid
a moonbeam
a sunbeam
gloomily
a web
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Howdo you think? What is the meaning of this sentence? «Spider is still carefully carryingMoon's message and spinning the web in the corner of our rooms — but how manyof us listen?». Try to explain.
Reading
Moonwas sad. She had spent many years looking at the people on Earth and she sawthat they were afraid. They were afraid of dying. To make them feel better shedecided to call on her friend Spider to take a message to them.
«Spider»,She said, «The people of Earth are afraid of dying and that makes me verysad. Please tell them that they will all die sooner or later but it is nothingto be scared of.»
SoSpider slowly made his way back to Earth, carefully picking his way down onmoonbeams and sunbeams. On his way he met Hare.
«Whereare you going Spider?», said Hare.
«Iam going to give the people of Earth a message from Moon.», he said.
«Oh,you'll be far too long. Tell me the message and I'll take it there foryou», replied Hare.
«OK!Moon wants the people of Earth to know that they will all die......»,Spider started.
«Right!Tell the people of Earth that they will all die», said Hare. And withthat, Hare disappeared off to Earth.
Spidergloomily made his way back to Moon and told Her what had happened. Moon wasvery cross with Hare and when he came back to tell them that he had given themthe message, she hit him on the nose! And that is why to this day, the Hare hasa split lip.
«Youhad better take the message yourself», said Moon to Spider.
Andto this day, Spider is still carefully carrying Moon's message and spinning theweb in the corner of our rooms — but how many of us listen?
Comprehension check
1. Put thefollowing events (A-D) in the right order/ Number them (1-4).
A.«Whereare you going Spider?», said Hare.
B. Moon was sad.
C.And withthat, Hare disappeared off to Earth.
D. She said, «The peopleof Earth are afraid of dying and that makes me very sad.
WRITIHG
Think a littleand write your attitude to this myth. The Crow and Its Ugly Fledglings
Key words and expressions:
a fledgling
a gift
one by one
a brood
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Howdo you think what does it mean?
«Just so are all mothers.No other child is so beautiful in their eyes as their own».
Reading
Ofall the birds the crow is considered the ugliest, especially its youngfledglings. The legend tells that sometime after God had created all the livingbeings, he called everyone to see them and their offspring. He wanted to seehow the young birds and animals looked, and then to give them suitable gifts,and food for their little ones.
Theycame one by one, and God looked at them, patted some and stroked others, andwas very pleased with every one of them, for each one had something of beautyin it. And so he blessed them and gave them food by which to live. The last tocome was the crow, bringing her little brood with her, very proud of them.
WhenGod cast his eyes upon the young crows, he spat in astonishment, and said,»Surely these are not my creatures. I could not have made such uglythings. Every one of my creatures has such beautiful young ones that they are apleasure to look at, but yours are so ugly that it makes one sick to look atthem. Where did you get this one?"
«Whereshould I get them from?» replied the crow. «It is my very own youngchild,» she added with pride.
«Youhad better go back and bring me another one. This is much too ugly. I cannotlook at it.»
Annoyedat the words of God, the crow went away and flew all over the earth to searchfor another young one that would be more beautiful than the one she had broughtto God. But no other young bird appeared so beautiful in her eyes as her own.So she returned back to God and said, «I have been all over the world, andI have searched high and low, but young birds more beautiful and more daintythan mine I have not been able to find.»
ThenGod smilingly replied, «Quite right. Just so are all mothers. No otherchild is so beautiful in their eyes as their own.»
Thenhe blessed the little crows and sent them away into the world with his gifts.
Comprehension check AND WRITIHG
Makinga spider. Find out as many words as you can to describe a crow and make thespider bigger./>
Why Is there Enmity Between the Crow and the Hawk?
Key words and expressions:
to rear
a nest
to beg
woe
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Find out thedifferences between two words FRIENDSHIP and FELLOWSHIP. Try to explain them.
Reading
Thecrow was in very great distress, for however she tried and whatever she did,she could not rear a family. No sooner were the young hatched, than the hawkwould come and pick them up. In vain did she try to hide her nest in thehollows of a tree or in the thickets of a bush. As sure as death would the hawkfind them and eat them.
Notknowing what to do, she bethought herself and said, «How would it do if I tryand get the hawk to be godmother? For then, being a near relation, she is sureto spare my little ones.»
Saidand done. She went out of her place to search for the hawk, and finding her,she said, «Good morning, sister.»
«Goodmorning,» replied the hawk.
«Howpleased I should feel,» said the crow, «if you would become godmotherto my children.»
«Withpleasure,» replied the hawk. «Why not?» And so they made up acovenant of friendship and of good fellowship between them.
Beforeleaving the hawk, the crow said to her, «Now, sister, I have one requestto make.»
«Granted,»replied the hawk. «What is it?»
«Ionly beg of you to spare my children. Do not eat them when you have foundthem.»
«Allright,» replied the hawk. «I shall certainly not touch them. But tellme how they look, so that in case I meet them, I may spare them.»
«Oh,»replied the crow, «mine are the most beautiful creatures in the world.They are more lovely than any other bird can boast of.»
«Verywell. Rest assured. Go in peace.» And they parted.
Thecrow, being quite satisfied with the hawk's promise, began flying about thenext day trying to find something with which to feed her children. The hawk thenext morning went about her own business and tried to find some nice littleyoung ones to eat. Flying about, she saw the young ones of the thrush, theblackbird, and of other beautiful birds, and she said to herself, «Surelythese are the children of the crow. Look how lovely and beautiful they are. Iam not going to touch them.»
Shewent all day without finding any little birds but these. And she said toherself, «I must keep my word to my sister. I am not going to touchthem.» And she went to bed hungry. The next day the same thing happened,and still the hawk kept her word and would not touch them.
Onthe third day she was so hungry that she could scarcely see out of her eyes.Roaming about, the hawk suddenly lighted upon the nest of the crow. Seeing thelittle, miserable, ugly things in the nest, the hawk at first would not touchthem, although she never dreamt that these ugly things were the children of thecrow, so much praised by her for their beauty, and thought they must belong tosome hideous bird. But what is one to do when one is hungry? One eats what onegets, and not finding anything better, she sat down and gobbled them up one byone, and then flew away.
Notlong after the hawk had left, the crow came in, feeling sure this time to findher little ones unhurt. But how great was her dismay when she found the nestempty! First she thought the little birds had tried their wings and were flyingabout in the neighbourhood, and she went in search of them. Not finding them,she began to be a little more anxious, and hunting a little more closely, foundon the ground near some rushes some tufts of feathers with little bones andblood. She knew at once that the hawk had again been there, feeding on herchildren.
Fullof wrath and fury, she went to find the hawk. Meeting her, she said, «Anice sister and godmother you are! After you had promised most faithfully notto touch my children, no sooner had I turned my back on them, then you comeagain and eat them.»
«Ido not understand what you are saying,» replied the hawk. «It is yourown fault. You told me your children were the most beautiful in the world, andthose which I have eaten were monsters of hideousness. If I had not felt thepinch of hunger so strong, I would not have touched them, not for anything,such ugly things they were! They nearly made me sick.»
«Isthat the way you keep your promise?» replied the angry crow. «Afterhaving eaten them, you even have the impudence to tell lies and insult me. Offwith you! And woe betide you if I ever catch you, I will teach you to behaveproperly.»
Fromthat day on, the hawk, if it gets near the crows, attacks them. And from thatday on there is implacable hatred between the crows and the hawks.
Comprehension check
Work in pairs.Retell the legend as if you were the crow and your partner as a hawk.
WRITIHG
Put 10different questions on the text. The Coffee Mill which Grinds Salt
Key words and expressions:
to be about todie
to grind awish
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
How do youthink? Why does the water in seas and in oceans have a salt taste? Try toexplain.
Reading
There was oncea little boy by the name of Dan. As his parents died while he was very young,his grandmother took care of him and taught him reading and writing, and to bea good boy.
Whenshe became very old, and thought she was about to die, she called the littleboy to her and said, «I am old, Dan, and may not live long. You werealways a good boy, and therefore you shall have my only treasure, a coffee millwhich I have always kept at the bottom of my old chest. This coffee mill willgrind all that you wish. If you say to it, 'Grind a house, little mill,' itwill work away, and there the house will stand. When you say, 'Stop, littlemill,' it will cease to grind.»
Danthanked his grandmother kindly, and when she died, and he was alone in theworld, he opened the chest, took the coffee mill, and went out into the world.
Whenhe had walked a long distance, and needed something to eat, he placed the millon the grass and said, «Grind some bread and butter, little mill.»Very soon Dan had all that he needed, and then he bid the mill to stop.
Thenext day he came to a large seaport, and when he saw the many vessels, hethought it would be pleasant to see more of the great world. He thereforeboarded one of the ships and offered his service to the sailors. As it justhappened that the captain needed a boy of Dan's age, he told him to stay.
Assoon as the ship was out of port, the sailors commenced abusing Dan. He borethe harsh treatment as well as he could, and when he had nothing to eat themill ground all that he wished. The bad men wondered how he could always becontented, although they gave him but little to eat. One day one of them peepedthrough a hole in the cabin door and discovered how the coffee mill served him.
Nowthe sailors offered a large sum of money to Dan if he would sell his treasure.He refused, however, saying that it was all that his good old grandmother hadleft him. So one day these wicked men threw Dan overboard and seized the mill.As they were in need of some salt, they bid it grind for them. The millimmediately began its work, and soon they had enough. Now they asked it tostop, but as the one who had peeped through the hole into the boy's cabin hadnot learned the exact command, the mill refused to obey, and before long the shipwas filled with salt.
Themen grew desperate, but none of them was able to find a way out of thedifficulty. So at length the ship sank down with the mill, the salt, and allthe wicked men. The men were drowned, but the mill is yet standing at thebottom of the sea, grinding away, and for this reason the water in the oceanhas and always will have a salt taste.
