--PAGE_BREAK--2. The Primary and the Secondary Meaning of Letters
In English one letter can denote a few different sounds (polysemantic letters). That’s why there are the primary and the secondary sound meanings of them. The primary meaning of a letter is the sound which this letter:
1) denotes in the alphabet: a – [eI], e – [i:]. E.g. bake, be;
2) doesn’t correspond to the alphabetical letter: a – [æ]. e.g. cat;
3) approximates the alphabetical letter:f– [f], y – [aI].
The secondary meaning of a letter is the one which differs from its primary alphabetical meaning and depends on the consonants preceding or following this letter. E.g. a – [ a:
] — staff, [o
] – wander, [
ɔ
:
] – war.
The sound formation of the English language distinguishes long and short vowels. According to this peculiarity in English each stressed vowel can have two meanings: alphabetical (long) and short.
READING OF VOWELS IN STRESSED SYLLABLES
Letter
Primary meaning
Secondary meaning
long
short
Vowel + r
Vowel +re
a
Kate
cat
car
hare
e
he, Pete
hen, help
her
here
i\y
I, Mike, mine
sit, gym
bird, Byrd
hire, tyre
o
no, stone
not
for
more
u
use
but
turn
cure
3. The Primary Sound Meanings of Vowels in Different Types of Syllables
In disyllabic and polysyllabic words the vowel letter has its alphabetical (long) primary meaning if:
1) it is used in word final position e. g. he, no, my;
2) it is separated from the following vowel letter or from the combinations –le, -re by only one consonant letter e.g. pilot, idle, fibre;
3) it is followed by a consonant + r +vowel e.g. library, April;
4) in some vowel combinations* e.g. diet, going.
The vowel letter has its short primary meaning:
1) if it is separated from the following vowel or the combination –le by two or more consonants e.g. render, silly, fiddle.
2) if the vowel letter (apart from “u”) is in the third stressed syllable from the end e.g. family, cylinder; but: funeral;
3) if the vowel letter is followed by a single letter “v” e.g. river, never; but: uvula [\ju:vju:lə], fever [\fi:və], over[\əυvə];
4) if the vowel letter is followed by a consonant and one of the combinations, such as –-ic, -ish, -ity e.g. tragic, polish, cavity;
5) in disyllabic words with the sound [I] and [ju:] in the last unstressed syllable the vowel letter of a stressed syllable has a short meaning: e.g. tribune, facet; but: stupid.
But if the word ends in –y, -ie as in the words ladies, Edie the letters “a”, “e” have their alphabetical (long) meaning.
*For more information about the rules of reading of vowel combinations (digraphs), see further rules.
READING SINGLE VOWEL LETTERS IN STRESSED NON-FINAL SYLLABLES
Ex. 3.1 ( , track 2)
Read the following names and decide, from their spelling, if the vowel is short or long. (If there is more than one vowel, focus on the vowel receiving most stress.) If you are not sure, check the recording.
Example: Mick = short Susan = long
Mick
Susan
Dean
Sammy
Cathy
Martha
Jane
Luke
Tammy
Rose
Bert
Muriel
Patty
Pete
Ross
Ted
David
Becky
Bud
Simon
Beth
Mike
Mary
Tom
Jean
Timmy
Joan
Bonnie
Sheila
Bill
Primary short meaning
Primary long meaning
Ex. 3.2 Read these words according to the rules:
Letter “A” (primary short and long meanings):
barrel
gas
bat
land
shall
angry
cab
bag
band
marry
tangle
fat
tan
pack
cattle
back
has
sand
dad
carry
sail
brain
paper
baby
lady
main
able
bacon
wait
parade
famous
mate
lain
pain
fate
Letter “E” (primary short and long meanings):
best
clever
led
met
peck
bell
seven
set
beg
shell
send
very
men
lend
merry
berry
when
pen
bend
kettle
he
we
these
agree
evening
she
be
me
even
deep
Letters “I/Y” (primary short and long meanings):
thimble
thin
chips
wish
wiggle
scribble
twin
little
picnic
fiddle
kitchen
history
ministry
primitive
system
why
mine
vice
imply
rise
idle
license
while
by
fly
nylon
byre
rhyme
arrive
bicycle
triangle
line
kite
file
white
why
mine
vice
imply
Letter “U” (primary short and long meanings):
crumple
under
humble
hungry
duck
must
funny
ugly
begun
thus
thunder
bungle
buck
lust
fuss
yuck
cluck
bud
puck
luck
tube
duty
dual
music
tune
computer
tune
muse
humour
unit
use
student
human
cube
tunic
Letter “O” (primary short and long meanings):
dot
stop
chop
flop
cost
doctor
bottle
body
robber
coffee
promise
fox
cod
shot
stock
con
cock
cop
wop
doll
so nose
go probe
phone open
hope
rose
joke
note
whole
quote
tone
hole
drove
Ex. 3.3
A: Here are the twelve pairs of rhyming words. In each case, one has an expected spelling for the particular sound and one has not. Choose which has the more predictable spelling.
