Daniel Defoe and His Novel Robinson Crusoe

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OFTHE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
GULISTAN STATE UNIVERSITY
 
The English and Literature department
Khusainova Ilvina’s qualification work on speciality5220100, English philology on the theme:
Daniel Defoe and his Novel “Robinson
Crusoe”
 
Supervisor: Ten E. V.
Gulistan-2006

Contents:
I. Introduction:
1.1 Some words about DanielDefoe’s literary activity
1.2 Daniel Defoe and hisnovel “Robinson Crusoe”
II. The main part.
2.1 Daniel Defoe and hispersonality.
2.2 The source of the “RobinsonCrusoe’s Adventures”
2.3 Robinson Crusoe’s wayto Russia to Uzbekistan
2.4 Robinson Crusoe andhis character
2.5 Some words abouttranslation of the novel
III. Conclusion
3.1 The English literaturein teaching English
IV. Bibliography
V. Appendix

Introduction
This graduation qualification work is dedicated to the studyof Daniel Defoe’s world famous novel “Robinson Crusoe”. The theme is veryinteresting and is worth of paying special attention. Uzbek readers enjoyreading the novel immensely. The book is rightly included to the list ofmasterpieces even created by Daniel Defoe. The author’s work is estimated andread both by grown ups and children. Daniel Defoe founder of the earlybourgeois realistic novel and he was the first and fore most a journalist, andin many ways the father of modern English periodicals.
Here we read one more fact: “The review” which he founded in1704 and conducted until 1713, is regarded as the first English newspaper. Itpaved the way for the magazines “The Tattler” and “The spectator” Daniel Defoewas born in London in a family of non-conformists =сектанты= диссиденты= (those who refuse to accept the doctrines of an establishedor national Church, especially those protestants who form the Church of England.
The tasks we put before us in our graduation qualificationwork are:
1. To considerDaniel Defoe as the founder of realistic novel.
2. Toshow how contradictory was his worldview. He was not stable in his politicalattitudes towards the parties and the government of his time.
3. Theimpetus and the reason, also the origin the source of Robinson’s plot.
4. Wethink that Daniel Defoe and his work came to Uzbekistan and Russia and Robinsonbecame famous thanks to creative activity of the Russian translators.
All above mentioned matters are discussed in the Introductionand Chapter One. The next Chapter- Chapter Two is devoted to the description ofthe main hero’s character. The whole paper is mainly about the merits of thewriter and Robinson’s history.
5. Wealso paid great attention to the Russian and Uzbek translations of
“Robinson Crusoe’s Adventures”
6. Wethink that it is necessary to stress the educative significance of the events.
In the conclusion we wanted to shame the real place of thenovel for our future generation.
Daniel Defoe and his novel “Robinson Crusoe”
Daniel Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe” (1719) is the first truenovel. It demands special and deep study. To study the novel we should commencewith our thoughts about English enlightenment. As one of the prominent literaryfigure of the XVIII century England Daniel Defoe is the founder of the Europeanrealistic novel of the new time. This book is rightly included to the circle ofthe beloved works of the children, so its educational significance should beunderlined especially. We have to use the history of English enlighteners inconnection with Defoe’s literary activity. we may mention that the EnglishEnlightenment is closely connected with the German Enlightenment use may matchmainly the ideas of Enlightenment in Goethe’s work. Daniel Defoe was the son ofhis time, and of his class, it means that he expressed the ideas of theexisting classes. He may be described as a bearer of the world view of thetheir progressive people’s ideas.
The work of the earlier novelists of the eighteenth centuryhas a drive and coherence from their excitements realizing congenialpossibilities of the new species of writing. They were pioneers in the novelsof Defoe, H. Fielding and Sterna the tastes and sensibility of their authorsare everywhere pelted.
Defoe and Richardson are the first great writers in theEnglish literature, in this they differ from Jeffrey, Chancer, Edmund, Spencer,William Shakespeare and John Milton.
The history of Robinson’s life on the island is a story aboutcreative work of a man, about his courage, his will, creative searching. Thisis a hymn to labor the source of life. Thanks to his creative work RobinsonCrusoe remained a man. This is most remarkable and educative significance of thenovel. The novel joined the elements of biographical documentary and adventurenovel. The theme of creative labor should be emphasized especially Labor helpedRobinson to stay a man in inhuman conditions of his life many years lonely inan island. There are very few selected books which can complete with this worldknown novel.
Daniel Defoe is not only the author of “ Robinson Crusoe” heis the author of, as his researchers consider, about four hundred separatelypublished works, polemic and publicist articles, pamphlets and so on. Which hadbeen published by him in different editions. Creative energy of Defoe wasextraordinary and almost unique for his country and his time, his people.
Daniel Defoe had various hardships but he could fight forsurvival with astonishing steadfastness staunchness. Defoe could become one offirst English professional journalists, editors of influential politicalnewspapers and even private secret of very high ranking persons. Very importantPerson (Vips) of the government. But in a situation of complex and severesocial and political fight he could not fairly well to do and even quiteexisting for himself. Political Discords strafes pains (низо, шифок,) and court intrigues brought him to the prison and to aPillory. But in spite of all these. Defoe continued to write and publish books,booklets, and articles about everything which seemed to him worth of informinghis contemporaries.
During more than three years Defoe openly, anonymously andunder other pennames published pamphlets on very sharp political andinternational problems. He also wrote philosophical and law treatises,economical works, hand books, guides, manuals (йул – йурик дастурланаллар, кулланмалар) for traders, advices forthose who were going to get married, all kinds of advices how to behave oneselfin the society a poem about painting, general history of handicraft trades, andso on and so forth. Daniel Defoe used to say that he was thirty times rich andpoor.
The huge library of written and used by him works wonder usnot only with their great member, but also with quantity of names, as well aswith their belongings to different fields of life and knowledge, which hiscreative curious thoughts and ideas none of those works were published underhis own name.
Defoe published them giving the authorship to the heroes,Rescuing his books for real manuscripts or diaries, written in the name of thefirst person. These were the writings of sailors and merchants, thieves andcourt intricate plotters and all types of adventurers. This feat was the reasonfor not considering Daniel Defoe as their author, even two centuries later.
The works of fiction, newer appear abruptly. Most of them areclosely connected with the time of their creation, so this is true concerning“Robinson Crusoe” as well.
Daniel Defoe and his personality
(1660-1731) Daniel Defoe is famous was an English novelist,journalist and pamphleteer, famous for «Robinson Crusoe,» «MollFlanders,» «Memoirs of a Cavalier,» and many other works. He wasone of the founders of the English novel. Read more about the life and works ofDaniel Defoe.
1) Daniel Defoe: Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas
by Macmillan E. Novak. Oxford University Press. From thepublisher: «Novak illuminates such works as Robinson Crusoe and MollFlanders, novels that changed the course of fiction in their time and haveremained towering classics to this day. And he reveals a writer who was asuperb observer of his times—an age of dramatic historical, Daniel Defoe isperhaps best known for his novels, Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders, but hewas also the quintessential „brilliant scoundrel“ of the AugustanAge. In rough chronological order, Daniel Defoe was a hosier, soldier, winemerchant, factory owner, bankrupt, spy, pamphleteer, and convict, journalist,editor, political flunkey, hack writer and novelist.
In 1704, he launched the Review of the Affairs of France andof all Europe, one of the first serious political and economic newspapers inEngland (it folded in the aftermath of the 1712 Stamp Act). He served as editoron several other newspapers later. As a trader and nonconformist, Defoe's producedseveral political and social commentaries hailing the dawn of thebourgeois-capitalist age.
In the service of Robert Harley, a shadowy figure of QueenAnne's reign, Defoe's produced a detailed three-volume (1724-27) account of theeconomic, political and social conditions of the cities and country-sides ofGreat Britain. His talent was dissipated in later years when, as a politicaljournalist, he compromised his independence as a reporter in return forpolitical favors.
Born Daniel Foe, the son of James Foe, a butcher in StokeNewington, London He later added the aristocratic sounding „De“ tohis name as a nom de plume. He became a famous pamphleteer, journalist andnovelist at a time of the birth of the novel in the English language, and thusfairly ranks as one of its progenitors.
Defoe's pamphleteering and political activities resulted inhis arrest and placement in a pillory on July 31, 1703. Principally on accountof a pamphlet entitled „The Shortest Way with Dissenters“, in whichhe ruthlessly satirized the High church Tories, purporting to argue for theextermination of dissenters. The publication of his poem Hymn to the Pillory,however, caused his audience at the pillory to throw flowers instead of thecustomary harmful and noxious objects, and to drink to his health.
After his three days in the pillory Defoe went into NegatePrison. Robert Harley. 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer brokered his release inexchange for Defoe's co-operation as an intelligence agent. He set up hisperiodical A Review of the Affairs of France in 1704, supporting the Harleyministry. The Review ran without interruption until 1713. When Harley lostpower in 1708 Defoe continued writing it to support Go dolphin, then again tosupport Harley and the Tories in the Tory ministry of 1710 to 1114. After theTories fell from power with the death of Queen Anne. Defoe continued doingintelligence work for the Whig government.
Defoe's famous novel Robinson Crusoe (1719), tells of a man'sshipwreck on a desert island and his subsequent adventures. The author may havebased his narrative on the true story of the shipwreck of Alexander Selkirk.(Sec Robinson Crusoe: Selkirk as the inspiration for Crusoe).
Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton ( 720), amazing forits portrayal of the redemptive power of one man's love for another. HansTurley has recently shown how Quaker William's love turns Captain Singletonaway from the murderous life of a pirate, and the two make a solemn vow to liveas a male couple happily ever after in London, disguised as Greeks and neverspeaking English in public, with Singleton married to William's sister as aruse.
Defoe wrote an account of the Great Plague of 1665: A Journalof the Plague Year.