Comprehension check
Read thestatements (1-5) that follow the text and decide if they are TRUE or FALSEaccording to what the text says. Mark your answers (x) in the table after thestatements. Statements TRUE FALSE There was once a little boy by the name of Dan. Dan’s grandfather took care of him and taught him reading and writing, and to be a good boy. He opened the chest, took the coffee mill, and went out into the world. One day the captain through a hole in the cabin door and discovered how the coffee mill served him. The mill is yet standing at the bottom of the sea, grinding away, and for this reason the water in the ocean has and always will have a salt taste.
WRITIHG
Write anarticle of about 80-100 words to express your point of view on the legend. Why Sea Water Is Salty
Key words and expressions:
to limp
misfortune
fare well
a comrade
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
What do youthink are the best and the worst things to have a magic mill which can grindall you ever wish?
Reading
Once upon atime there was a dear, brave boy who had nothing on earth but a blindgrandmother and a clear conscience. After finishing school he became a ship'sboy and was about to begin his first journey. He saw that all his new comradeswere gambling with good money, but he had nothing, not even a penny. Thissaddened him, and he complained to his grandmother. She thought for a while,then limped into her room and returned with a small mill, which she gave to theboy, saying, «If you say to the mill, 'Mill, mill, grind for me; grindthis or that for me at once!' then it will grind for you whatever you want. Andwhen you say, 'Mill, mill, stand still, for I want nothing more!' then it willstop grinding. But say nothing about this, or it will bring youmisfortune!»
Theboy thanked her, said farewell, and boarded his ship. When his comrades againbegan to gamble with their money, he took his mill into a dark corner and said,«Mill, mill, grind for me; grind golden ducats for me at once!» andthe mill ground out ducats of pure gold that fell ringing into his leather cap.
Whenthe cap was full he said, «Mill, mill, stand still, for I want nothingmore!» and it stopped grinding. He was now the richest of all his comrades.
Theship's captain was very miserly, and whenever there was not enough to eat, theboy had only to say, «Mill, mill, grind for me; grind fresh bread for meat once!» and it would grind away until he said the other words. The millground out anything for him that he wanted.
Hiscomrades often asked him how he got these good things, but he said only that hewas not at liberty to tell them. However, they continued to press him, until atlast he told them the whole story.
Itwas not long before the evil ship's captain got wind of this, and heimmediately hatched a plot. One evening he called the boy into his cabin andsaid, «Fetch your mill and grind out some fresh chickens for me!»
Theboy went and brought back a basket full of fresh chickens, but the godless manwas not satisfied. He beat the poor boy until he brought the mill to him andtold him what he had to say to make it grind. However, the boy did not tell himhow to make it stop, and the captain did not think to ask him about this.
Afterwardwhen the boy was standing alone on deck, the captain went to him and pushed himinto the sea, not thinking at all about how much care and concern his fatherand mother had given for him, nor how his blind grandmother was hoping for hisreturn. He pushed him into the sea, then said that he accidentally had fallenoverboard, thinking that this was the end of the story.
Thenhe went into his cabin and said to the mill, «Mill, mill, grind for me;grind salt for me at once!» and the mill ground out grains of pure whitesalt.
Whenthe bowl was full the ship's captain said, «That is enough!» but themill continued to grind forth. Whatever the captain said or did, the millground away until the entire cabin was full. He took hold of the mill to throwit overboard, but received such a blow that he fell to the floor as thoughstunned. The mill continued to grind forth until the entire ship was full andwas beginning to sink.
Finallythe ship's captain grabbed his sword and chopped the mill into tiny pieces; butbehold, every little piece became a little mill, and all the mills ground outgrains of pure white salt.
Itwas soon over for the ship. It sank with man and mouse and all the mills. Theseare still grinding out grains of pure white salt at the bottom of the sea. Andeven if you were to shout out the correct command, they are so deep that theywould not hear it. And that is why seawater is so salty.
Comprehension check
1. Give an outline of the legend.
2. Describe the boy. How does he looklike? Is he greedy? Is he brave?
WRITIHG
Write who saidthe following
1. «Ifyou say to the mill, 'Mill, mill, grind for me; grind this or that for me atonce!' then it will grind for you whatever you want. (_______).
2. „Mill,mill, grind for me; grind golden ducats for me at once!“ (_______).
3. „Mill,mill, grind for me; grind fresh bread for me at once!“ (_______).
4. „Fetchyour mill and grind out some fresh chickens for me!“ (_______).
5. „Thatis enough!“ (_______). The Girl and the Snake
Key words and expressions:
a herd
to get lost
handsome
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Find out thewords to describe your feeling if you ever met a huge snake. What would you do?
Reading
Onceupon a time there was a girl who was supposed to go into the woods and bringhome the cattle, but she could not find the herd. She got lost and came to alarge mountain with gates and doors. She went inside. A table was standingthere, set with all kinds of things to eat. There was also a bed there, and alarge snake was lying on it. It said to the girl, „Have a seat, if youwant to. Come and lie down in this bed, if you want to! But if you don't wantto, it's all right!“
Thegirl did not do any of this.
Finallythe snake said, „People are coming now who want to dance with you, butdon't go with them.“
Soonafterward people did come, and they wanted to dance with the girl, but shewould have nothing to do with them. Then they began to eat and drink. The girlleft the mountain and went home again.
Thenext day she went into the woods again to look for her herd, but she could notfind what she was looking for. Instead, she got lost again and came to the samemountain. She went inside again and found everything the same as the firsttime: a set table and the bed with the snake. It said to her, as the timebefore, „Have a seat, if you want to! Eat, if you want to! Come and liedown in this bed, if you want to! But if you don't want to, it's all right. Nowa lot more people are coming who want to dance with you, but do not go withthem.“
Thesnake had barely finished talking when a lot more people came, and they beganto dance and to eat and drink. The girl had nothing to do with them, butinstead left the mountain and went home.
Onthe third day she went into the woods again, and the same thing happened to heras on the previous days. The snake invited her to eat and drink, which she didwith a good appetite. After that the snake asked her to lie down next to it,and the girl did that as well.
Thenthe snake said, „Hold me in your arm!“ She did it. „Kissme!“ said the snake. „If you are afraid, just put your apron betweenus!“
Thegirl did it, and in that instant the snake turned into a handsome young man. Inreality he was a prince who had been bewitched into this form through magic,but the girl's courage had saved him. Of course, the two of them went away, andsince then they have never been heard from again.
Comprehension check
Complete thesentences
Once upon atime there was… .
There was alsoa bed there, and a large… .
Finally thesnake said, „People are coming now who want to dance with you… .
The snake hadbarely finished talking when a lot more people came… .
The girl didit, and in that instant the snake turned into… .
WRITIHG
Make up a planof the legend covering its main events. Old Sultan
Key words and expressions:
to be nolonger of any use
to fill pity
to be of goodcheer
a scoundrel
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Discuss. Whatdo you know about dogs and wolves?
Reading
Afarmer had a faithful dog named Sultan, who had grown old and lost all histeeth, and could no longer hold onto anything. One day the farmer was standingwith his wife before the house door, and said, “Tomorrow I intend to shootOld Sultan. He is no longer of any use.»
Hiswife, who felt pity for the faithful animal, answered, «He has served usso long, and been so faithful, that we might well give him his keep.»
«What?»said the man. «You are not very bright. He doesn't have a tooth left inhis mouth, and no thief is afraid of him. He can go now. If he has served us,he has eaten well for it.»
Thepoor dog, who was lying stretched out in the sun not far off, heard everything,and was sorry that tomorrow was to be his last day. He had a good friend, thewolf, and he crept out in the evening into the forest to him, and complained ofthe fate that awaited him.
«Listen,kinsman,» said the wolf, «be of good cheer. I will help you out ofyour trouble. I have thought of something. Tomorrow, early in the morning, yourmaster is going with his wife to make hay, and they will take their littlechild with them, for no one will be left behind in the house. While they are atwork they lay the child behind the hedge in the shade. You lie down there too,just as if you wanted to guard it. Then I will come out of the woods, and carryoff the child. You must run swiftly after me, as if you would take it away fromme. I will let it fall, and you will take it back to its parents, who willthink that you have rescued it, and will be far too grateful to do you anyharm. On the contrary, you will be treated royally, and they will never let youwant for anything again.»
Thisidea pleased the dog, and it was carried out just as planned. The fatherscreamed when he saw the wolf running across the field with his child, but whenOld Sultan brought it back, he was full of joy, and stroked him and said,«Not a hair of yours shall be hurt. You shall eat free bread as long asyou live.»
Andto his wife he said, «Go home at once and make Old Sultan some bread soupthat he will not have to bite. And bring the pillow from my bed. I will give itto him to lie on. From then on Old Sultan was as well off as he could possiblywish.
Soonafterwards the wolf visited him, and was pleased that everything had succeededso well. „But, kinsman,“ he said, „you will just close one eyeif, when I have a chance, I carry off one of your master's fat sheep.“
»Don'tcount on that," answered the dog. «I will remain true to my master. Icannot agree to that.»
Thewolf thought that this was not spoken in earnest, and he crept up in the nightto take away the sheep. But the farmer, to whom the faithful Sultan had toldthe wolf's plan, was waiting for him and combed his hair cruelly with a flail.The wolf had to flee, but he cried out to the dog, «Just wait, youscoundrel. You'll regret this.»
Thenext morning the wolf sent the boar to challenge the dog to come out into theforest and settle the affair. Old Sultan could find no one to be his second buta cat with only three legs, and as they went out together the poor cat limpedalong, stretching its tail upward with pain.
Thewolf and his friend were already at the appointed place, but when they sawtheir enemy coming, they thought that he was bringing a saber with him, forthey mistook the cat's outstretched tail for one. And when the poor animalhopped on three legs, they thought that each time it was picking up a stone tothrow at them. Then they took fright. The wild boar crept into the underbrushand the wolf jumped up a tree.