Example:cheque neck
(compare neck with peck, deck, wreck, speck and so on)
1
dome
some
5
rich
stitch
9
file
style
2
mash
cache
6
chest
breast
10
taste
waist
3
steak
make
7
wand
bond
11
want
pant
4
moon
prune
8
blood
mud
12
cut
put
Ex. 3.4 ( , track 3)
A: In this section the spelling is 100% predictable from the pronunciation. Listen to the recording and write these individual words down.
1
________
5
________
9
________
13
________
2
________
6
________
10
________
14
________
3
________
7
________
11
________
15
________
4
________
8
________
12
________
16
________
B: Now see if you can read the following words aloud before you listen to them on the recording. Remember that the pronunciation is still predictable from the spelling.
1
scoop
5
patched
9
puddle
13
shun
2
muted
6
rotter
10
stutter
14
candle
3
glitch
7
hugged
11
handy
15
rumbled
4
spine
8
treck
12
budge
16
trash
C: Now do the same with the following nonsense words.
1
flape
5
snork
9
frake
13
spump
2
spline
6
preck
10
drumble
14
flinge
3
smotted
7
glumpy
11
duddle
15
chinker
4
gatter
8
chandy
12
shunker
16
strended
It doesn’t matter if you don’t know what the words in A andB mean; you can always check them in a dictionary afterwards. Don’t look in a dictionary for the nonsense words in C.
Ex. 3.5 Find and practice reading vowels in their short meanings:
Letter” A”
a) Read as quickly as possible:
A cat, a black cat, a black cat sat, a black cat sat on a mat, a black cat sat on a mat and ate. A black cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat.
b) Read the sentence:
There was a red van traveling West, and several cars and vans behind it. The van driver suddenly turned and crashed into the taxi. The taxi driver wasn’t badly hurt, but he was very angry.
Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager, imagining an imagery menagerie.
c) Proverbs and idioms:
Flat as a pancake.
A hungry man is an angry man.
d) Rhymes and tongue-twisters:
Pat’s black cat is in Pat’s black hat.
Pussy-cat, pussy-cat
Can you catch that bad fat rat?
If you catch that bad fat rat,
You will have some milk for that.
Letter “E”
a)Hens, red hens, best red hens, ten best red hens, Ted sells ten best red hens. Every day Ted sells ten best red hens.
b)Only ten per cent of Kensington Express readers take regular exercise. Ten per cent felt that they were healthy or very healthy.
c)All’s well that ends well.
d) Better late than never.
e)Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.
f) Fred fed Ted bread and Ted led Fred bread.
g) Can you retell ten texts in twelve seconds?
Letters “I, Y”
a)As fit as a fiddle.
b)Which witch wished which wicked wish?
c)Needles and pins, needles and pins,
When a man marries, his trouble begins.
d) I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.
Letter “O”
a)Bob’s dog got a hot pot of porridge and some chops.
b)I’ve got a job in a sports shop at the moment.
c)Honesty is the best policy.
d) A proper cup of coffee from a proper copper coffee pot.
Letter “U”
a)A duck, an ugly duck, an ugly duck was in a cup, an ugly duck was in a funny cup, an ugly duck was in a funny cup on Sunday. An ugly duck was in a funny cup on a sunny Sunday.
b) Lucky in cards unlucky in love.
c)Mummies munch much mush.
d) Double bubble gum bubbles double bubbles.