He also wrote Moll Flanders (1722), a picaresque first-personnarration of the fall and eventual redemption of a lone woman in 17th centuryEngland. She appears as a whore, bigamist and thief, lives in The Mint, commitsadultery and incest, yet manages to keep the reader's sympathy. This work andRoxana, The Fortunate Mistress (1724) offer remarkable examples of the way inwhich Defoe seems to inhabit his fictional (yet „drawn from life“)characters, not least in that they are women.
Daniel Defoe died on April 21. 1731 and was interred in Bunhill Fields. London. [edit] Defoe and the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707
No fewer than 545 titles, ranging from satirical poems,political and religious pamphlets and volumes have been ascribed to Defoe. Hisambitious business ventures saw him bankrupt by 1692, with a wife and seven childrento support. In 1703 he published an ironic attack on the high Tories, and wasprosecuted for seditious libel, sentenced to be pilloried, fined 200 marks, andbe detained at the Queen's pleasure. In despair he wrote to William Paterson.the London Scot, and founder of the Bank of England and part instigator of theDarien Disaster, who was in the confidence of Robert Hartley, leading Ministerand spymaster in the English Government. Hartley accepted Defoe's services andreleased him in 1703. He immediately published The Review, which appearedweekly, then three times a week, written mostly by himself. This was the mainmouthpiece of the Government promoting the Act of Union 1707.[1]
Defoe began his campaign in The Review and other pamphletsaimed at English opinion, claiming correctly that it would end the threat fromthe North, gaining for the Treasury an „inexhaustible treasury ofmen“ a valuable new market increasing the power of England. By September 1706Hartley ordered Defoe to Edinburgh as a secret agent, to do everything possibleto help secure acquiescence of the Treaty. He was very conscious of the risk tohimself Thanks to books such The Letters of Daniel Defoe, (edited by GH Healey,Oxford 1955) which are readily far more is known about his activities than isusual with such agents.
His first reports were of vivid descriptions of violentdemonstrations against the Union. „A Scots rabble is the worst of itskind,“ he reported. Years later John Clerk of Penacook, a leadingUnionist, wrote in his memories that,
»He was a spy among us, but not known as such, otherwisethe Mob of Edinburgh would pull him to pieces."
Defoe being a Presbyterian, who suffered in England for hisconvictions, was accepted as an adviser to the Assembly of the Church andParliamentary Committees. He told Hartley that he was «privy to all theirfolly», but «Perfectly unsuspected as with corresponding with anybodyin England.» He was then able to influence the proposals that were put toParliament and reported back: «Having had the honor to be always sent forthe committee to whom these amendments were referred, I have had the goodfortune to break their measures in two particulars via the bounty on Corn andproportion of the Excise.»
Yet Defoe was also a devout Presbyterian, faithful husband,doting father, and genius of the first order, a man who invented both modernjournalism and the modern novel in his furious forty-year career. His greatestachievement, Robinson Crusoe, is a masterpiece of religious prose that hasappeared in over 1,200 editions in English alone, has been translated intoalmost every known language, and continues to instruct delighted readers, as ithas for nearly three hundred years, on the basics of Christian civilization bymeans of one of the most exciting adventure stories ever penned.
How to reconcile the two Defoe’s? This is the mystery thatany biographer must confront, and one that Richard West only partiallyresolves.
The enigma begins with Defoe's birth. We remain uncertainabout his year or place of birth, although 1661 in the parish of St. Giles, Cripple gate, seems likely. Raised a Dissenter—a Presbyterian in an Anglicannation—he was barred from Oxford and Cambridge and instead received three yearsof higher education under the Reverend Charles Morton, a future vice-presidentof Harvard University who drilled his pupils in science, modern tongues, andthe intricacies of English rhetoric. Defoe learned his lessons well. He took awaywith him a superb prose style and a burning resentment of the upper classes whohad denied him entrance to Oxbridge, coupled with a scarcely-disguised just tojoin their ranks—a blend of envy and hatred common among young middle-class meneven today.
As West suggested, this ambivalence toward social betters wasone of Defoe's driving obsessions. Another was his terror of debt and his senseof being hounded by creditors, as well as by literary and political opponents.Defoe relished the harsh world of late-seventeenth- andearly-eighteenth-century business, when capitalism was coming of age;unfortunately, he had an uncanny knack for investing in projects that left himin ruins. He traded in cows, bricks, tobacco, honey, land, diving bells, andeven civet cats, almost always for a loss. By his early thirties, Defoe hadsquandered his wife's considerable dowry, was in debt for 17,000 pounds, and had declared bankruptcy—an act that barred him for life from public service. Westdescribes the aftermath with typical empathy: «The torment of mind hesuffered… condemned him to a life of misery, fear, loneliness, andremorse, from which he could only escape through prayer, the love of hisfamily, and eventually by writing books.»
Defoe responded to the crisis with characteristic ingenuity:He decided to switch careers and become journalist—and not just any journalist.As West enthuses, «He was the first master, if not the inventor, of almostevery feature of modern newspapers, including the leading article,investigative reporting, the foreign news analysis, the agony aunt, the gossipcolumn, the candid obituary, and even the kind of soul-searching piece whichFleet Street calls the 'Why, Oh Why.»1
This new venture unleashed the best and worst in Defoe. Onthe one hand, he delighted in subterfuge. He wrote bogus letters to the editor,bogus travelogues, bogus histories; he worked as a journalistic double agent,writing for Tory journals while in the employ of the Whigs; he delighted inprinting anti-Catholic drivel (and spent a lifetime seething about «PopishPlots,» including, so he thought, the Great London Fire of 1666); he rakedup scandal wherever he could, insulting enemies and shocking friends.
On the other hand, he vigorously defended his faith andaccepted a prison term as the price of principle. Although it is not alwaysacknowledged by his biographers—West does better here than many—Defoe'sprofessional life focused on the place of religion in personal and public life.All his writings, from novels to marriage manuals, from occult studies topolitical broadsides, stem from the viewpoint of a devout Dissenter fightingfor survival in an Anglican nation. It was for Scotland he used differentarguments, even the opposite of those he used in England, for example, usuallyignoring the English doctrine of the Sovereignty of Parliament, telling theScots that they could have complete confidence in the guarantees in the Treaty.Some of his pamphlets were purported to be written by Scots, misleading evenreputable historians into quoting them as evidence of Scottish opinion of thetime. The same is true of a massive history of the Union which Defoe publishedin 1709 and which some historians still treat as a valuable contemporary sourcefor their own works. Defoe took pains to give his history an air of objectivityby giving some space to arguments against the Union, but always having the lastword for himself.
He disposed of the main Union opponent, Andrew Fletcher ofSlaton, by just ignoring him. Nor does he account for the deviousness of theDuke of Hamilton, the official leader of the Squadron Volant against the Union,who finally acted against his comrades in the decisive stages of the debate.Hamilton was to lead an Anti-Union Rebellion of 1708, where Covenanters hadmarched from Galloway (and were betrayed at Dumfries) to unite with Jacobitesat Edinburgh. A Highland Army camped outside Edinburgh were given the keys bythe town guard to let them in. The Illustrious Duke failed to turn up, due to atoothache, and the French frigates in the Forth had to turn back.
Defoe made no attempt to explain why the same ScottishParliament which was so vehement for its Independence from 1703 to 1705 becameso supine in 1706. He received very little reward from his paymasters and, ofcourse, no recognition for his services by the government. He made use of hisScottish experience to write his Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain,published in 1726, where he actually admitted that the increase of trade andpopulation in Scotland, which he had predicted as a consequence of the Union,was «not the case, but rather the contrary.»
Defoe's description of Glasgow (Glaschu) as a «DearGreen Place» has often been misquoted as a Gaelic translation for thetown. The Gaelic Glass could mean grey or green, chu means dog or hollow.Glaschu probably actually means 'Green Hollow'. The «Dear GreenPlace», like much of Scotland, was a hotbed of unrest against the Union.The local Tron minister urged his congregation «to up and anent for theCity of God». The 'Dear Green Place' and «City of God» requiredgovernment troops to put down the rioters tearing up copies of the Treaty, asat almost every merchant cross in Scotland.
When Defoe revisited in the mid 1720's he claimed that thehostility towards his party was, «because they were English and because ofthe Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against.»
Reviewed by Philip Zaleski J the best physical description ofDaniel Defoe comes to us, fittingly, from a wanted poster: «a middle sizedspare man, about 40 years old, of a brown complexion, and dark brown-coloredhair, but wears a wig; a hooked nose, a sharp chin, grey eyes and a large molenear his mouth.»
This unappealing description was issued by the Earl ofNottingham in 1702 against «Daniel de Foe, alias Defoe,» sought for«high crimes and misdemeanor» for publishing an anonymous parody ofTory religious invective. The poster, and the accusation that spawned it,neatly encapsulate much of Defoe's life: a writer on the lam, a lover ofaliases, given to anonymous and pseudonymous productions; a middle-classmerchant bewigged to pass as an aristocrat; a literary pugilist who scorned theorthodoxies of the day; a man judged by many of his contemporaries to be aferret, a sneak, a public menace.
this issue that produced his first best-seller, The True-BornEnglishman (1700), a poem of high passion and mordant wit defending the reignof the Protestant King William III. It contains the memorable lines:
Wherever God erects a house of prayer, The Devil alwaysbuilds a chapel there, And 'twill be found upon examination, The latter has thelargest congregation.
Defoe's somewhat paradoxical love for both religiousrighteousness and literary deceit soon led to his undoing. In 1702 he publishedThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters, the parody that occasioned the wantedposter quoted above, in which he suggested that the best way to handlingreligious nonconformists was to hang them. At first many Tories missed the jokeand welcomed this splendid final solution. When they discovered that it was alla hoax, they went for Defoe's throat. Three visits to the pillory and a stretchin New gate Prison resulted. According to West, this was one of the greatdefining moments in his subject's life, a near-martyrdom that, «far frombreaking Defoe's spirit,… gave him the courage, patience, and resolution heneeded during the years ahead.»