Asthe dog and the cat approached, they wondered why no one was to be seen. Thewild boar, however, had not been able to hide himself completely in the leaves.His ears were still sticking out. While the cat was looking cautiously about,the boar wiggled his ears, and the cat, who thought it was a mouse, jumped onit and bit down hard. The boar jumped up screaming loudly, «The guilty oneis up in the tree.»
Thedog and cat looked up and saw the wolf, who was ashamed for having shown suchfear, and who then made peace with the dog.
Comprehension check
Say which ofthe characters of the story you like the best. Why?
WRITIHG
Makinga spider. Find out as many words as you can to describe Old Sultan and make thespider bigger.
/>A Bird Legend
Key words and expressions:
a pet
a totem
a calamity
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
What do youknow about totems? Can they protect us from a calamity. Do you have a totem orsomething like that?
Reading
Theaborigines sometimes kept birds and animals as pets, but in all instances thatmay be enquired into it is found that the pet by some mischance or peculiartrait or impulse strayed into a camp and stayed there. However, this hadnothing to do with the belief in an «affinity.» Nor yet the belief inand recognition of a «totem.» That possibly originated in a knowledgeof evolution-in the settled idea that during the ages everything has changed inform and no outstanding fact of Nature escaped being considered the beginningor the dwelling-place of an ancestor or an originator.
Butsomething of a parody of this fundamental belief is the acceptance of anaffinity in the shape of a bird or an animal that knows of its being related toa human and who acts as a protector of those of whom it is a family part. Inthis way the last full-blooded woman of the Cammaray people believed in thesnake. She says that the black snake always indicates to her whether or not anundertaking of hers is to be successful, when a calamity is about to happen orhas just happened in her immediate family, when she is personally threatenedwith great loss and whether or not the time be propitious for the doing of anyimportant thing.
Shetells many weird tales of warnings shown to her by her affinity. The lyre-bird,she tells, was the affinity of a man of her people away back in the time beforehistory, and he had one as a pet. He was very proud of the fact that his birdmimicked so marvelously, and he arranged a competition. People who belonged tosuch birds as parrots, black cockatoos, wattle birds those with a clear,distinctive call-assembled, and they listened to the lyre-bird not onlyimitating, but excelling each in its own song.
Onebird was not claimed by anybody, and it sat disconsolately on a limb,apparently taking no notice of the proceedings; and then, just before dark, itmade its effort.
Thelyre-bird, nothing loth, imitated it perfectly. But the other bird was notfinished. In another key it performed again, and still in another, until thelyre-bird was bewildered. It failed to follow; therefore we may now hear thegreat bird mimic as we stand, say, at Echo Point in the Blue Mountains, orunder the hills of the Snowy or the Cann, going through all its repertoire,imitating not only every other bird, but every sound it has ever heard. Butwhen it comes to the laugh of one it fails. The bird it cannot properly mock isthe kookaburra. The lyre-bird man of the story was discredited, and thereforein later years such men were never of much account in the eyes of theircompatriots, while those of the kookaburra, though it is recognized as anaffinity of a much later date, are always people of great importance.
Andby some strange coincidence we have taken the kookaburra to our hearts, and wepicture him much more as the bird-representative of Australia than the emuwhich figures as such officially.
Comprehension check
1. Try toretell the legend in five simple sentences.
2. Givebetter title for the legend.
WRITIHG
Compose ten differentquestions on the legend.Whythe Turtle has no Tail
Key words and expressions:
to squeeze
a sorcerer
an axe
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Say what youknow about tortoises. Do they have tails? Find out the difference between twowords TORTOISE and TURTLE.
Reading
TheAustralian aborigines believed that the Milky Way was a «pukkan» ortrack, along which many spirits of departed blacks traveled to heaven, and thatthe dark place that we call Magellan's Cloud was a hole or split that occurredwhen the universe was frightfully shaken by some mighty upheaval which gave usmany of the wonders of Nature, including the brilliant waratah, gorgeous cavessuch as Jenolan and others less magnificent, burnt patches of rock, and so on.
Legendsalso make mention of a hidden river, over which certain spirits have to travelto a Promised Land. This river flowed at the edge of a mighty forest, andbeyond a fearful range of huge jagged mountains, at the nearer foot of whichlay an extensive marshy lake, in the centre of which was an enchanted island.The natives of the South-East of Australia were very clear about the picturejust described. They said that not only had some people spoken to returned menwho had waded through the lake and been on the island and climbed the mountainand nearly reached the river, but they had also had amongst them at one timeand another living men who had seen these fairy places and always knew that acontinuous stream of spirits passed that way to the Unseen River.
Twogiant trees grew on the bank, and a tortoise lay athwart it. Up to the time ofthis happening all tortoises and turtles had long tails. This tortoise reachedfrom the bank just opposite the big trees, to the other.
Onthe journey many spirits were supposed to be in some way tempted to do evil,and succumbed to the temptation; therefore there were some fallings by the way.Some were kept floundering about in the lake itself, and these congregated onthe island until they had expiated their sins, when they were allowed to go on.Others failed when climbing the mountain, and there on some barren peak theyhad to wait, while others remained faithful until reaching the lower level, andthen were within sight of the river. But there was a test for them. They had tosqueeze between the trunks of the giant trees, and then the bridge they reachedwas the tortoise.
Thencame a time when many people quite good enough to get into heaven failed toreach the opposite bank of the river. It was known that they had got betweenthe trees, and then all trace of them was lost; but one day a man arrived amongstthe people who had been remade, and he told them his experiences.
Hesaid that he had died and reached the tortoise on the unseen river. He steppedupon it, and was half way along it when it gave a sly jerk, and he fell off itstail into the river. He was borne along very swiftly, for it is a fast flowingstream, and suddenly he was swept underground. For a long time he was carriedthrough deep subterranean passages, and at last he came out into sunlight. Hefound himself still in a river, and now it flowed between high banks, andplaying in it were blacks that he knew. Some were just swimming, some werefishing, some were hiding in the rushes awaiting ducks. They did not know ofhis presence, though some seemed to hear him, for they suddenly became afraidand rushed off to their camp. At last he was swept into the sea, and a greatwave washed him ashore. As soon as he touched land he found that he waschanging. It took a long time, but at last he became a man again, and when helooked at his chest and felt his back he was aware of the scars that he 'hadborne in his other existence.
Thena sorcerer came forward and proclaimed that he would undertake to go to theriver and secure the passage of it for all time. He selected some other bravepeople, and by the aid of his sorcery he set out on the way of the spirits. Hesoon reached the forest, but found it full of the «little men of thebush.» They barred the way of the party. Try as they would, no passagethrough the ranks of the «little men» could be made. So then theyturned and followed the flow of the river, and that way no opposition wasoffered.
Theycame to a tree even higher than those at the crossing-place, and up that thegreat sorcerer climbed. From the top of it he could see the spirits stepping onto tail of the tortoise and some being shaken off. Many of these were taken bythe claws of the hind feet of the beast and afterwards eaten. Others werecarried down stream. The shadow of the tree was impenetrable to the«little men,» and a bright star shed a beam to the tortoise.
Thesorcerer saw that he must die before he could pass the little men and he andhis party returned home. He sharpened again his axe. He put a sharpened bone inthe fire, and scraped some of the burnt part off into his food. Then he died,and as a good spirit, he reached the giant trees, and there were no«little men» to stop him. But in their place was a great snake thatreared its head and prepared to strike.
Witha blow of his axe he severed the head from the body, and picking it up hesqueezed between the trees and stepped on to the tail of the tortoise. When hewas about half way over, just as he had seen it do to others, and just as thereturned man had told it did to him, it gave a great shake. But he was wary,and with another great blow of his axe he cut the tail off. Quickly rushing tothe other bank he turned and swung the axe at the head of the tortoise and thatwas severed too. Of this, though, he repented, and as the head swung down thestream he put the head of the snake in its place. Then the beast rolled overand sank out of sight.
Andso now all tortoises and turtles have a snake's head and are tailless.
Andif the last woman of the Illawarra Group, who is still living, is asked aboutit, and if all the points of the story are examined, it will be found thatthere is as much truth as fiction in it.
Thosewho ask, however, must have the right sympathy or they will hear nothing.
Comprehension check
1. Discussthe main idea of the legend.
2. Is ittrue or fiction?
3. Choosethe better title for the legend.
WRITIHG
Make up a planof the legend covering its main events.
How the StarsWere Made
Key words and expressions:
a weird land
to and fro
an octopus
mangrove
swamp
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Do you knowhow the stars were made? Try to imagine. Share your ideas.
Reading
Rolla-Manowas the old man of the sea. The blue ocean, with all its wonderful treasures ofglistening pearls, white foam and pink coral, belonged to him. In the depths ofthe sea, he ruled a kingdom of shadows and strange forms, to which the light ofthe sun descended in green and grey beams. The forests of this weird land weremany trees of brown sea-kelp, whose long arms waved slowly to and fro with theebb and flow of the water. Here and there were patches of sea grass, fine andsoft as a snow maiden's hair. In the shadow of the trees lurked a thousandterrors of the deep. In a dark rocky cave, a giant octopus spread its long,writhing tentacles in search of its prey, and gazed the while through the waterwith large lusterless eyes. In and out of the kelp a grey shark swam swiftlyand without apparent motion, while bright-colored fish darted out of the pathof danger. Across the rippled sand a great crab ambled awkwardly to its hidingplace behind a white-fluted clam shell. And over all waved the long, brown armsof the sea kelp forest. Such was the kingdom of Rolla-Mano, the old man of thesea.
Oneday Rolla-Mano went to fish in a lonely mangrove swamp close to the sea shore.He caught many fish, and cooked them at a fire. While eating his meal henoticed two women approach him. Their beautiful bodies were as lithe andgraceful as the wattle tree, and in their eyes was the soft light of the dusk.When they spoke, their voices were as sweet and low as the sighing of the nightbreeze through the reeds in the river. Rolla-Mano determined to capture them.With this intention he hid in the branches of the mangrove tree, and, when thewomen were close to him he threw his net over them. One, however, escaped bydiving into the water. He was so enraged at her escape that he jumped in afterher with a burning fire stick in his hand. As soon as the fire stick touchedthe water, the sparks hissed and scattered to the sky, where they remain asgolden stars to this day.