Ex. 3.6Practice reading vowels in their long meanings:
Letter “A”
a) This amazing lake in Wales is a famous place for great races.
b)I can explain. The Daily Mail came late.
c)Make hay while the sun shines.
A stitch in time saves nine.
d)Rain, rain, go away,
Come again another day.
e) Billy, Billy, come and play
While the sun shines bright today.
Letter “E”
a)A man of words and not of deeds
Is like a garden full of weeds.
b) He speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease.
c)Easy come easy go.
Letters “I, Y”
a)Mike likes spicy pies with fried pike.
b)Hi, Mike! I’m busy typing. I have ninety-nine pages to type by Friday.
c)Out of sight out of mind.
Variety is a spice of life.
d)Why do you cry, Willy?
Why do you cry?
Why, Willy, why, Willy?
Why, Willy, why?
Letter “O”
a)The road below goes from Rome to the south coast. We are very close to our home.
b)Chip-chop, chip-chop,
Chipper-chopper Joe,
One big blow.
Oh! My toe!
Ex. 3.7 Put the words given below into a suitable column according to the rules of reading of stressed vowels:
Twilight, crying, Friday, magic, transport, limit, fiddle, panic, student, trying, bypass, never, uncle, letter, river, alphabet, timid, numeral, being, stupid, apricot, atomic, cinema, majority, better, hunting, visit, novel, palace, luggage, sentence, alcoholic, beginner, British, cucumber, famine, forever, Labrador, laser, microphone, noble, novel, poet, printer, puritan, puzzle, regular, Roman, secret, stupidity, syllabic, typical.
Primary long meaning
Primary short meaning
Ex. 3.8 Read the following words and see how –e changes the pronunciation
WITHOUT –e:
WITH –e:
fat
cat
am
plan
hat
gate
late
name
plane
hate
NOW PRONOUNCE: man same take that lemonade bale safe tap tape
WITHOUT –e:
WITH –e:
sit
in
begin
if
swim
invite
fine
wine
wife
time
NOW PRONOUNCE: fit inside still mile hid ride tide like pipe strip
WITHOUT –e:
WITH –e:
stop
top
not
hot
clock
hope
home
note
nose
smoke
NOW PRONOUNCE: job stone rose God joke dome bone on spot coke
WITHOUT –e:
WITH –e:
bus
run
pub
sun
just
excuse
June
tube
rude
use
NOW PRONOUNCE: much fuse cube cub fuss tune gun fun duke luck
EXCEPTIONS: some come one have give live love
Ex. 3.9 Place the following words in the grids according to their vowel sound:
Rich, curl, month, cart, suit, breath, flashed, loom, herd, still, hemmed, torn, scene, cruise, floor, dock, just, don, sword, hoop, banned, rang, bin, love, hat, bird, stabbed, hood, farm, ought, ridge, ton, cloth, chalk, hoot, son, link, next, calm, germ, hymn, cab, wood, breath, creep, itch, blood, cough, should, could, black, said, foot, monk, dog, stood, piece, arch, move, purr, feast, palm, pearl, edge, shopped, eve, barred, soup, leaf, bard, begged.
Short vowel sounds
Long vowel sounds:
[i:]
[
3
:]
[
ɑ
:]
[o:]
[u:]
TEST I
1.
Divide into groups and transcribe these words:
Worry, student, apricot, oppose, novel, after, magic, limit, visit, excuse, sentence, bypass, money.
primary alphabetical meaning
primary short meaning
secondary meaning
2.
Find the odd word:
a) little, silly, fiddle, middle, quite
b) tragic, pathetic, paste, falls
c) ruling, tulip, truthful, trustee, numeral
3. Transcribe these words:
Archery, point, cricket, victory, golf, runner-up, water polo, racket, rugby, swimming, championship, spectator.
TEST II
1.
Divide into groups and transcribe these words:
Cinema, never, crying, stupid, numeral, uncle, Monday, figure-skating, war, river, panic, staff, hunting, transport.
primary alphabetical meaning
primary short meaning
secondary meaning
2.