Defoe's prison term also gave one of his admirers—RobertHarley, Speaker of the House of Commons and a moderate Tory—a chance tointervene on his behalf. Soon enough Defoe was set free by edict of Queen Anneand enlisted as a spy for Her Majesty's Government. Here, too, he stood outfrom the pack. In 1707 he wrote to his employer:
In my management here [among pro-Catholic Jocosities] I am aperfect emissary. I act the old part of Cardinal Richelieu. I have my spies andmy pensioners in every place, and I confess 'tis the easiest thing in the worldto hire people here to betray their friends.
Defoe's years as secret-agent-cum-journalist make for themost exciting portions of the biography. West admires his subject andtolerates, even as he tsk-tsks, Defoe's most outrageous behavior—a refreshingchange from the current fashion that requires biographers to rip their subjectsto shreds. Happily, there is much that deserves admiration, not least Defoe'sastonishing industry. He started a weekly newspaper, the Review, and from1704-1713 wrote each issue in its entirety. He churned out one bizarre bookafter another: The Dyed of Poland (17'05) transpose^ English politics toGdansk, while the very title of The Consolidator: Or Memoir of SundryTransactions in the World of the Moon (also 1705) speaks for itself. For twentyyears he wrote and spied; at one time, he ran eight newspapers, penning largeportions of each himself. Approaching the watershed of his sixtieth year, hisjournalistic energies finally began to flag. Small wonder! But rather thanretire his pen, Defoe reinvented himself again, and became, in 1719, theworld's first novelist.
Here we run up against the mystery already alluded to: Howcan we explain the miracle of Robinson Crusoe West prepares us for thisglorious invention by harping on Defoe's love of subterfuge. For Crusoe, likemany of Defoe's earlier works, is a hoax, a novel posing as autobiography(«The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York,Mariner… Written by himself). Defoe's subsequent novels—Journal of thePlague Year, Moll Flanders, Roxana, and the rest—belong to the same shadowygenre of fiction passing as truth.
Crusoe's format, then, seems well-accounted for. But what ofits content? Those who have read the unabridged version know that Crusoe ismore than an adventure novel; it is a tale of religious conversion, telling howan isolated man rebuilds Christendom from some bits of flotsam and a repentantheart. Here West provides another clue, demonstrating how, as Defoe aged, hegrew more convinced of the dangers of secularism and of the need for religiousintegrity and a rigorous moral code.
Defoe expounded these ideas in a series of books, written atthe same time as Crusoe, including The Family Instructor, Religious Courtship,and Conjugal Lewdness or Matrimonial Whoredom. All three works counsel a strictChristian life, dispensing advice on wayward sons, impious wives, the evil ofcontraception and abortion, and the danger of exercising the „frolicpart“ outside of the marriage chamber. As West points out, these texts notonly establish Defoe as a champion of Christian virtue—a theme sounded over andover again in Crusoe—but also reveal his domestic happiness, including his lovefor his wife, Mary.
But what of Crusoe's literary brilliance, its startlinguniversality, which led Coleridge to remark that „compare the contemptuousSwift with the contemned De Foe, and how superior will the latter be found….. [He] raises me into the universal man. Now this is De Foe's excellence. Youbecome a man while you read“? Here West is of little help. In place ofanalysis, he offers plot summary. It is pleasant to discover a Defoe biographythat rises above the special-interest interpretations offered by Rousseau,Marx, Virginia Wolf, et al., but one wishes that West, who is obviouslysympathetic to Defoe's religiosity, had done more to explore its role in hissubject's greatest work. He does advance one pet theory, asserting, contrary toall prevailing Crusoe criticism, that the true-life tale of Alexander Selkirkwas not the genesis for Defoe's masterpiece. The contention is amusing andsmartly argued, but hardly makes up for West's clumsiness at literarydiscussion—a serious flaw in an otherwise solid book.
Defoe ended his professional years as he began them, writinga string of curiosities that include General History of the Pirates (1726) andThe Universal History of Apparitions (1729).[2] He died clonein a London boarding house, hiding from debtors. The cause of death was givenas „lethargy,“ an ailment that would have surely killed a man of suchcompressed energies. He left behind 566 books and pamphlets as well as abundantevidence, if such be needed, of the infinite mystery of the human person. Forwho can fathom this liar, spy, and wearer of masks, this incomparable literarygenius, this tireless exponent of Christian goodness? Which aspect reignedsupreme we will never know, but we can be sure, from a letter written a yearbefore his death, where Defoe placed his hope: „Be it that the passage isrough and the day stormy, by which way so ever He pleases to bring me to theend of it, I desire to finish life with this temper of soul in all cases:
Philip Zaleski is editor of The Best Spiritual Writing 1998and author, most recently, of Gifts of the Spirit. His article “TheStrange Shipwreck of Robinson Crusoe» appeared in the May 1995 issue ofFirst Things.
O Email this to a friend
Daniel Defoe was born in London in 1660, probably inSeptember, third child and first son of James and Mary Defoe. Daniel received avery good education, as his father hoped he would become ministers, but Danielwasn't interested. His family was Dissenters, Presbyterians to be precise, andthose sects were being persecuted a bit at this time, so maybe Daniel had theright idea. He was always very tolerant of others' religious ideas himself.
His mother died when he was ten, and his father sent him to aboarding school, after which he attended Morison’s Academy, as he could notgraduate from Oxford or Cambridge without taking an oath of loyalty to theChurch of England. He was a very good student, and his teacher, the ReverendMr. Norton himself, would later show up as a character in some of Daniel'sfiction. Daniel graduated in 1679, and by then he'd pretty much decided againstthe ministry, though he wrote and spoke in favor of the Dissenters all hislives.
By 1683, Daniel was a successful young merchant, with astorefront in an upscale part of London and no real ideas of becoming a writerat all. On New Year's Day, 1684, he married Mary Truffle, an heiress whosedowry amounted to £3,7004. Later that year, he joined the army of therebel Duke of Monmouth, who was attempting to take the throne from James Us.When the rebellion failed, Daniel and many other troops were forced intosemi-exile. He traveled around the continent for three years, off and on, asboth tourist and merchant, and wrote very dangerous, very anti-James IIpamphlets. Daniel was very pleased when William and Mary took charge, and wrotein favor of William in particular, but he was in the minority there.
Daniel went bankrupt in 1692. He ended up owing over£17,000, and though he paid off all but £5,000 within ten years, hewas never again free of debt. Though he still considered himself a merchant,first and foremost, writing suddenly became a more prominent part of his life.In 1701, he wrote a poem? Called the True-Born Englishman which became thebest-selling poem ever at that time. It was so well-known that he signedseveral of his later works as The True-Born Englishman, and everyone knewexactly what that meant. Still, it was only a pamphlet, which made Daniel thelowest form of writer as far as his contemporaries were concerned. He alsostarted taking on a few «unofficial» government jobs, most notably anassignment to Scotland. There was at that time a movement to finally unifyEngland and Scotland, a movement which was very misunderstood by the averageScotsman. So Daniel tried to explain things to them calmly.
There's really no way of telling how well the Scotland thingworked. The next real event in his life was when he was pilloried in July17039. His crime, posted on a sign above his head, was that he wrote a pamphletcalled The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. You may recall that Daniel himselfhad been labeled a Dissenter. This pamphlet, in true Jonathan Swift-style, madeseveral outrageous suggestions for dealing with Dissenters, particularly thosewho practiced «occasional conformity». It sold well, and the HighFlyers (the group which persecuted the Dissenters the most) in particular lovedit, until someone told them it was satirical. Then they had Daniel pilloried.It wasn't quite as nasty of a punishment as it could have been, though— thecrowd respected their True-Born Englishman too much to throw rotten tomatoes athim, the usual custom. He was the only person ever pilloried who later went onto become a national hero.
He'd also gotten another prison term, though, and that was aproblem his business failed while he was in New gate. Desperate to get back onhis feet to support his wife and six children, he contacted Robert Harley,Speaker of Parliament, whom Daniel probably knew from his spying days. Robertappreciated Daniel's usefulness as a writer and manipulator of popular opinion.From then on, Daniel had a steady job as a pamphleteer for all kinds ofministries, Tory and Whig alike.
In 1706, he returned to Scotland and started up a newspaperin Edinburgh called the Post-Maniz, which of course tried to put thestill-under-construction unification plans in the best possible light. ButDaniel, in his eternal quest for truth, actually bothered to learn aboutScotland and its people, a rather unusual thing for that time. He also set up areally impressive intelligence-gathering network. The Act of Union was madeofficial on 1 May 1707, and Daniel was out of one job. But he still had hispamphlets to fall back on, so things were all right.[3]
The first volume of Robinson Crusoe was published on 25 April171914, and it was a big hit, especially with the lower and middle classes.Since that one worked so well, Daniel published Moll Flanders in 1722, drawingheavily on his experiences in New gate prison to add realisms. This novel gothim the label of a social historian, much, much later, of course. The pointwas, the public ate up this kind of thing, and Daniel wrote lots of it. He alsoworked for a publisher named Mr. Applebee between 1720 and 1726, who liked topublish lives of condemned criminals. Daniel used to go to prison cells andeven the scaffold to receive manuscripts for these lives from the criminalsthemselves. He sometimes goofed up on dates and numbers, but all of these livesare wonderful studies of character and society, though often a bit too heavy onthe moral lessons by today's standards.
Daniel wrote on various economic issues of the day, as wellas on the problems of long-term colonization and exploration, showing that hereally was paying a lot of attention to everything. He even wrote a travelbook, A Tour Thro' the whole Island of Great Britain, which was highly unusualfor the time in that he'd actually traveled to the places he wrote about. Hewas really kind of a Renaissance man, I suppose, though he didn't quite live inthe right time period for that. He died in Cripple gate on 24 April 1731, of alethargy?.
Now you can download the entire unabridged texts of both ofDefoe's great Robinson Crusoe novels absolutely free! This plunder is yours forthe taking. You can download it now, or if you're short on disk space, you cancome here and read it online whenever you want.