Rolla-Manodid not capture the woman who dived into the dark waters of the swamp. After afruitless search he returned to the shore and took the other woman to live withhim for ever in the sky. She is the evening star. From her resting place, shegazes through the mists of eternity at the restless sea-the dark, mysteriouskingdom of Rolla-Mano. On a clear summer night, when the sky is studded withgolden stars, you will remember that they are the sparks from the fire stick ofRolla-Mano, and the beautiful evening star is the woman he captured in thetrees of the mangrove swamp.
Comprehension check
Try to retellthe legend in ten simple sentences.
WRITIHG
Write out allthe adjectives in the text and try to memorize them.
The SneakyHoop Snakes
Key words and expressions:
push bike
a hoop
a cyclist
Make upsentences with new words
Reading
An Australiansnake that you don't read much about in the encyclopedias. This snake has notbeen seen in a number of years but the myth goes something like this. In theearly nineteen hundreds, children would wag school and ride around all day ontheir push bikes. (not much has changed since) The resourceful parents in aneffort to get the children home before dark made up the story of the HoopSnake. The Hoop Snake, it was told, would lie on the sides of the dirt roadswaiting for the sounds of the children on their push bikes. Just as theunexpecting cyclist would pass, the snake would then coil up biting its owntail to make the shape of a hoop, it would then roll down the road trying tocatch the cyclist. If it caught its prey it would proceed to bite heavily intothe heals of its victim and no child wanted this to happen. As an result thelegend of the Hoop Snake was born.
Comprehension check
1. Retellthe myth in detail.
2. Whyparents do not let their children ride push bikes after dark? What about yourparents?
WRITIHG
Write anoutline of the myth.
The HungryBush-man.
Key words and expressions:
bush-man
juicy grass
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Work in smallgroups. Make a list of words and word combinations which can characterize a bush-manwho lives in Australian Bush. Compare your list with other groups.
Reading
There is a sadstory that sets the scene in the Australian Bush. In early days bush-men, morecommonly know as swagman, went around from property to property looking forwork. These bush-man would take any sort of work that was avaliable. The woolindustry was booming, sheep were plentiful and shearers were needed everywhere.This particular bushy had finished his days shearing but as his employer wasn'tpaying wages until the wool had been sent to the markets, they would sometimeshave to wait weeks for their pay. After a hard days work the bushman would finda big shady tree preferably near a water hole to unroll their swag and set upcamp for the night. As night was falling the bush-man saw an ideal opportunitywalking not more than thirty feet away. Grazing on some juicy grass, betweensome trees, just up a bit from the camp site was this plump sheep. Knowing fullwell that if he was able to catch this sheep his meals would be taken care offor a least the next week. The chase was on.! After he caught it he packed itneatly into his tucker bag and proceeded to put the billy on for his cuppabefore bed. Unfortunately, he was blissfully unaware that the owner of theproperty where he was camping was watching his every move. The owner of theland would not tolerate a swaggy on his land, let alone one that was stealingfrom him and quickly informed the authorities. The billy was just about boiledwhen three burly police officers on horse back rode into his camp site. Knowingfull well what he had done, the police officers asked, «Just what have yougot in your tucker bag?.. You'd better come a waltzing down to the policestation with me».
As to why theswaggy did what he did next is a mystery but that swaggy ran and jumpedstraight into the water hole never to be seen again saying «You'll nevercatch me alive».
To this dayhis ghost maybe heard as you pass by that water hole.
Comprehension check
Put thefollowing events (A-D) in the right order/ Number them (1-4).
A. Knowingfull well that if he was able to catch this sheep his meals would be taken careof for a least the next week. (№____).
B. These bush-manwould take any sort of work that was avaliable. (№____).
C. To this dayhis ghost maybe heard as you pass by that water hole. (№____).
D. After ahard days work the bush-man would find a big shady tree preferably near a waterhole to unroll their swag and set up camp for the night. (№____).
WRITIHG
Compose tendifferent questions on the myth.
The BoogieMan
Key words and expressions:
encounter
creature
Make upsentences with new words
Reading
This myth istold on any given night in Australia, «The boogie man maybewatching». Our family had a house in my hometown Toowoomba, that wasraised about three foot off the ground. My strict instructions were never to gounder the house, for that was where the boogie man lived. This was a rule thatI could live with as it was never really enticing to venture under thereanyway. The boogie man as it turns out is more resourceful than I firstimagined. Not only is he hiding under houses but as it turns out he is underyour bed, in the cupboards, hiding around corners, even if you don't do yourhomework he appears. I specifically remember one time as I was going to thetoilet (we had an outside toilet), I would run down the back stairs into thetoilet and lock the door. The journey back however was my first encounter withthe boogie man. Our back stairs were not covered and you could see under thehouse through them. It was that night that I swore that I saw him. Dark hideousblack creature with bright shinny yellow eyes. I screamed with fright and myparents came running but the creature was gone. Talking to my friends I soonrealized that he didn't just live only at my house, he had been sighted allover Toowoomba. Not being one to install fright, I kept this story to myselffor all these years, but I keep telling my children how lucky we are to have aninside toilet.
Comprehension check
Complete thesentences.
1. This myth is told on any given night….
2. Our family had a house in my hometown Toowoomba… .
3. This was a rule that I could… .
4. I specifically remember one time… .
5. The journey back however was my first… .
6. Dark hideous black ___________ with bright shinny yellow eyes.
WRITIHG
Write out all theverbs from the text and define their forms.
TheMysterious Drop Bears
Key words and expressions:
a fish trap
a mate
to whimper
Make upsentences with new words
Reading
A legend istold of two Australian bush-men on their annual cattle muster. On thisparticular night, after setting up camp, one of the bush-men went down to theriver to check the fish traps, while the other stayed by the camp firestrumming a tune on his faithful old guitar. Just as he ended his first tune aterrifying scream rang out. Leaving the safety of the camp fire he ran downthrough the bush to the river to see his mate lying on the ground shaking, withclaw marks all over him. After stopping the bleeding and calming his mate down,the horrible truth was revealed.
«It was adrop bear» his mate said, in a voice more like a whimper,» I just reachedfor the first fish trap and all of a sudden, out of that overhanging branchpounced a drop bear." «I fought as hard as I could but it was justtoo strong and far too fast.»
«Did youget a glimpse of it?», the first bushy said.
«A bit ofa one, It looked a lot like a koala, but much much meaner.»
Leaving alltheir camping gear behind, they speedily trekked out of the bush, back tocivilization to tell their story to the local authorities. Their story was dulynoted and recorded, but to this day no one has ever caught a drop bear, but beassured they exist, so be very careful when walking alone in the Australianbush.
Comprehension check
1. Retellthe legend in detail.
2. Explainewhy one should be very careful when walking alone in the Australian bush.
WRITIHG
Write anoutline of the legend.
The BloodyKnife
Key words and expressions:
ferocity
to slip
Make upsentences with new words
Reading
Many and manya year ago, two warriors from rival villages got into a terrible argument.Harsh words were exchanged, and then knives were pulled. The warriors battledback and forth on the banks of a small creek. They fought with the ferocity ofgrizzlies, tearing at each other with their knives, ripping at each othersclothes and hair.
Suddenly, oneof the warriors slipped on the muddy bank and fell into the waters of thecreek. His bloody knife slipped from his hand and sank down and down to thebottom, landing upon a rock just beyond his reach. The warrior strained hispain-wracked body towards the knife as his blood filled the waters of thecreek, but it was just beyond his fingertips. He thrashed and clawed towardshis knife, desperate to reach it before his rival killed him, but no matter howhe stretched, it always slipped out of reach.
On the bankabove, the victorious warrior saw his rival sink into the blood-stained watersand lay still, the knife just a hair-breadth beyond his fingertips. He did notrise again. The fallen man's people found him a few hours later and tenderlyrescued his body from the rippling waters of the creek. But when they tried toretrieve his bloody knife from the rock beneath him, it always slipped beyondtheir reach, though the creek was not deep.
Many and manya year has passed since that bloody day by the creek, and still theblood-stained knife lies beneath the rippling waters of the creek. Wheneveranyone tries to reach it, the knife slips out of reach. It is like trying totouch something on the bottom of the sea, although the creek itself is notdeep. Even the rushing waters of the spring season do not move the mysteriousknife or wash away the blood staining its blade. For this reason, the creek iscalled Wokun — meaning «knife» and the white men call it «BloodyCreek».
Comprehension check
1. What do you think about the legend?Could it to be true?
2. Try to find another title to themyth.
3. Retell the text.
WRITIHG
Write anoutline of the legend.Whythe Crow Is Black
Key words and expressions:
noonday
to wade
to spare
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
What do youknow about crows and hawks? Who is the best hunter? Why is the crow black?
Reading
Oneday, a crow and a hawk hunted together in the bush. After traveling togetherfor some time, they decided to hunt in opposite directions, and, at the closeof the day, to share whatever game they had caught. The crow traveled againstthe sun, and at noonday arrived at a broad lagoon which was the haunt of thewild ducks. The crow hid in the tall green reeds fringing the lagoon, andprepared to trap the ducks. First, he got some white clay, and, having softenedit with water, placed two pieces in his nostrils. He then took a long piece ofhollow reed through which he could breathe under water, and finally tied a netbag around his waist in which to place the ducks.