Robinson Crusoe is one of the world's most popular adventurenovels. Daniel Defoe based his classic tale of shipwreck and survival on anuninhabited island is based on a true story. The real Robinson Crusoe was aScotsman named Alexander Selkirk (or Secreting).
Born in 1676, when Selkirk was 19 years old he was cited forindecent conduct in church, but before he could be reprimanded, he ran off tosea. That was in 1695. By 1703 he was the sailing master of a galley. Thefollowing year he joined a pirate expedition to the Pacific Ocean that was ledby Capt. William Dampier. Selkirk's ship had Thomas Straddling as it's captain.
After spending some time in the Pacific and numerous raids onthe Spanish towns and shipping, they were preparing to return to England withtheir booty. Their ship had suffered considerable damage in battle and Selkirkfelt they needed to repair her before setting off around the Horn. The captaindisagreed. After a heated argument and in a fit of anger, Selkirk refused to goany farther and demanded he be set ashore on the Island of Juan Fernandez.which was about 400 miles off the coast of Chile. This, the captain was glad todo.
Once ashore, Selkirk realized the enormity of what he haddone. He thought others in the crew would join him, but none did. He changedhis mind and tried to convince the captain to take him back. The captainrefused and Selkirk found he had marooned himself alone on an uninhabitedisland. Actually this was the smart thing to do since the ship later sankkilling most of those aboard, but at the time he didn't know this.
After about two years on the island he finally saw a ship andran down to the shore to greet it. He realized almost too late that it was aSpanish ship and the
Spaniards opened fire on him as he ran for cover. They wereunable to find him and eventually left. He was much more cautious after that.
Selkirk was able to domesticate some goats and cats he foundon the island and these were his only companions though out his stay of almost4 1/2 years. He was finally found in February 1709 by William Dampier, who wasthen pilot on a private ring expedition headed by Captain Woods Rogers.
Rogers appointed Selkirk as ship's mate and later gave himcommand of captured ship. For the next two years they conducted raids on thecoast of Peru and Chile. They even captured a Spanish galleon. Selkirk was verywell-off when they returned to London in 1711, as his share of the booty cameto £800—a sizable fortune in those days. Selkirk soon met essayist RichardSteele, who wrote up Selkirk's story and published it as «TheEnglishman» in 1711.[4]
Selkirk eventually returned to his home in Scotland, where hebecame quite a celebrity. Though he did get married, he never quite recoveredfrom his stay on the island. Spending much of his time alone, he didn't feelcomfortable living indoors and built a sort of cave or bower behind hisfather's house that he stayed in. He also trained two cats to perform littlefeats, like he did on the island. Eventually he returned to sea and he died offever off the coast of Africa in 1721 at the age of
While some biographers say Defoe never met Selkirk, otherssay the two met at the house of Mrs. Demaris Daniel in Bristol, where Selkirktold Defoe firsthand of his adventures and even gave Defoe his personal papers.Either way, there's little doubt Crusoe is largely inspired by Selkirk. He mayhave also been in Robert Louis Stephenson's mind when he wrote of the maroonedpirate Ben Gunn in Treasure Island.
In the novel, Defoe extended Selkirk's 4 1/2 years on theisland to Robinson Crusoe's 28 years. He also moved the island from off thecoast of Chile far out in the Pacific Ocean to just off the coast of Venezuela.In relation to our main interest—which is pirates and piracy—before Crusoe isshipwrecked on the island he is captured by Moorish pirates from Sallee on thecoast of Africa, but soon escapes. And while his rescuers are not exactlypirates, they are in the midst of a mutiny that Crusoe helps put down andbrings them back to the straight and narrow.
Even though Robinson Crusoe is a fictional character, likeSherlock Holmes he has crossed over from fiction to fact in the minds of somepeople. There are even people on the Island of Tobago who claim to be descendedfrom Robinson Crusoe.
The sours of the “Robinson Crusoe’s Adventures”
Need is the Mother of inventions as an expression taking fromwoods Rodgers the author of “The sail around the world” written 1712. WoodsRodgers was the captain who found Alexander Selkirk on the island “KhanFernandez”.[5]
1. М. П. Алексеев:Статьи в книге «Даниель Дефо и его роман “Робинзон Крузо “ стр.5-8.»
Москва « Детская литература» 1988. стр. 3-248.
Alexander Selkirk a Scottish scat of sailor who lived in KhanFernandez island 4 years and 4 month (1705-1709)
Defoe’s hero is a typical Englishman. He has his owndignities and (short-comings) = lack= (of) shortages of his characters theseare analyzed by Defoe’s as the character of the main hero. The hero wants hiscountry to be developed and to be the owner of new colonies. That is whyRobinson Crusoe sells the boy in Brazil though he could escape captivitytogether with the boy he does it without any hesitation indifferently. He turnsFriday into his servant and for slave though he makes pacific speeches againstSpanish colonizers and gustier. These are common typical features almost everycontemporary of the writer.
Selkirk and his like stayed in union habited islands not toolong. But Robinson Crusoe lived in his island twenty eight years, two monthsand nineteen days. The author knew this is rather long solitude lonelinessthough.
The man had a strong will and energy as even comparativelyless period, left to destiny itself last their human look cast of mind and theneven last their speech. But lengthening the term period. Defoe go anopportunity to awake the readers’ sympathy to his hero.
He also got a necessary opportunity for detailed descriptionabout moral and physical development of single man, about possible means ofdevelopment of his abilities and spiritual force. This story turned into astory about inner ripening of a man, full of delicate fine physiologicalobservations. Specialists think that Daniel Defoe felt strong influence of thephilosophy of the end of the XVIII and the beginning of the XIX centuries.Especially Defoe’s outlook had much in common with the ideas of one of thefounders of English Enlightment John Lock the author of “An Experience (about)on Human Mind”.[6]
Daniel Defoe borrowed an idea from John Lock about it a manin solitude could appropriate the fight to own the land and the products to allmembers of the society.
The influence of John Lock’s ideas concerning education canbe seen in Robinson’s teaching Friday the truths of Christian religion.
Defoe’s book is penetrated with the ideas of Enlightenmentthese are: glorification of reasons, optimism, and labor. “Robinson Crusoe” isa book of complex structure and of big ideological content. These things madethe book popular in the Epoch of Enlightenment. These ideas put the book on thetop of the belles letters of those days, these ideas made it the prototype offuture realistic novel in European literature.   
“Robinson Crusoe” made great impression on prominent writersand poets one of whom was Goethe, not only the men of letters of Europe but inother countries too. Great books of world literature are kept in the minds inthe memories of many generations of readers not only for their significance butalso what effects they had for the development of the future literature. Thisnovel belongs to the ranks of works which are read by millions of people allthe world over. The book staid alive thanks to the fact that it thought us tolive and build life. Future readers should also know this educative essence ofthe book and they should never forget the significance of this nice creation,we must not forget the lessons of the hero.
“Robinson Crusoe’s way to Uzbekistan via Russia
A well known scholar Alekseev M.P. tells us that the firstRussian translator of Defoe’s novel was Trusov. His translation ( made, by theway, from French) was published in two parts in 1762-1764 and has in Russianthe following little. Жизнь и приключения. Робинзон Крузо природного англичанина Д. Фое. No doubt that in XVIIIcentury “Robinson Crusoe” was read much both in Russian translation and besidesin different western European abridged editions and alterations. (переделки) This period ma be considered thetime when youth lived to read the book. In N. I. Novelov’s journal magazine “Детская чтение для сердца и разума”(1785-1789) (“children’sreading for heart and reason”) we find an extraction from “Robinson Crusoe anditched alteration 1779 made I. G. Khaire. And in “Reminiscences” of S. H.Glinka there is a story about his tutor, Frenchman Lablane, who had been apassionate admirer of “Robinson” and who implanted love in for this famous booknot only but all his ages when twenty years later the same Glinka began topublish his magazine “New children’s readers” (1819-1824) he opened themagazine with “Robinson Crusoe” in his own shortening curtailment andalteration for young readers. And the shortenings curtailments from the samework extracts in the magazines for grown ups.
There appeared various alterations of the book. Differentbooks appeared during not only XVIII but XIX century as well. Among shade whomade such alterations shortenings curtailments we may name us outstandingRussian writers L. N. Tolstoy. Among many publish and bad translations we maymansion. P. A. Korsakov and P. Konchalovsky’s translation.
M. A. Shishmoreva and Z. N. Shuravshaya as experiencedtranslators carried out new interpretations of the novel in XIX-XX centuries. Yorkan ancient town of northern England gave the name to one of the widest fastestdukedom the Kingdom Yorkshire was also one of the most important trade portscenturies. Crusoe is near to a Germanic Lord Kraus “Корец”and a verb “крейцер”- крестить.
Robinson Crusoe and his character
An unnamed editor explains his reasons for offering us thenarrative we are about to read. He does not mention the name or story ofRobinson Crusoe explicitly but, rather, describes the narrative as a “privateman’s adventures in the world” and focuses on its realism when he calls it a“just history of fact.” He claims it is modest and serious, and that it has aninstructive value, teaching us to honor “the wisdom of Providence.” Thus, theeditor asserts he is doing a great service to the world in publishing Crusoe’stale.
A man named Robinson Crusoe records his own life story,beginning with his birth in 1632 in the English city of York. Crusoe’s fatherwas a German, originally named Kreutznaer. Crusoe is the youngest of threebrothers, the eldest being a soldier and the second one having vanishedmysteriously. As the youngest son in the family, Crusoe is expected to inheritlittle, and, as a result, his father encourages him to take up the law. ButCrusoe’s inclination is to go to sea. His family strongly opposes this idea,and his father gives him a stern lecture on the value of accepting a middlestation in life. Crusoe resolves to follow his father’s advice. But when one ofhis friends embarks for London, Crusoe succumbs to temptation and boards theship on September 1, 1651. A storm develops. Near Yarmouth the weather is sobad that Crusoe fears for his life and prays to God for deliverance. The shipnearly founders, but all are saved. Crusoe sees this ordeal as a sign of fatethat he should give up sea travel, and his friend’s father warns him againstsetting foot on a ship again, echoing his own father’s warning.
ROBINSON CRUSOE IS AN ENGLISHMAN from the town of York in theseventeenth century, the youngest son of a merchant of German origin.Encouraged by his father to study law, Crusoe expresses his wish to go to seainstead. His family is against Crusoe going out to sea, and his father explainsthat it is better to seek a modest, secure life for oneself. Initially,Robinson is committed to obeying his father, but he eventually succumbs totemptation and embarks on a ship bound for London with a friend. When a stormcauses the near deaths of Crusoe and his friend, the friend is dissuaded fromsea travel, but Crusoe still goes on to set himself up as merchant on a shipleaving London. This trip is financially successful, and Crusoe plans another,leaving his early profits in the care of a friendly widow. The second voyagedoes not prove as fortunate: the ship is seized by Moorish pirates, and Crusoeis enslaved to a potentate in the North African town of Sallee. While on afishing expedition, he and a slave boy break free and sail down the Africancoast. A kindly Portuguese captain picks them up, buys the slave boy fromCrusoe, and takes Crusoe to Brazil. In Brazil, Crusoe establishes himself as aplantation owner and soon becomes successful. Eager for slave labor and itseconomic advantages, he embarks on a slave-gathering expedition to West Africabut ends up shipwrecked off of the coast of Trinidad.
Crusoe soon learns he is the sole survivor of the expeditionand seeks shelter and food for himself. He returns to the wreck’s remainstwelve times to salvage guns, powder, food, and other items. Onshore, he findsgoats he can graze for meat and builds himself a shelter. He erects a crossthat he inscribes with the date of his arrival, September 1, 1659, and makes anotch every day in order never to lose track of time. He also keeps a journalof his household activities, noting his attempts to make candles, his luckydiscovery of sprouting grain, and his construction of a cellar, among otherevents. In June 1660, he falls ill and hallucinates that an angel visits,warning him to repent. Drinking tobacco-steeped rum, Crusoe experiences areligious illumination and realizes that God has delivered him from his earliersins. After recovering, Crusoe makes a survey of the area and discovers he ison an island. He finds a pleasant valley abounding in grapes, where he builds ashady retreat. Crusoe begins to feel more optimistic about being on the island,describing himself as its “king.” He trains a pet parrot, takes a goat as a pet,and develops skills in basket weaving, bread making, and pottery. He cuts downan enormous cedar tree and builds a huge canoe from its trunk, but he discoversthat he cannot move it to the sea. After building a smaller boat, he rowsaround the island but nearly perishes when swept away by a powerful current.Reaching shore, he hears his parrot calling his name and is thankful for beingsaved once again. He spends several years in peace.
One day Crusoe is shocked to discover a man’s footprint onthe beach. He first assumes the footprint is the devil’s, then decides it mustbelong to one of the cannibals said to live in the region. Terrified, he armshimself and remains on the lookout for cannibals. He also builds an undergroundcellar in which to herd his goats at night and devises a way to cookunderground. One evening he hears gunshots, and the next day he is able to seea ship wrecked on his coast. It is empty when he arrives on the scene toinvestigate. Crusoe once again thanks Providence for having been saved. Soonafterward, Crusoe discovers that the shore has been strewn with human carnage,apparently the remains of a cannibal feast. He is alarmed and continues to bevigilant. Later Crusoe catches sight of thirty cannibals heading for shore withtheir victims. One of the victims is killed. Another one, waiting to beslaughtered, suddenly breaks free and runs toward Crusoe’s dwelling. Crusoeprotects him, killing one of the pursuers and injuring the other, whom thevictim finally kills. Well-armed, Crusoe defeats most of the cannibals onshore.The victim vows total submission to Crusoe in gratitude for his liberation.Crusoe names him Friday, to commemorate the day on which his life was saved,and takes him as his servant.
I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreignerof Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, andleaving off his trade lived afterward at York, from whence he had married mymother, whose relations were named Robinson, a good family in that country, andfrom whom I was called Robinson Kreutznear; but by the usual corruption ofwords in England we are now called, nay, we call ourselves, and write our name,Crusoe, and so my companions always called me. [7]
I had two elder brothers, one ofwhich was lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders,formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battlenear Dunkirk against the Spaniards; what became of my second brother I neverknew, any more than my father and mother did know what was become of me.
Being the third son of the family,and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with ramblingthoughts. My father, who was very ancient, had given me a competent share oflearning, as far as house-education and a country free school generally goes,and designed me for the law, but I would be satisfied with nothing but going tosea; and my inclination to this led me so strongly against the will, nay, thecommands, of my father, and against all the entreaties and persuasions of my motherand other friends, that there seemed to be something fatal in that professionof nature tending directly to the life of misery which was to befall me.
My father, a wise and grave man, gaveme serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design. Hecalled me one morning into his chamber, where he was confined by the gout, andexpostulated very warmly with me upon this subject. He asked me what reasonsmore than a mere wandering inclination I had for leaving my father's house andmy native country, where I might be well introduced, and had a prospect ofraising my fortunes by application and industry, with a life of ease andpleasure. He told me it was for men of desperate fortunes on one hand, or ofaspiring, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon adventures, torise by enterprise, and make themselves famous in undertakings of a nature outof the common road; that these things were all either too far above me, or toofar below me; that mine was the middle state, or what might be called the upperstation of low life, which he had found by long experience was the best statein the world, the most suited to human happiness, not exposed to the miseriesand hardships, the labor and sufferings, of the mechanic part of mankind, andnot embarrassed with the pride, luxury, ambition, and envy of the upper part ofmankind. He told me I might judge of the happiness of this state by one thing,viz., that this was the state of life which all other people envied; that kingshave frequently lamented the miserable consequences of being born to greatthings, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes,between the mean and the great; that the wise man gave his testimony to this asthe just standard of true felicity, when he prayed to have neither poverty norriches.
He bid me observe it, and I shouldalways find that the calamities of life were shared among the upper and lowerpart of mankind; but that the middle station had the fewest disasters and wasnot exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind.Nay, they were not subjected to so many distempers and uneasiness either ofbody or mind as those were who, by vicious living, luxury, and extravagancieson one hand, or by hard labor, want of necessaries, and mean or insufficientdiet on the other hand, bring distempers upon themselves by the naturalconsequences of their way of living; that the middle station of life wascalculated for all kind of virtues and all kind of enjoyments; that peace and plentywere the handmaids of a middle fortune; that temperance, moderation, quietness,health, society, all agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, werethe blessings attending the middle station of life; that this way men wentsilently and smoothly through the world, and comfortably out of it, notembarrassed with the labors of the hands or of the head, not sold to the lifeof slavery for daily bread, or harassed with perplexed circumstances, which robthe soul of peace, and the body of rest; not enraged with the passion of envy,or secret burning lust of ambition for great things; but in easy circumstancessliding gently through the world, and sensibly tasting the sweets of living,without the bitter, feeling that they are happy, and learning by every day'sexperience to know it more sensibly.
After this, he pressed me earnestly,and in the most affectionate manner, not to play the young man, not toprecipitate myself into miseries which Nature and the station of life I wasborn in seemed to have provided against; that I was under no necessity ofseeking my bread; that he would do well for me, and endeavor to enter me fairlyinto the station of life which he had been just recommending to me; and that ifI was not very easy and happy in the world it must be my mere fate or faultthat must hinder it, and that he should have nothing to answer for, having thusdischarged his duty in warning me against measures which he knew would be to myhurt; in a word, that as he would do very kind things for me if I would stayand settle at home as he directed, so he would not have so much hand in mymisfortunes, as to give me any encouragement to go away. And to close all, hetold me I had my elder brother for an example, to whom he had used the sameearnest persuasions to keep him from going into the Low Country wars, but couldnot prevail, his young desires prompting him to run into the army, where he waskilled; and though he said he would not cease to pray for me, yet he wouldventure to say to me, that if I did take this foolish step, God would not blessme, and I would have leisure hereafter to reflect upon having neglected hiscounsel when there might be none to assist in my recovery.
I observed in this last part of hisdiscourse, which was truly prophetic, though I suppose my father did not knowit to be so himself — I say, I observed the tears run down his face veryplentifully, and especially when he spoke of my brother who was killed; andthat when he spoke of my having leisure to repent, and none to assist me, hewas so moved that he broke off the discourse, and told me his heart was so fullhe could say no more to me. [8]
I was sincerely affected with thisdiscourse, as indeed who could be otherwise? And I resolved not to think ofgoing abroad any more, but to settle at home according to my father's desire.But alas! a few days wore it all off; and, in short, to prevent any of myfather's farther importunities, in a few weeks after I resolved to run quiteaway from him. However, I did not act so hastily neither as my first heat ofresolution prompted, but I took my mother, at a time when I thought her alittle pleasanter than ordinary, and told her that my thoughts were so entirelybent upon seeing the world that I should never settle to anything withresolution enough to go through with it, and my father had better give me hisconsent than force me to go without it; that I was now eighteen years old,which was too late to go apprentice to a trade, or clerk to an attorney; that Iwas sure if I did, I should never serve out my time, and I should certainly runaway from my master before my time was out, and go to sea; and if she wouldspeak to my father to let me go but one voyage abroad, if I came home again anddid not like it, I would go no more, and I would promise by a double diligenceto recover that time I had lost.
This put my mother into a greatpassion. She told me she knew it would be to no purpose to speak to my fatherupon any such subject; that he knew too well what was my interest to give hisconsent to anything so much for my hurt, and that she wondered how I couldthink of any such thing after such a discourse as I had had with my father, andsuch kind and tender expressions as she knew my father had used to me; andthat, in short, if I would ruin myself there was no help for me; but I mightdepend I should never have their consent to it; that for her part, she shouldnot have so much hand in my destruction, and I should never have it to say,that my mother was willing when my father was not.