Onthe still surface of the lagoon, the tall gum trees were reflected like aminiature forest. The ducks, with their bronze plumage glistening in the sun,were swimming among the clumps of reeds, and only paused to dive for a tastymorsel hidden deep in the water weeds. The crow placed the reed in his mouth,and, without making any sound, waded into the water. He quickly submergedhimself, and the only indication of his presence in the lagoon, was a piece ofdry reed which projected above the surface of the water, and through which thecrow was breathing. When he reached the centre of the water hole he remainedperfectly still. He did not have to wait long for the ducks to swim above hishead. Then, without making any sound or movement, he seized one by the leg,quickly pulled it beneath the water, killed it, and placed it in the net bag.By doing this, he did not frighten the other ducks, and, in a short time he hadtrapped a number of them. He then left the lagoon and continued on his wayuntil he came to a river.
Thecrow was so pleased with his success at the waterhole, that he determined tospear some fish before he returned to his camp. He left the bag of ducks on thebank of the river, and, taking his fish spear, he waded into the river untilthe water reached his waist. Then he stood very still, with the spear poisedfor throwing. A short distance from the spot where he was standing, a slightripple disturbed the calm surface of the water. With the keen eye of thehunter, he saw the presence of fish, and, with a swift movement of his arm, hehurled the spear, and his unerring aim was rewarded with a big fish. The waterwas soon agitated by many fish, and the crow took advantage of this to spearmany more. With this heavy load of game, he turned his face towards home.
Thehawk was very unfortunate in his hunting. He stalked a kangaroo many miles, andthen lost sight of it in the thickly wooded hills. He then decided to try theriver for some fish, but the crow had made the water muddy and frightened thefish, so again he was unsuccessful. At last the hawk decided to return to hisgunyah with the hope that the crow would secure some food, which they hadpreviously agreed to share. When the hawk arrived, he found that the crow hadbeen there before him and had prepared and eaten his evening meal. He at oncenoticed that the crow had failed to leave a share for him. This annoyed thehawk, so he approached the crow and said: «I see you have had a good hunttoday. I walked many miles but could not catch even a lizard. I am tired andwould be glad to have my share of food, as we agreed this morning.»«You are too lazy,» the crow replied. «You must have slept inthe sun instead of hunting for food. Anyhow, I've eaten mine and cannot giveyou any.» This made the hawk very angry, and he attacked the crow. For along time they struggled around the dying embers of the camp fire, until thehawk seized the crow and rolled him in the black ashes. When the crow recoveredfrom the fight, he found that he could not wash the ashes off, and, since thattime, crows have always been black. The crow was also punished for hiding thefood which he could not eat by being condemned to live on putrid flesh.
Comprehension check
Say which ofthe characters of the story you like best. Why?
WRITIHG
Into the boxbelow write the words and word combinations which can characterize a crow and ahawk.

a crow a hawk Howthe Kangaroo Got a Long Tail and the Wombat a Flat Forehead
Key words and expressions:
ash
surely
to refuse
to chill
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
You havealready seen a photo of a wombat and a kangaroo at the beginning of this book.How do you think if a wombat and a kangaroo could be good friends?
Reading
Manyyears ago, Mirram the kangaroo and Warreen the wombat were both men. They werevery friendly, and hunted and lived together in the same camping-ground.Warreen had a very comfortable gunyah made of bark and soft leaves, but Mirramwho was a careless fellow-did not trouble to build a home. He was content tosleep in the open, by the side of a big fire, with the blue sky for a cover,and the green grass for a couch. This open air life was very nice in fineweather, when the stars twinkled in the sky like golden fire-flies, but it wasextremely uncomfortable in the rainy season.
Onenight a great storm arose. The wind howled eerily, and rocked the tall trees toand fro as though they were shaken by the strong arms of an invisible giant.The rain fell in torrents, and darkness covered the light of the stars. Therain quickly quenched the glowing embers of Mirram's fire, and he was left tothe mercy of the storm. After shivering in the cold for some time, he decidedto seek the hospitality of Warreen. «Surely my friend would not refuse meshelter on such a night as this,» he thought. «I will ask him.»
Feelingvery cold and miserable, he crept to the opening of Warreen's tent, and seeingthere was sufficient space for both of them to sleep comfortably, he woke himand said: «The storm has killed my fire. I am very wet, and the cold windhas chilled me to the bone. May I sleep in the corner of your tent?»Warreen blinked his eyes sleepily and answered in a gruff voice: «No. Iwant to place my head in that corner. There isn't any room.» With thisrude remark he moved into the corner, but, as he could not occupy the wholespace of the tent, another corner became vacant. Mirram went away and sat bythe wet ashes of his fire, and his thoughts were as miserable as the weather. Thefury of the storm increased and looking on his friend, he decided to approachWarreen again. He entered the shelter, and, touching Warreen gently on theshoulder, said: “The wind is very cold, and as biting as the teeth of the wilddog. The rain is falling heavily and will not cease. I should be grateful ifyou would allow me to sleep in that corner. I will not disturb you.” Warreenraised his head, listened to the moaning of the storm outside, and thenreplied: “I will not have you here; there isn’t any room. Go outside and do notkeep waking me.” “But,” replied Mirram, “there is room in that corner. Surelyyou wouldn’t drive me out into the storm to die!”
Thereupon,Warreen moved one leg into the corner and again a space became vacant. Seeinghe could no longer hoodwink Mirram and hide from him his selfish intentions, hegrew very angry and yelled: “Get out! Get out! I won’t have you in my tent. Idon’t care where you die.” This harsh treatment exasperated Mirram and he leftthe tent in a terrible rage. Outside the tent, he groped around in the darkuntil he found a large flat stone. Then he crept silently to the gunyah. By thesound of heavy breathing he knew Warreen was asleep. Moving very silently, heentered the tent, and, raising the stone high in his arms, dashed it on thehead of the sleeper. The terrible blow did not kill Warreen but flattened hisforehead. When he had recovered from his pained surprise, he heard the mockingvoice of Mirram saying: “That is your reward for treating a friend so cruelly.You and your children and their children’s children will wander through theland with flat foreheads that men may know them for your selfishness.” AsWarreen was no match for his opponent, he did not answer, but nursed his sorehead and some very bad thoughts.
Fromthat moment, he was always planning revenge for his injury. Some time later,Warreen was hunting in the forest, and, through the shadow of the trees, he sawMirram a short distance ahead. He crept noiselessly towards him, and, whenMirram was looking for the marks of a possum on the bark of a tree, he threw aspear at him with all his strength. The spear struck Mirram at the bottom ofthe back, and so deeply did it enter that he could not pull it out. While hewas struggling with the spear, Warreen walked up to him, and, in a banteringvoice, said: “Aha! My turn has come at last. I have waited long to repay you.You will always carry the spear in your back and wander without a home whileyou live. Your children will carry the spear and be homeless for ever. By thesetokens, men will always remember your attempt to kill me while I slept.”
Fromthat time the kangaroo has had a long tail, which makes a low, thudding soundas he wanders homeless through the bush, and the wombat still has a very flatforehead as an everlasting sign of selfishness.
Comprehension check
1. Retellthe legend as if you were a kangaroo.
2. Saywhich of the characters of the story (a wombat or a kangaroo) you like the best.Why?
WRITIHG
Compose tenquestions on the legend and ask them your classmates.
The Fire onthe Hill
Key words and expressions:
to climb
a servant
a judge
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
How do youthink? What does «mother’s love» mean?
Reading
Long, long agothere was a lake of cold water in Australia. At night many animals came thereto drink. But people never came to the lake at night: the wild animals mightkill and eat them.
Now, a richman who had a beautiful daughter, once said: «The young man, who will goto the lake in the evening and stay in the cold water till morning will have mydaughter for his wife».
One poor youngman loved the rich man's daughter very much, and she loved him. He said to hismother, «I shall try to stay at night in the lake and then marry the deargirl».
«No,no», the mother said, «you are my only son. The water in the lake isvery cold, and the animals will eat you. Don't go there!»
She cried andcried, but her son said, «Mother, don't cry, I must try. I love her somuch!»
So the youngman went to the girl's father. He told him that he wanted to go to the lake andstay in the cold water all night. The rich man sent his servants to a placefrom which they could watch the young man.
When nightcame, the young man went to the lake. His mother followed him, but he didn'tsee her. There was a hill forty paces from the place where the young manentered the water. The woman climbed up the hill and made up a fire there. Thewild animals saw the fire and were afraid to go near that place.
The young mansaw the fire too. He understood that his mother was there. He thought of hismother's love and it was easier for him to stay all night in the very coldwater.
Morning came.The young man went to the rich man's house. The rich man saw him and said,«My servants say that there was a fire on the hill forty paces from thelake. It warmed you, and that is why you could stay all night in the water. Soyou can't marry my daughter. Good-bye». The young man was very angry. Hewent to the judge.
«Well»,the judge said, «this is a very simple case».
The nextmorning the young man with his mother and the rich man with his servants camebefore the judge. There were many people there who wanted to hear the case.
The judgeasked for a pot of cold water. Then he walked forty paces from the pot and madea fire. «Now», he said, «we shall wait a little until the wateris warm». The people cried, «But the fire is so far away, it can'twarm the water in the pot».
The judgesaid, «And how could that young man warm himself at a fire forty pacesaway?» So the case was over, and the young man married the rich man'sdaughter. They lived happily for many years.
Comprehension check
Retell thelegend as if you were a poor young man.
WRITIHG
Compose tenquestions on the legend and ask them your classmates.
A CarelessTongue
Key words and expressions:
impossible
to make up astory
to go frommouth to mouth
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Try to explainthe expression «It's not difficult to throw around small stones but it'simpossible to find them all».
Reading
There was ayoung woman who liked to tell stories about her neighbors. Some stories weregood, some stories were funny and the young woman told them to make peoplelaugh. As always happens in such cases, the people who heard the stories, toldthem to their friends trying to make them funnier and funnier. As a result manygood people suffered because of those stories.
An old man ofthe village where the young woman lived knew about it. He wanted to make herstop telling stories about her neighbors. He did not know how to do it, butthen he thought of a good plan.