Finding Friday cheerful and intelligent, Crusoe teaches himsome English words and some elementary Christian concepts. Friday, in turn,explains that the cannibals are divided into distinct nations and that theyonly eat their enemies. Friday also informs Crusoe that the cannibals saved themen from the shipwreck Crusoe witnessed earlier, and that those men, Spaniards,are living nearby. Friday expresses a longing to return to his people, andCrusoe is upset at the prospect of losing Friday. Crusoe then entertains theidea of making contact with the Spaniards, and Friday admits that he wouldrather die than lose Crusoe. The two build a boat to visit the cannibals’ landtogether. Before they have a chance to leave, they are surprised by the arrivalof twenty-one cannibals in canoes. The cannibals are holding three victims, oneof whom is in European dress. Friday and Crusoe kill most of the cannibals andrelease the European, a Spaniard. Friday is overjoyed to discover that anotherof the rescued victims is his father. The four men return to Crusoe’s dwellingfor food and rest. Crusoe prepares to welcome them into his communitypermanently. He sends Friday’s father and the Spaniard out in a canoe toexplore the nearby land.
Eight days later, the sight of an approaching English shipalarms Friday. Crusoe is suspicious. Friday and Crusoe watch as eleven men takethree captives onshore in a boat. Nine of the men explore the land, leaving twoto guard the captives. Friday and Crusoe overpower these men and release thecaptives, one of whom is the captain of the ship, which has been taken in amutiny. Shouting to the remaining mutineers from different points, Friday andCrusoe confuse and tire the men by making them run from place to place.Eventually they confront the mutineers, telling them that all may escape withtheir lives except the ringleader. The men surrender. Crusoe and the captainpretend that the island is an imperial territory and that the governor hasspared their lives in order to send them all to England to face justice.Keeping five men as hostages, Crusoe sends the other men out to seize the ship.When the ship is brought in, Crusoe nearly faints.
On December 19, 1686, Crusoe boards the ship to return toEngland.[9] There, he finds hisfamily is deceased except for two sisters. His widow friend has kept Crusoe’smoney safe, and after traveling to Lisbon, Crusoe learns from the Portuguesecaptain that his plantations in Brazil have been highly profitable. He arrangesto sell his Brazilian lands. Wary of sea travel, Crusoe attempts to return toEngland by land but is threatened by bad weather and wild animals in northernSpain. Finally arriving back in England, Crusoe receives word that the sale ofhis plantations has been completed and that he has made a considerable fortune.After donating a portion to the widow and his sisters, Crusoe is restless andconsiders returning to Brazil, but he is dissuaded by the thought that he wouldhave to become Catholic. He marries, and his wife dies. Crusoe finally departsfor the East Indies as a trader in 1694. He revisits his island, finding thatthe Spaniards are governing it well and that it has become a prosperous colony.Robinson Crusoe was born in York whose father was from Bremen, but before thenlived in Hull a town an Eastern court of England he made his first travel in1651 on the first of September on a ship which went left London. RobinsonCrusoe was born on a respectable family. His father came from Berwyn and firsthe lived in Hull, later when he came into a fortune, he left his business thereand moved to York. His father married Robinson’s mother who belonged to an oldstock and on his mother’s side he bore the mane of Robinson. And the boy, whoseinteresting life adventures in this novel are described, was given the name ofRobinson. The surname of his father was Cruiser and Englishmen according totheir tradition to fortune the language foreign words turned Cruiser intoCrusoe. And later they began to name and to put their signatures as Crusoe. Hehad two brothers, one of them served in Flandreau in an English infantryregiment and he was killed in the battle with Spanish. And Robinson did notknow what had happened to his brother Robinson’s parents wanted him to become alawyer, but the boy dreamed of becoming a traveler.
Robinson Crusoe, as a young and impulsive wanderer, defiedhis parents and went to sea. He was involved in a series of violent storms atsea and was warned by the captain that he should not be a seafaring man.Ashamed to go home, Crusoe boarded another ship and returned from a successfultrip to Africa. Taking off again, Crusoe met with bad luck and was takenprisoner in Sallie. His captors sent Crusoe out to fish, and he used this tohis advantage and escaped, along with a slave.
He was rescued by a Portuguese ship and started a newadventure. He landed in Brazil, and, after some time, he became the owner of asugar plantation. Hoping to increase his wealth by buying slaves, he alignedhimself with other planters and undertook a trip to Africa in order to bringback a shipload of slaves. After surviving a storm, Crusoe and the others wereshipwrecked. He was thrown upon shore only to discover that he was the solesurvivor of the wreck.
Crusoe made immediate plans for food, and then shelter, toprotect him from wild animals. He brought as many things as possible from thewrecked ship, things that would be useful later to him. In addition, he beganto develop talents that he had never used in order to provide himself withnecessities. Cut off from the company of men, he began to communicate with God,thus beginning the first part of his religious conversion. To keep his sanityand to entertain himself, he began a journal. In the journal, he recorded everytask that he performed each day since he had been marooned.
As time passed, Crusoe became a skilled craftsman, able toconstruct many useful things, and thus furnished himself with diverse comforts.He also learned about farming, as a result of some seeds which he brought withhim. An illness prompted some prophetic dreams, and Crusoe began to reappraisehis duty to God. Crusoe explored his island and discovered another part of theisland much richer and more fertile, and he built a summer home there.
One of the first tasks he undertook was to build himself acanoe in case an escape became possible, but the canoe was too heavy to get tothe water. He then constructed a small boat and journeyed around the island.Crusoe reflected on his earlier, wicked life, disobeying his parents, andwondered if it might be related to his isolation on this island.
After spending about fifteen years on the island, Crusoefound a man's naked footprint, and he was sorely beset by apprehensions, whichkept him awake many nights. He considered many possibilities to account for thefootprint and he began to take extra precautions against a possible intruder.Sometime later, Crusoe was horrified to find human bones scattered about theshore, evidently the remains of a savage feast. He was plagued again with newfears. He explored the nature of cannibalism and debated his right to interferewith the customs of another race.
Crusoe was cautious for several years, but encounterednothing more to alarm him. He found a cave, which he used as a storage room,and in December of the same year, he spied cannibals sitting around a campfire.He did not see them again for quite some time.
Later, Crusoe saw a ship in distress, but everyone wasalready drowned on the ship and Crusoe remained companionless. However, he wasable to take many provisions from this newly wrecked ship. Sometime later,cannibals landed on the island and a victim escaped. Crusoe saved his life,named him Friday, and taught him English. Friday soon became Crusoe's humbleand devoted slave.
Crusoe and Friday made plans to leave the island and,accordingly, they built another boat. Crusoe also undertook Friday's religiouseducation, converting the savage into a Protestant. Their voyage was postponeddue to the return of the savages. This time it was necessary to attack thecannibals in order to save two prisoners since one was a white man. The whiteman was a Spaniard and the other was Friday's father. Later the four of themplanned a voyage to the mainland to rescue sixteen compatriots of the Spaniard.First, however, they built up their food supply to assure enough food for theextra people. Crusoe and Friday agreed to wait on the island while the Spaniardand Friday's father brought back the other men.[10]
A week later, they spied a ship but they quickly learned thatthere had been a mutiny on board. By devious means, Crusoe and Friday rescuedthe captain and two other men, and after much scheming, regained control of theship. The grateful captain gave Crusoe many gifts and took him and Friday backto England. Some of the rebel crewmen were left marooned on the island.
Crusoe returned to England and found that in his absence hehad become a wealthy man. After going to Lisbon to handle some of his affairs,Crusoe began an overland journey back to England. Crusoe and his companyencountered many hardships in crossing the mountains, but they finally arrivedsafely in England. Crusoe sold his plantation in Brazil for a good price,married, and had three children. Finally, however, he was persuaded to go onyet another voyage, and he visited his old island, where there were promises ofnew adventures to be found in a later account.

Some words about the translation of the novel
Many sides of his worldview can be found in his Diary. Theexcept of if we shall try to analyze. And this put me in mind that I wantedmany things, not with standing all that I had amassed together, and of this inkwas one, as also spade pickaxe, and shovel, to dies or remove the earth,needless, pins and thread, as for liner I soon learned to want “These lines aretranslated into Russian by M. A. Shishmoreva thus.
Conclusion
Robinson Crusoe, the narrator of the story, tells us that hewas born in 1632 in the city of York, England. His father, a German immigrant,married a woman whose name was Robinson, and his real name was RobinsonKreutznaer, but due to the natural corruption of languages, the family nowwrites their name «Crusoe.» He was the third son; his oldest brotherwas killed in a war, and the next son simply disappeared.
When Robinson Crusoe first had an urge to go to sea, hisfather lectured him upon the importance of staying home and being content withhis «middle station» in life. His father maintained that the«middle station had the fewest disasters and was not exposed to so manyvicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind.» After his fatherexpressly forbade him to go to sea, and, furthermore, promised to do goodthings for him if he stayed home, for another whole year, Robinson Crusoestayed at home, but he constantly thought of adventures upon the high sea. Hetried to enlist the aid of his mother, pointing out that he was now eighteenyears old and if he did not like the sea, he could work diligently and make upfor the time he might lose while at sea. She refused to help him, even thoughshe did report his strong feelings to her husband.
When Robinson was nineteen, on the first of September, in1651, he joined a friend on a ship bound for London, without consulting eitherhis father or mother. Almost immediately, «the wind began to blow, and thesea to rise in a most frightful manner.» Robinson Crusoe, who had neverbeen to sea before, saw this as a sign that he was justly «overtaken bythe judgment of Heaven» for his wicked leaving of his father's housewithout letting anyone know. He was so frightened that he made the promise:«If it would please God here to spare my life in this one voyage, if everI got once my foot upon dry land again, I would go directly home to my father,and never set it into a ship again while I lived.» The wind soon abated,and the next morning the sea was so calm and so beautiful that he entirelyforgot the vows and promises that he had made in his distress, and joined theother sailors in a drinking bout.
As they neared a place called Yarmouth Roads, the windsceased to blow and thus they were stilled for eight days, and when the windsdid begin to blow, the ship immediately encountered a storm much more violentthan the earlier one. Even the most experienced sailors were down on theirknees praying. The storm continued with such fury that the seamen acknowledgedthat they had never known a worse one.
When the boat sprung a leak, Robinson was ordered below tohelp pump the water. It soon became apparent that they would not be able tosave the ship and the captain fired several volleys of distress signals. Alighter ship in the vicinity made it up to their ship and was able to take thecrew away from the sinking ship, which foundered soon after they left.
The crew finally got to shore, where Robinson Crusoe met hisfriend's father, who owned the ship. When the captain heard Robinson Crusoe'sstory, he felt strongly that it was the «hand of Providence»instructing Robinson Crusoe never to go to sea any more. He told the young man:«You ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not tobe a seafaring man.» He even wondered if he had done something wrong thatsuch a person as Robinson Crusoe should «come onto his ship,» and hewarned Crusoe again that «you will meet with nothing but disasters anddisappointments» if he did not go back to his father's house.
The impetus for the idea for Robinson Crusoe came to Defoe fromhis reading of the account of a man named Alexander Selkirk who, in a fit ofanger, had himself put ashore on a deserted island. Earlier, Selkirk had gotteninto a fight with a fellow crewman and had himself and his effects put ashoreon an island outside of Chili. When he realized the effect of his actions, hepleaded with his shipmates to come back for him, but it was too late. He wasmarooned on the island for four and a half years. When he was later rescued,the report states that he could hardly speak any more, but he did apparentlyquickly regain his speech.
The account of Alexander Selkirk was published widelythroughout England; he was the subject of an article by Richard Steele in theEnglishman, and an account of his adventures appeared in many other papers.Consequently, Defoe was quite familiar with Selkirk's adventures, and somebiographers maintain that Defoe interviewed Selkirk personally, but this isdebatable.
Many of Selkirk's activities on his island are paralleled byRobinson Crusoe on his island; for example, Selkirk fed on turnips, fish, andgoat's meat; he became overrun with cats, and he had to use his ingenuity tosurvive, all reflected in Defoe's novel. In addition, Alexander Selkirk'soriginal name had been Alexander Sclera, just as Robinson Crusoe's real namehad been Robinson Kreutznaer.
A clue to one of the basic ideas of the novel is given in thefirst chapter, when Crusoe's father admonished his son to stay «in themiddle station» of life--this station being the one which «had thefewest disasters, and was not exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher orlower part of mankind.» Crusoe's pride would not allow him to remain inthis «middle station.» So Crusoe, like the protagonists in many Greekmyths and dramas, suffers from the sin of hubris and is accordingly punished.Often during his confinement on the island, Crusoe is reminded of his father'sadvice and rues his own impulsiveness. Furthermore, the father's pronouncementthat his «boy might be happy if he would stay at home, but if he goesabroad, he will be the most miserable wretch that was ever born» becomes aprophetic statement which foreshadows Crusoe's later predicament.
The father's prediction comes true sooner than even Crusoecould expect. His first boat founders and Crusoe makes solemn vows in a time oftrouble, but as soon as the trouble is over, he forgets his vows. Thus, we havehis first reneging on his word to God. Throughout the rest of the novel, hewill constantly contemplate his relationship with God and how much God ispunishing him for his «wicked ways.»
Literature is the second part of a language study. It wasalways included in studying any foreign languages. Teaching literature is verydifficult process, not simultaneous in its structure and it requires the set ofliterary sources, which would be mostly appropriate to better understanding ofthe language studied. That is why modern teachers should not only teach grammarand oral practice materials, but also pay attention to learning the bestexamples of the literary works created by the best representatives of theforeign language bearers, beginning from the classical authors, and continuingto the modern writers and poets.
When speaking about the English language and literature wealso take into consideration all the trends featuring England for the wholeperiod of written language existence, beginning from “Beowulf” and notfinishing by someone. That is we must take into consideration the historicaspect when studying English.
 Without knowing the history of the language, without perfectknowledge all the major milestones in development of the English literature,the teacher will not be able to prove his students the majesty and beauty ofthe language studied. Frankly speaking, if we ask foreign learners of English,whom do they know amongst the most significant English poets and writers, themost obvious answer will be: Shakespeare, Wilde, and Defoe. Of course, asliterary Greek is the language of Homer, Spanish is the language of Cervantes;German is that of Goethe, Russian is that of Pushkin, the English language isthe language of William Shakespeare. So we are sure that even the worst gradedstudent of English will undoubtedly name Shakespeare as the best languagebearer of English, together with naming some of the most popular of his works,like “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, and “Midsummer Night’s dream”. But,nevertheless, the English literature is not Shakespeare only, (though theEnglish literature without Shakespeare is not the English literature as well),the English language is also the language of Chaucer, Byron, Swift, Stevenson,and many others. That is why we think of the general characteristics andanalysis of the way the English literature has passed in its development, andof educational value of the latter as the major task of this chapter.
Studying English literature and acquaintance with it beginswith the appearance of the first modern languages. Without getting acquaintancethe students with this period of development of English a teacher will not beable to demonstrate from what sources the English words which we are learningnowadays have appeared. The teacher as a “Dawn of Modern English” shouldcharacterize this period of time. The studied period in teaching process mustbe observed through the history of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic languages. Here ateacher is recommended to devote one language to the first Anglo-Saxon epic“Beowulf” (700’s) – the elegiac history of the last hero of a dying Germanicpeople. A brief revision of the later epics is also strongly recommended:“Dream of the Rood”, Widsith” (the oldest Anglo-Saxon fragment), “Deor”, the“Wanderer”, and “Seafarer”. The educational aspect of this period concludes theidea of the first written sources of the literature of the British Isles.Teacher should also underline that the peculiarity of this literature is thatit has no concrete author: all this epic novels are of collected folkauthorship, based on the life experience of the people and the aural retellingfrom fathers to sons.
The next literary milestone of English, which must beobserved and taught by teachers, is the period of 1300’s – the period ofrediscovering of the English literature from its Norman influence. Teachershould underline for his students that the language of this period was far cryfrom the Anglo-Saxon tongue spoken before 1066. It was greatly expanded and strengthenedby the addition of thousands of new words from the Norman French; — especiallyabstract words from intellectual use. Yet, it was not French at all; itsgrammar and its homely everyday words were of German origin. Teaching aspect ofthis period is that this combination we call the Middle English, but it isrecognizable as the basis for the language we speak today. This period shouldbe taught on the basis of the works as “the Owl and the Nightingale”, “AncrenRiwle” (guide for women on meditation) and others. But the most significantmilestone, which ought to be mentioned when teaching the English literature, isthe preparation of the first Bible in English by John Wicliffe’s.
The third milestone of the English literature, which is to beanalyzed when teaching English, is pre-Renaissance time. This epoch is theepoch of Geoffrey Chaucer – the founder of the English poetry. The most famouswork of him is “Canterbury Tales” — a series of stories linked together bytheir story-teller. Chaucer’ work is rather poetry than prose, however, and hisstory-tellers are still recognizable through 600 years later. That is whyteaching English is impossible without thorough studying of “Canterbury Tales”.
The next period in the history of the English literaturewhich should be taught is the literature of 1500’s. In this period the firstlyrics appeared: John Scelton wrote it. Here created Sir Thomas Wyatt. Agreater writer still was William Tyndale. His translations of the Bible, madeunder a ban, greatly influenced the later King James’s version (1611). Thestatesman who most wanted Tyndale silenced and yet the leading humanists of hisage, Sir Thomas More, like his friend Erasmus, unable to break to Catholicism,turned pay for his consciousness. Thomas More’s circle, which included JohnColet, Thomas Lynacre, Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas Elyot, was responsiblefor important translations from Greek, Latin, and Italian. So the teaching ofthis period must be looked through the history of translation. Sir Thomas Morerested in literary history for his» Utopia” non-existing land where everythingis good and prosperous. Amongst the other educationally valued authors of thatperiod were Christopher Marlowe and Sir Francis Bacon, Edmund Spencer andPhilip Sydney. This period is also significant for studying because of thereason that it was the last period before Shakespeare. All that existedreferred to pre-Shakespearean language.
No one doubts that Shakespeare is the most mysterious figurein the world medieval literature. Born in 1594, he stood alone amongst theEnglish writers. The greatest poet and dramatist, Shakespeare left nothingsimilar to the database of his life. Throughout Shakespeare worked with thesimplest of principles, writing at the mind’s own speed, using everything heread, but reworking it first, and depending for character upon the definingtrait of flaw. Having written 37 plays and more than 250 sonnets and littlepoems, Shakespeare up to nowadays rested misunderstood and the argues around hisworks and his authorship do not become calmer. However, it was Shakespeareanlanguage, on the basis of which we teach our students literary English.
The literature of the XVII century has its “i-dots” on JohnMilton – the author of the poem “Lycidas”. After becoming blind, he wrote oneof the most English epic – “Paradise Lost” which retold the story of Adam andEve and of their temptation by the Satan and fall from God’s favor. The storyof Satan’s rebellion can be read in the life of the actual rebellion in whichMilton had taken part. In fact, generations of readers have found Satan themost attractive and sympathetic character in the great poem. The educationalvalue for what it is worth teaching is that it was the first call to thetraditional preferences of the society.
The 1670’s were the beginning point in the appearing of thenew genre in literature – entertaining novel. And the founder of this wasDaniel Defoe – a journalist who used to be both the King’s favorite andhostile. In his “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, and “The Journal of thePlague Year” he turned, as many a journalist before and since, to simulatedfacts, without bothering to inform the public of its technique. The educationalvalue of Defoe’s works is that his racy and essentially nonliterary effortsstand one of the major building blocks of the English novel. “Robinson Crusoe”was seemingly the most read book since 1700’s up to nowadays. For learningprocess it is important by the following reason: having written in the plain literaryEnglish, it affords to a foreign learner to cognate the English languagethrough entertained reading. This book is also important for us for its beingfirst adventure novel.