«Daughter,»he said when he met her one day. «I want to ask you to do one thing forme. I have here a bag of small stones. On your way home throw them as far asyou can in all sides. When you do it, come back and tell me.»
The youngwoman was surprised to hear it. But it was easy and she agreed to do what theold man asked.
When the youngwoman came back, the old man said: «Daughter, I want to ask you to do onemore thing for me. Go along the same road and pick up all the stones that youhave thrown away.»
«But,father, it is impossible!» said the young woman. «I can find some ofthe stones and bring them back to you, but I cannot find all of them.»
«That'strue,» said the old man. «Those stones are like the stories that youtell about your neighbors. It's not difficult to throw around small stones butit's impossible to find them all. It's easy to make up stories about your neighbors,but it's impossible to call them back, because they go from mouth to mouth andbecome worse and worse. Remember this! First think, then speak! Remember thisalways!»
The youngwoman remembered it all her life.
Comprehension check
Put thefollowing events (A-F) in the right order. Number them (1-6).
A.«Daughter,»he said when he met her one day. «I want to ask you to do one thing forme.
B. „But,father, it is impossible!“ said the young woman.
C. An old manof the village where the young woman lived knew about it.
D.»That's true," said the old man.
E. But it waseasy and she agreed to do what the old man asked.
F. As a resultmany good people suffered because of those stories.

A B C D E F 1
WRITIHG
Write anarticle of about 30-50 words to express your point of view on the legend.
The SacredPython
Key words and expressions:
a slave-trader
to give aterrible scream
an arrow
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Tell what doyou know about pythons. Where do they live? How do they look like?
Reading
Many years agoa group of men went out hunting. They walked in the forest all day long. In theevening they were far from home.
«We willhave to sleep in the forest tonight», said their leader. «Quicklylook for a good place to sleep».
The huntershad to be careful. In those days there were many slave-traders all about thecountry, and they might attack the hunters at any moment.
Late in theevening they found a good place to sleep. After supper the hunters lay down onthe ground and were soon all asleep.
When the wearymen were asleep, a group of slave-traders surrounded them. They were to attackthe sleeping men.
Suddenlysomething big and heavy fell from one of the trees on one of the young hunters.The hunter woke up, looked down at his body and gave a terrible scream: a hugepython was lying on him! He jumped to his feet, but his comrades were alreadyawake. In a moment they were ready to fight.
Theslave-traders fired their guns. But the hunters hid behind the trees. The fightcontinued for a long time. When the hunters had no more arrows they fought withstones and even sticks.
Theslave-traders could do nothing against the hunters. Some of the attackers werekilled. The others had to run away.
After thefight was over the hunters came together round their leader. The leader lookedat the young man and said: «What made you wake up?»
«It was apython», the boy said. «It fell on me from the tree».
«It was asign specially for us», the leader said.» You can see that the python isnow our friend. From this day on no man, woman or child in our clan will everkill or eat a python".
To this daythe people who live in those places remember the words of that man. If you goto their houses in the rainy season, you will find pythons there. In thedaytime they sleep in holes under the houses, but at night they crawl about therooms.
The peoplenever harm the pythons and the pythons never harm the people.
Comprehension check
Some words aremissing from the text. Choose the most appropriate answer from the box for eachgap (1-6) in the text. Do not change the words. There is one word which you donot need to use.hunters, python, kill, child, leader, attackers
Theslave-traders could do nothing against the hunters. Some of the ____________were killed. The others had to run away.
After thefight was over the _________ came together round their leader. The leaderlooked at the young man and said: «What made you wake up?»
«It was a_________», the boy said. «It fell on me from the tree».
«It was asign specially for us», the ___________ said.» You can see that the pythonis now our friend. From this day on no man, woman or _________ in our clan willever ___________ or eat a python".
WRITIHG
Work in pairs.Compose ten questions on the legend and ask them your partner.
The Lionand the Goat
Key words and expressions:
a she-goat
a cave
boldly
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Try to explainthe expression «to be brave».
Reading
Once upon atime there was an old she-goat. One day, when it was getting dark, she wasreturning home with many other goats. As she was old and weak, she got tiredand was left behind. It became quite dark, and as she couldn't find her wayback, she decided to enter a cave that she saw near by. What was her surprisewhen she went in and found a lion sitting there! She was terribly frightenedand stood still for a moment, then she thought of what she could do.
«If I tryto run», she thought, «the lion will soon catch me, but if I pretendnot to be afraid of him I may manage to save my life». She walked boldlyup to the lion as if she were not afraid of him at all. The lion looked at her,looked and looked, not knowing what to think of this boldness on the part ofthe goat. He knew the goats had never dared to come near him. At last hethought she could not be a goat but must be some other strange animal which hehad not seen before.
«Who areyou, old one?» he asked her.
«I am thequeen of the goats,» she replied. «I came to eat up a hundred tigers,twenty five elephants and ten lions. I have already eaten the hundred tigersand twenty five elephants and now I am looking for the ten lions.»
The lion wasvery much surprised to hear this, and believing the goat had really come to eathim up, he went out of the cave saying that he was going to wash his face atthe river.
Comprehension check
1. Try toretell the legend in five simple sentences.
2. Givebetter title for the legend.
WRITIHG
Into the boxbelow write the words and word combinations which can characterize a goat and alion.a goat a lion
Why CatsWash Themselves After Eating
Key words and expressions:
to jump aside
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
How do youthink? Why do cats wash themselves after eating?
Reading
One day a birdflew into a farmer's yard. There was always something to eat for him there. Hejumped around in the dust from one place to another picking up this and thatfrom the ground and singing a loud song. The old bird, Tim by name, had a verygood appetite and always ate a lot.
Old Tim was sobusy that he did not look up or around and did not see a large black catwatching him from behind the farmer's house.
«Howhungry I am!» thought the cat. «But soon I am going to have wonderfulbreakfast.»
Soon old Timfinished his breakfast and was going to clean his leathers when the cat jumpedat him and the bird was between the cat's teeth.
«What afine breakfast I am going to have!» said the cat.
«Oh, no,Mr. Cat, you can't!» cried out Old Tim. «You are certainly not goingto eat me up, are you?»
«But Iam!» answered the cat. «Do you think I am going to look at you or tolisten to your silly songs?» And the cat sat down ready to begin his breakfast.
«Oh, no,Mr. Cat, you can't do that.»
«But whynot? Don't get it into your head that I am going to let you fly away! Oh, no,you are wrong here,» answered the cat.
«But haveyou already washed yourself?»
«No, Ihaven't. But what does it matter?» said the cat.
«Oh, Mr.Cat! What did your parents teach you? How can you have your breakfast withoutwashing yourself first?» answered the bird.
«Do youthink I can't? I don't see it your way.»
«Ofcourse, you can't!» repeated Old Tim. «Ask anybody and they are goingto tell you that I am right. People never eat without washing themselvesfirst,» said the poor bird.
«Hm,well, I think you are right,» said the angry cat. «All right, I amgoing to wash myself first and only after that have my breakfast.»
And with thosewords the cat began to wash himself. The cat was so busy cleaning his coat thathe did not see how Old Tim jumped aside and flew away.
When the catfinished his washing and wanted to begin his breakfast there was no Tim there – he was high in a tree singing hissong. Old Tim knew how to fool cats!
The cat wasvery angry with Tim and with himself.
«Well,let people do as they like but I'm never going to wash myself beforeeating!» he said.
So from thatday on all cats wash themselves only after and not before eating.
Comprehension check
1. Retellthe legend as if you were a cat.
2. Givean outline of the legend.
WRITIHG
Make up a planof the legend covering its main events.
How AnimalsLearned to Do Something
Key words and expressions:
man's earlyhistory
to be lazy
angrily
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
Do you have a pet? Try to describe it.
Reading
Many yearsago, in the man's early history, when people and animals were great friends, aman called all the animals together. He got on a large stone for all theanimals to see him and began to speak:
«My dearfriends! Listen to me!» the man went on to say. «I am angry with you.You are very lazy, you do not do anything. You have learned nothing. You can'tgo on like this, it's time for you to learn to do something. In a month's timeI want you to come here and show me what you have learned. I am sure you canlearn a lot of things if you want to.»
With thesewords the man got off the stone and said good-bye to the animals. The animalssaid good-bye to the man and to each other and left.
The animalsthought and thought, they thought from early morning till late at night. In theend they thought of something and each animal began to learn to do something.The horse began to learn to run quickly and carry loads. The dog learned tobark, it wanted to help the man to watch his animals. The cow began to give milk.The cock learned to sing early in the morning and thus wake up the man. Thecock's wife, the hen, began to lay eggs. The bee learned to make honey.
Many birdslearned to sing beautiful songs, they had their singing lessons every day.
A month passedand the man again called all the animals together. «Well», he said,«I think you have learned to do something. It's time for you to show mewhat you have learned.»
And the horseran quickly, the cow gave milk, the hen laid eggs, the bees began to makehoney, the cock sang and then the birds began to sing beautiful songs.
The man wasvery pleased with them all. To have milk, eggs and honey every day! It waswonderful.
«And whatabout you?» the man said to the fish. The fish stood behind the otheranimals and didn't do anything.
«What'sthe matter with you? Haven't you learned anything?» The fish only openedand shut its mouth – itdidn't know what to say.
«So youhaven't learned to do anything and you cannot say a word,» said the manangrily. «Very well, then you must always be like that and I don't want tosee you again.»
And from thatday on the fish has not said a word and has lived in l he water where nobodycan see her.
Comprehension check
Complete thetable. What can these animals do?a horse a cow a dog a cock a hen
WRITIHG
Compose tenquestions on the legend and ask them your classmates.

The Parrot
Key words and expressions:
no doubt aboutit
wise
to be rich
Make upsentences with new words
Pre-reading task
How do youthink? What is the way to become rich?
Reading
A man who hada fine green parrot at home taught the bird to say, «No doubt aboutit».
One day theman buried some money in different places in the village. Next morning he wentthrough the village with his bird. He sang, «My parrot is wise. He willshow me where to dig for money...»
Whenever hecame to any of the places which he knew very well because he always marked themsecretly, he said, «Oh, wise parrot, if I dig here, shall I find anygold?»
The parrotanswered, «No doubt about it.»
Each time theman found some money in the places where he stopped with his bird, and eachtime he showed the money to the people who stood around.
One young manthought, «If I can get the parrot, I shall soon be rich.»
So he said tothe owner of the parrot," For how much will you sell your parrot?"
«For onethousand pieces of gold.»
«But thisis a great deal of money!» cried the young man.
«But myparrot is worth it!» answered the owner of the parrot.
The answerpleased the young man so much that he paid the one thousand pieces of gold andwalked off with the parrot.
He took theparrot out to look for money at once. Many times he asked him, «If I dighere, shall I find some gold?»
Every time theparrot answered, «No doubt about it».
But though theyoung man dug and dug, he did not find any gold.
At last heunderstood the trick of the owner of the parrot and said to himself: «Howfoolish I was! How could I believe such a thing?»
He turned tothe bird and said: «Oh, wise bird, I think I was foolish if I could give athousand pieces of gold for you.»
The parrotanswered, «No doubt about it».
The parrotlooked so funny as he said this that the young man laughed and laughed.«Well», he said at last, «you told the truth this time. Afterthis I shall work. That is the only way to become a rich man.»
«No doubtabout it,» agreed the parrot, and for the second time he told the truth.
Comprehension check
Give anoutline of the legend.
WRITIHG
Write whathappened after the following:
1. One day theman buried some money in different places in the village.
2. Whenever hecame to any of the places which he knew very well because he always marked themsecretly, he said, «Oh, wise parrot, if I dig here, shall I find anygold?»
3. At last heunderstood the trick of the owner of the parrot and said to himself:
4. The parrotlooked so funny as he said this that the young man laughed and laughed.«Well», he said at last, «you told the truth this time.
TheFly Who Wanted to Have a Tail
Key words and expressions:
to hurry out
to make a nest
Make upsentences with new words
Reading
Oneday the Fly looked at the animals and birds round her and saw that they all hadtails.
“It’sa good thing to have a tail,” thought the Fly. “What’s a pity I have not atail! But I am going to have one. Yes, I shall have a tail!”
Andshe at once flew to the Man. “Please, Man, give me a tail,” she said to the Man.»All animals and birds have tails, only I haven t, I also want to be beautiful!”
“Thetrouble with you Fly, is that you are a fool. They all have tails because theirtails help them to live. Look!” The Man pointed to the Monkey hanging by itstail from the tree. “You see, for him a tail is like one more hand. As for you,I don’t think you must have a tail”.
TheFly got very angry with the Man. “I want you to give me a beautifultail,” she said angrily.
“Youstrange little thing,” laughed the Man. “All right, if you see in animal with atail only to make it beautiful, you will have a tail.
“Well,“said the Fly, “I shall fly to animals and birds and ask them to give me a tail. But remember yourwords that if I see someone with I tail that doesn’t help him and only makes himbeautiful, you will give me his tail!”
“Allright, “said the Man and laughed again. The Fly was happy. “ I am sure someanimal or bird will give me its tail,” she thought and hurried out of the room.
Sheflew out of the window right to the river. There she saw I fish.
“Giveme your beautiful tail, will you?” she said to the Fish. I am sure you have itonly to be beautiful.”
“Youare a fool to say that. I can t give you my tail, it helps me to swim,”answered the Fish and swam away.
Thenthe Fly flew to the woods. She saw a bird sitting high in a tree. “Will yougive me your tail, please?” said the Fly to the bird. “It doesn’t help you, itonly makes you beautiful “.
“Oh,no, you are wrong. How do you think I can fly and make a nest for myself or getsomething to eat for my children without my tail?”
“Butyou have your beak,” answered the Fly.
“Yes,that is so, but I must have my tail, too. I cannot work without it.” The birdsaluted the Fly with its beak and began to work with it sitting on its tail.“You watch me,” the bird said, “This is the way I work”.
TheFly watched the bird for a minute and saw that it was right. She flew away andsoon met the Fox. The Fox had a beautiful red-brown tail. It looked wonderful.“Well, I am sure the fox will give me her tail,” thought the Fly.
“Giveme your tail, will you?” the Fly began her old song again.
“Howcan you talk like that?! If I give you my tail I can die!”
“Butwhy?” asked the Fly.
“Whenthe men and dogs come to the woods I must run away. I brush the ground with mylong tail. And the dogs do not know where I have gone. So you see how much mytail helps me.”
TheFly said good-bye to the Fox and flew away. She flew home straight to the Man.
Whenthe Man saw the Fly he asked her, “Where have you been all this time? Hasanyone given you a tail? Report to me.”
“Well,no one wants to give me a tail. They say they must have a tail because theycannot swim, run or work without it,” answered the Fly.
“Yousee!” said the Man. “I knew it! I knew it all along. Next time think before youask me something.”
“ButI want a tail, too! Give me a tail, Man. Will you?” repeated the Fly.
“Haven’tthe animals and birds taught you a good lesson?” asked the Man. But the Fly didn’tt listen” to him. She flew and flew around him, sat on his nose, lips andcheeks, and repeated angrily, “Give me a tail, Man!”
“Well,”said the Man. “Go to the Cow, you have not been to the Cow, have you?”
TheFly at once flew out of the window and hurried to the Cow. She sat on the Cow’sback and wanted to ask her the questions about the tail.
But“Swish-sh” went the Cow’s long tail and that was the end of the Fly who wantedto have a tail so much.
Comprehension check
1. Discussthe main idea of the legend.
2. Is ittrue or fiction?
3. Choosethe better title for the legend.
WRITIHG
Make up a planof the legend covering its main events.

Glossary
The SnowyRiver is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It originates on the slopes of MountKosciuszko, Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes ofthe Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, before flowing through the Snowy RiverNational Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait. Up until the mid–20thcentury, the river was notable for its high volume of fresh water, wide reachand large rapids.While the river's course and surroundings have remained almostentirely unchanged, the majority of it being protected by the Snowy RiverNational Park, its flow was drastically reduced in the mid–20th century, toless than 1%, after the construction of various dams and reservoirs at itsheadwaters in New South Wales, as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. From 2002to 2008 the flow was increased from 1% to 4%, however targets of 15% by 2009and 21% by 2012 are unlikely to be met.
The BlueMountains is a mountainous region in New South Wales, Australia. It borders on Sydney'smetropolitan area, its foothills starting approximately 50 kilometres west of the state capital. The area begins on the west side of the Nepean River andextends westward as far as Coxs River. Consisting mainly of a sandstone plateau,the area is dissected by gorges up to 760 metres deep. The highest point of the range is 1,190 metres above sea level. A large part of the Blue Mountains is incorporated into the Greater Blue Mountains Area WorldHeritage Site, consisting of seven national park areas and a conservationreserve. The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the Cityof Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow and Oberon.
Totemism,totem is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanisticreligions.The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spirituallyrepresents a group of related people such as a clan. Totemism was a key elementof study in the development of 19th and early 20th century theories ofreligion, especially for thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, whoconcentrated their study on primitive societies (which was an acceptabledescription at the time). Drawing on the identification of social group withspiritual totem in Australian aboriginal tribes, Durkheim theorized that allhuman religious expression was intrinsically founded in the relationship to agroup.
The MilkyWay, or simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiralgalaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It is one of billions ofgalaxies in the observable universe. Its name is a translation of the Latin ViaLactea, in turn translated from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias), referring tothe pale band of light formed by stars in the galactic plane as seen from Earth(see etymology of galaxy). Some sources hold that, strictly speaking, the termMilky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy formsin the night sky, while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky WayGalaxy, or alternatively the Galaxy. However, it is unclear how widespread thisconvention is, and the term Milky Way is routinely used in either context.
Wombats areAustralian marsupials; they are short-legged, muscular quadrupeds, approximately 1metre in length with a very short tail. They are found in forested,mountainous, and heathland areas of south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. Thename wombat comes from the Eora Aboriginal community who were the originalinhabitants of the Sydney area.
The grizzlybear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, is a subspeciesof brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of westernNorth America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri brown bears whichcrossed to Alaska from Eastern Russia 100,000 years ago, though they did notmove south until 13,000 years ago. Grizzlies are normally solitary activeanimals, but in coastal areas the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes,rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows)produce one to four young (commonly two) which are small and weigh only about500 grams (one pound). A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack ifshe thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
Illawarrais a region in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a coastal regionsituated immediately south of Sydney and north of the Shoalhaven region,encompassing the cities of Wollongong and Shellharbour and the municipality of Kiama.The central region contains Lake Illawarra.
Australianbush is a term used for rural, undeveloped land or country areas in certaincountries.In Australia the term has an iconic status in Australian life. In reference tothe landscape, bush describes a wooded area, intermediate between a shrublandand a forest, generally of dry and nitrogen-poor soil, mostly grassless, thinto thick woody shrubs and bushes, under a sparse canapy of eucalypts.
A swagman(also called tussocker) is an old Australian term describing an underclass oftransient temporary workers, who travelled by foot from farm to farm carryingthe traditional swag (waterproof bedroll). Also characteristic of swagmanattire was a hat strung with corks to ward off flies. Particularly during theDepression of the 1890s and the Great Depression of the 1930s, unemployed mentravelled the rural areas of Australia on foot, their few meagre possessionsrolled up and carried in their swag. Typically, they would seek work in farmsand towns they travelled through, and in many cases the farmers, if nopermanent work was available, would provide food and shelter in return for somemenial task. Another form of the swagman was the „pack horse bagman“who rode a horse and led one or two pack horses in his travels, typically inthe Northern Territory. The pack horse bagman called in at stations where hewould work shoeing horses, mustering, repairing bores etc.