The same period is also interesting from the educationalviewpoint for the first appearing the magazine language of English. Thefounders of it were Joseph Addison with his “Tatler” and Richard Steel with his“Spectator”.
The appearance of the first dictionaries is also theeducation peculiarity of 1770’s. Samuel Johnson edited the first Englishdictionary. Among the other important literary figures significant for modernteaching process was Alexander Pope — the most admired poet of 1700’s with hisown sense of the words. Many English poets tried to imitate Pope’s language butcouldn’t. Among the writers the most significant after Defoe was JonathanSwift. His educational value was in foundation of the English satire. Accordingto the opinions of modern critics, Swift is the best satirist of England nowand then.[11]
The second half of the 1700’s is alsonoticeable for teaching as its poetic significance The first near Romantic, thepoet Robert Burns (1759-1796), spoke as a voice of reviving nationalism (Poems,Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, 1786). Burns drew from the Scots' traditionsand folklore and proved that a Scot need no longer be Anglicized to write greatpoetry in English. The educational value of Burns is in enlarging the Englishlanguage with the words of Scotch origin. The second significant poet, whose“Songs of Innocence” are worth teaching the students is William Blake. Theworks of William Blake (1757-1827), whose Songs of Innocence appeared in 1789,contained a special kind of visionary indepen­dence. Its roots were partly in atradition of religious mysticism of a deeply individual kind. Blake's laterProphetic Books (1793-1804) anticipated the mixture of politics, religion, andindividualism that make up much of modern literature. His «high»lyric style had not been heard in England since the age of Milton. But Blake remainedall but unheard in his lifetime. And now we understand that Blake’s poetry isthe Example of “pure English” we learn at schools. So that is why his works canserve as an example of literary English which is to be taught by teachers.
The next period of literature whichis to be basic for teaching English is the period of Romanticism and its bestEnglish representatives — Wordsworth and Coleridge. The real beginning ofEnglish Romanticism was the publication of the Lyri­cal Ballads (1798) byWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)[12] and Samuel TaylorColeridge (1772-1834)[13]. We must teach studentsto it because Wordsworth, the greatest poet of the age, combined a Miltonicdignity with the plain speech and direct feeling of the English country folkamong whom he had grown up. Coleridge's more polite and more inhibited poemsoften provided the trigger to Wordsworth's deeper, but slower response and,what is more important, his works were written on simply understood language,which students can use for improving lexical skills. The other famous poetwhose works must be studied is George Gordon (Lord) Byron (1738-1824), whosepopularity, political involvement, and frequent lapses of taste made him thechief literary celebrity of his day, is perhaps best known for his Don Juan(1819-1824), a brilliant comic assertion of wit, sex­uality, and physicalself-confidence. Byron showed in The Vision of Judgment (1822[14])and a half-dozen lyrics even more concentrated instances of a prodigious andprodigal talent. John Keats, the other romantic poet, (1795-1821) is probablythe best loved lyric poet in the language. The great poems of the end of hislife (among them, «Ode to a Nightingale,» «Ode on a GrecianUrn,» «To Autumn,» and «La Belle Dame sans Merci») show a faith in the imagination far in advance of the symbolists. Hisbest poems, along with those of Wordsworth, Byron, and Blake are with Chaucer,Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope the center of English literary achievement. Solearning English without learning his works seems as impossible.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) is apossible addition to the other four Romantic masters. Other writers continue torediscover him, admiring his heroic intellectual conceptions and his mastery ofpropulsive rhythmic force.
Almost as swiftly as the Romanticmovement began, it ended. With the death of Keats, the high lyric styledisappeared. Lesser writers were not of the same inspiration, and thesucceeding generation seemed to hear other voices, abandoning the lyric orwriting it without conviction.
The 1800’s became a new age ofnovelists’ approaching. Jane Austen wrote three of her novels in the 1790's butpublished only after 1810 (Pride and Prejudice, 1813; Mansfield Park, 1814;Emma, 1816). She is meaningful for teaching for she went to Keats's imaginativechurch of the open heart but sat at the pew of keen observation and carefulstructure, and her language was the same as beautiful as Keats’s but written inprose.
Sir Walter Scott, a Scotsman, be­camea model for intelligent commercial success all over Europe (Waverley, 1814;Ivanhoe, 1820). Mary Shelley Frankenstein, 1818) and Maria Edge-worth (CastleRackrent, 1800) extended the daring of women in literature to the portrayal ofpsychological and social nightmares. In mid-century, an extraordinary trio,Charlotte and Emily Bronte and Elizabeth Gaskell, widened this range stillfurther. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) also became a major English novelist(The Mill on the Floss, I860; Middlemarch, 1871-1872).
There were to be no English moralgiants on the scale of the great French and Russian novelists. Charles Dickens,however (The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, 1836-1837; DavidCopperfield, 1850; Bleak House, 1853; Our Mutual Friend, 1865; among manyothers), attained to something at least as great. He wrote, like the earlyWordsworth, with the courage of the decent lower middle class, though of cityrather than country folk. We teach it for every writer in Europe learned fromhis broad sympathies, skillful characterizations, and shrewd sense of pace. Ifhe lacked philosophic vision, he made up for it with a stage nearly as broadand all-encompassing as Shakespeare's.
William Makepeace Thackeray, Dickens'contemporary, continued the tradition of 18th-century social satire with a newvitality and a deft hand at well turned and swift moving prose (Vanity Fair,1848; Henry Esmond, 1852).
As the century progressed, Englishwriters of fiction who worked at a very high level and should be taught includeGeorge Meredith (The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, 1859), Anthony Trollope (the«Barsetshire» novels, 1855-1867), Samuel Butler (The Way of AllFlesh, 1903), and the remarkable Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D'Urbervilles, 1891;Jude the Obscure, 1896), also recognized as among the most enduring of Englishpoets.
Next noticeable period for teachingwas the period of Victorian poetry which underwent a difficult time after the death ofKeats. The large voices among the Victorians belonged to Alfred Tennyson(Poems, 1832; In Memoriam, 1851; Idylls of the King, 1859-1885) and RobertBrowning (Men and Women, 1855; The Ring and the Book, 1868). Both were sopreoccupied with the responsibilities of national greatness that theirconsiderable gifts were ultimately betrayed. Educational value of them is thatTennyson's saving grace is his occasional flight of sober lyric; Browning's ishis delight in the sheer variety of life's ironies.
Other interesting, intelligent poetsseemed unable to find a sense of identity. They include Matthew Arnold and thegifted friend, whose premature elegy he was to write,-Arthur Hugh Clough; andthe «Pre-Raphaelites,» a group seeking a supposed medieval spiritualunity; the group included Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, and CoventryPatmore. Even a few of great promise seemed somehow blocked from fullyrealizing their gifts. These include Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Sonnets fromthe Portuguese, 1850) and Christina Rossetti (Goblin Market, 1862 ;) Thus thesepoets had no any meaningful educational significance.
Thus we can draw the followingconclusions:
· TeachingEnglish is impossible without treating to the literary sources of thisbeautiful language.
· Everyperiod of the English literature had its significant language peculiaritieswhich must be observed when learning English.
· Onewho knows the English literature well owes the conversation partners of anyrank and position!

Bibliography:
1. DanielDefoe Robinson Crusoe McMillan Publishers 1997 pp.34-39, 45-49, 59-63, 128,214-226
2. ”RobinsonCrusoe and his adventure“ М. Prosveshcheniye 1973 pp.59,64, 78-79
3. M. A. Shishmoreva About thetranslation of “Robinson Crusoe” M. “Knowledge” 1987 pp.55-58, 99, 114
4. Z. N.Shuravskaya About Daniel Defoe and his novel “Robinson Crusoe” L. ArtLiterature Publishing House. 1974 pp.56-59
5.J.Priestley Novel School in Britain Washington University Press W.2002 pp.17-46
6.Readings onthe English Literature M. High School 1978 pp.161-165
7. History ofthe English Literature M. Prosveshcheniye 1971 pp.204-212
8. G.H.Healey The history ofwriting of “Robinson Crusoe” London University Press London 2001 pp.329-330
9. I.TurgenevCollection of works in 27 volumes Vol.26 pp.311-312
10. В.Г. БелинскийРобинзон Крузо. Собр.соч. в 45тт. Т.44 стр.478-483
11. П.А.Корсаков Л.Н.Толстойо Даниэле Дефо М. Просвещение 1967 стр.63
12. П. Кончаловский
 Among many publish and badtranslations we may mansion. P. A. Korsakov and P. Konchalovsky’s translation.
13. Даниэль ДефоРобинзон Крузо М. ИХЛ 1986 стр. 45-46, 90-93, 101-107, 27б, 298
14. WorldBook Encyclopedia Vol 4 New York 1993 pp.146-148
15. Internet: www.online-literature.com/defoe./ ExtensiveBiography of Daniel Defoe and a searchable collection of works.pmp. pp.1-9
16. Internet:http://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_18c/
defoe/ DanielDefoe in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.txt pp.3-7
17. Internet:http//www.cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/defoe. / Texts of classic literature,drama, and poetry together with detailed literature study guides.html pp.45-47.
18. Internet: http//www.bibliomania.com/0/0/17/31/frameset./The selectedworks of Daniel Defoe .htm pp.14-15
19. Internet:www.kirjasto.sci.fi/defoe.htm / Daniel Defoe:A depth look at theauthor's life and his impact on the world of literature.htm pp.2-9
20. Internet:http ://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jdefoe.htm/Short biography of DanielDefoe.html pp. 4-8
21. Internet:www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe/ The Letters of Daniel Defoe editedby GH Healey.htm. pp. 45-49