The hoopsnake is a legendary creature of the United States and Australia. The hoop snake isreferred to in the Pecos Bill stories; although it is his description of hoopsnakes that most people are most familiar with, stories of the creature predatethose fictional tales considerably. Several sightings of the hoop snake havebeen alleged along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border in the St. Croix River valleyand in Wake County in North Carolina. According to folklore, the distinguishingfeature of a hoop snake is that it can grasp its tail in its jaws and rollafter its prey like a wheel, thus looking somewhat like the ouroboros of Greekmythology, or Tsuchinoko (a legendary fat snake that can roll like a wheel) inJapan. In one version of the myth, the snake straightens out at the lastsecond, skewering its victim with its venomous tail. The only escape is to hidebehind a tree, which receives the deadly blow instead and promptly dies fromthe poison.
Mangrovesare trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics andsubtropics – mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The saline conditionstolerated by various species range from brackish water, through pure seawater(30 to 40 ppt), to water of over twice the salinity of ocean seawater, wherethe salt becomes concentrated by evaporation (up to 90 ppt).
Mangrovesform a characteristic saline woodland or shrubland habitat, called mangrove swamp,mangrove forest, mangrove or mangal. Mangals are found in depositional coastalenvironments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect inareas protected from high energy wave action. They occur both in estuaries andalong open coastlines. Mangroves dominate three quarters of tropicalcoastlines.

Dictionary
accidentally- adv випадково, несподівано.
affinity- n спорідненість, схожість,привабливість.
ancestor- n предок, прародитель.
annoy — 1. n прикрість, досада; 2. v надокучати, набридати, сердити.
annual — 1. n однолітник; 2. adj щорічний, річний.
anxious- adj стурбований, стривожений.
apron — 1. n фартух, лоток, жолоб.
arrow — n стріла.
ash — n ясен, попіл, зола.
astonishment- n здивування, подив.
awkwardly- adv незграбно, неладно.
axe — n сокира, меч.
be pregnant- v бути вагітною.
beak — n дзьоб.
beg — v просити, благати.
bewilder- v бентежити, дивувати.
blind- adj сліпий.
boar- n кабан.
boldly — adv сміливо, зухвало, стрімко.
brood — n рід, покоління, виводок.
brother-in-law- n зять.
calamity — n лихо, горе.
cautiously- adv обережно.
cave — n печера.
chase- n погоня, переслідування.
chill — 1. n холод; 2. adj холодний; 3. v охолоджувати.
chipmunk- n бурундук.
claw — n кіготь, пазур.
climb — v дертися, видератися.
comrade — n товариш.
contrary- 1. n зворотне, протилежне; 2. adj зворотний;
3. v заперечувати.
covenant- 1. n угода; 2. v укладати угоду.
creature- n створіння.
current- 1. n течія, потік; 2. adj сучасний.
cyclist — n велосипедист.
disconsolately- adv невтішно, похмуро.
distant — adj віддалений, далекий.
distress- 1. n горе; 2. v завдавати горя.
dumb- 1. adj німий; 2. v примушувати замовкнути.
eerily- adv моторошно.
empty- adj пустий.
encounter — 1. n зустріч, сутичка, змагання; 2. v мати сутичку.
ferocity — n жорстокість, лють.
ferry- n пором.
fetch- n хитрощі, зусилля.
fig tree — n фігове дерево.
fingertip- n кінчик пальця.
flap- 1. n борт; 2. v коливати, махати.
fledgling — n оперене пташеня.
flood- 1. n повінь, приплив, потік; 2. v заливати.
gift — n подарунок.
glimpse — 1. n мерехтіння, блимання; 2. v мелькнути, промайнути.
gloomily — adv похмуро, понуро.
gobble- 1. n бурмотіння; 2. v бурчати, пожирати.
grind- 1. n розмелювання; 2. v молоти, товкти.
growl- 1. n гарчання, бурчання; 2. v гарчати, бурчати.
gruff — adj непривітний, похмурий.
guard — 1. n охоронець, варта; 2. v охороняти.
gunyah- n туземна хатина.
handsome — adj симпатичний (про чоловіків).
harsh- adj грубий, жорстокий.
hedge- 1. n огорожа, живопліт; 2. v обгороджувати.
herd — n стадо, череда, гурт.
hole- 1. n діра, отвір; 2. v робити отвір.
hoodwink- v обдурювати.
hoop — n обруч.
howl — 1. n виття; 2. v вити.
huge- adj величезний.
impossible — adj неможливий, неймовірний.
impudence- n безсоромність.
intend — v мати намір, збиратися.
jerk- 1. n різкий рух; 2. v смикати, штовхати.
judge — n суддя.
limp — 1. n кульгавість; 2. v кульгати.
lithe- adj гнучкий, зговірливий.
mangrove — n мангрове дерево.
mate — n товариш, напарник.
mercy- n милосердя, жалість.
miserable- adj нещасний.
misfortune — n біда, нещастя.
moonbeam — n місячний промінь.
nest — n гніздо.
noonday — n опівдень.
nostril- n ніздря
oath — n клятва, присяга.
octopus — n восьминіг.
offspring- n паросток.
originator- n автор, винахідник.
pancake- n млинець.
peep- 1. n швидкий погляд; 2. v підглядати.
pet — n домашня тварина.
plumage- n оперення.
pretend- v прикидатися.
proclaim- v оголошувати, проголошувати.
putrid- adj гнилий, трухлий.
rear — 1. n тил; 2. adj задній; 3. v підводити, піднімати.
refuse — v відмовляти, заперечувати.
reply- 1. n перегравання; 2. v грати повторно.
resourceful — adj винахідливий.
rival- 1. n суперник; 2. adj конкуруючий.
rumble — 1. n грюкання; 2. v грюкати.
saber- n шабля.
scorch- 1. n опік; 2. v обпалювати.
scoundrel — 1. n негідник; 2. adj підлий.
selfish- adj егоїстичний.
servant- n слуга.
shade- n тінь.
share — 1. n частина; 2. v ділити.
she-goat — n коза.
slimy- adj мулистий, липкий.
slip — 1. n ковзання; 2. v ковзати.
slyly — adv хитро.
smilingly- adv усміхнено.
smooth- 1. n згладжування; 2. adj гладенький; 3. v згладжувати.
snatch- 1. n хватка; 2. v хапати.
spare — 1. n запас; 2. adj запасний; 3. v берегти.
squash — 1. n гарбуз; 2. v роздавлювати.
squeeze — 1. n стискування; 2. v здавлювати.
stomach- n шлунок.
stream- n річка, струмок.
subterranean- 1. n підземелля; 2. adj підземний.
sunbeam — n сонячний промінь.
surely — adv звичайно, безперечно.
swamp — 1. n болото; 2. v заливати, тонути.
swiftly- adv швидко.
sympathy- n симпатія, прихильність.
talon- n кіготь, пазур.
tear- 1. n розлив; 2. v рвати, розривати.
tenderly- adv ніжно, ласкаво.
thereupon- adv слідом за цим (тим).
tip- n верхівка, кінчик.
totem — n тотем.
tribe- n плем’я.
tune- n мотив, мелодія.
unerring- adj правильний, безпомилковий.
ungrateful- adj невдячний.
unroll- v розгортати.
upheaval- n зрушення, переворот.
vigorously — adv сильно, рішуче.
vulture- n яструб.
wade- n перехід у брід, брід.
web — n павутина.
whimper — 1. n виття; 2. v нити, завивати.
wise- 1. n спосіб; 2. adj мудрий.
witch — n відьма.
woe — n горе, лихо, нещастя.
yell — 1. n пронизливий крик; 2. v кричати.

Literature
1. Мелетинский Е.М.Повествовательный фольклор австралийцев / Мифы и сказки Австралии / Собр. К. Лангло-Паркер. М., 1965.
2. ХаритоновІ.К., Потапенко С.І. 101 Fairy-Tales and Stories: Тексти для шкіл, ліцеїв тапідготовчих курсів. – Тернопіль: Навчальна книга – Богдан, 2007. – 192 с.
3. Americanfolklore: an encyclopedia/edited by Jan Harold Brunvand. p. cm. – (Garlandreference library of the humanities; vol. 1551).
4. AustralianLegendary Tales (Bodley Head Source Books of Fairy Tales & Folklore), 1978.
5. CyrusMacMillan Canadian Fairy Tales, 1922.
6. DandesA. The Morphology of North American Indian Folktales № 195. Helsinki, 1964.
7. E. BowNative American Indian Myths. The Mythology of the Peoples of North America,2001.
8. EdwardWinslow Gifford, Miwok Myths, 1917.
9. FrankRussell, Myths of the Jicarilla Apaches, 1898.
10. HenryLawson Australian Yarns — Bush Stories, 1986.
11. KatharineBerry Judson, Myths and Legends of California and the Old Southwest, 1912.
12. Kervern,Bethany The Princess of the Golden Bees, 2008.
13. MarieL. McLaughlin, Myths and Legends of the Sioux, 1913.
14. McLaughlin,Marie L Myths and Legends of the Sioux, 2001.
15. Mythsand Legends of California and the Old Southwest, by Katharine Berry Judson,1912.
16. Mythsof the Cherokee, James Mooney, 1900.
17. RoheimG. Myth and Folk-Tale / American Imago. 1941.
18. Stannеr W.Е.H. On Aboriginal Religion. Sidney, 1966.
19. ThompsonS. Myth and Folk-Tale / Journal of American Folklore, 1955.
20. ZitkalaSa, Old Indian Legends, 1901.
21. http://www.ckazka.com/myth/myth.html
22. http://uk.wikipedia.org
23. http://sovunya2009.narod.ru
24. http://www.school.edu.ru
25. http://history.enotes.com/myths-legends/
26. http://americanfolklore.net
27. http://rapidshare.com/files/245173105/Indian_Myth_and_Legend.pdf
28. http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Folklore/Literature/