Find the odd word:
a) doing, hunting, uncle, cinema, magic
b) stupid, trying, Friday, April, silly
c) student, numeral, never, crying, being
3. Transcribe the words:
Fibre, April, going, render, family, avid, cavity, facet, lady, fever, over, funeral, fencing.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--4. Reading of Stressed Vowels in Combination with the Letter ”r”
VOWEL LETTERS + “R
”
Ex.
4.1
a) Name the stressed sound of every line:
1. share, rare, care, compare, prepare, hare.
2. here, mere, sphere, material, serial, period.
3. fire, lyre, hire, tired, wire, satire.
4. pure, cure, lure, curious, during, secure.
5. more, shore, explore, before, store.
b) Read these words according to the rules:
Letter “A” (primary short and long meanings):
farce
arch
scarf
market
alarm
jar
fare
Mary
daring
sharing
snare
care
Letter “E” (primary short and long meanings):
germ
perch
mercy
verse
concern
German
hero
mere
inhere
era
severe
zero
Letters “I/Y” (primary short and long meanings):
thirty
birch
smirch
shirk
circle
quirt
fire
lyre
tyre
require
wire
quire
Letter “U” (primary short and long meanings):
turn
further
lurch
Thursday
curtains
turkey
endure
cure
pure
obscure
fury
curious
Letter “O” (primary short and long meanings):
storm
mort
orchard
pork
force
thorn
core
shore
score
wore
oral
forehead
Ex.4.2
a) Make words with these beginnings and write them in the correct part of the table:
Beginnings ba fa ra da sta squa ca ha cha
Endings r re lf ir rd rt lm
Words with the vowel [α:]
Words with the vowel [εə]
bar
bare
b) Divide the words into groups according to the sounds:
Air, bear, deer, square, tour, real, giant, your, near, ear, pair, oar, more, secure, cure, fire, lure, lyre, pure, satire, board, fair, hair, hear, dear, tire, fuel, sore, our, area, near, pier, hour, fire, mere, real, diamond, ear, fierce, science, vary, zero, theory, fuel, ore, millionaire, lair, mere, where, trial, work, earn, sergeant, warm, worm, heart, world, merry, persuade, nurse, harp, early, scarcely, clerk, form, target, learn, hurry, bird, persue, war, firm, circus, turn, farm, earth, word, market, girl, fir, bargain, turkey, mortar, swirl, sword, order, urgently, orchid, appear, observe, persue, surface, disregard, perm, sardines, require, depart, quarrel.
Ex.4.3 Read as quickly as possible:
1. Hares, rare hares, take care of rare hares; my parents take care of rare hares. My parents rarely take care of rare hares and canaries.
2. Football, more than football, basketballs more than football, adore basketball more than football, boys adore basketball more than football, tall boys adore basketball more than football. Almost all tall boys adore basketball more than football.
3. The theory, the theory of this experienced engineer is clear, the theory of this experienced engineer is really clear. My dear! The theory of this experienced engineer is really clear.
4. Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.
5. Cheers, dear! Cheers! Here’s to the bearded mountaineer!
6. Charming, large and charming, farms are large and charming, gardens and farms are large and charming. The parks, gardens and farms are large and charming.
7. Agirl, a circus girl, Pearl is a circus girl, Pearl is a circus girl who works, Pearl is a circus girl who works with birds.
8. Her work, her work in workshop, her work in a dirty workshop, her work in a dirty workshop was the worst. Her work in a dirty workshop was the worst in the world.
Ex. 4.4 Pick out the odd word:
1. term, clerk, serve, perfect.
2. target, farm, warm, market.
3. learn, earth, pearl, heart.
4. Vernon, terrible, merry, hurry.
5. word, work, world, war.
6. first, fur, far, turn.
7. girl, shirk, wire, birch, birth.
8. earn, learn, heart, early.
9. worm, worn, world, work.
10.nurse, lurk, hurry, hurt, suburb.
11.advertisement, university, reserved, western.
Ex. 4.5 Put the words into three columns:
[ɑ:]
[ɔ:]
[з:]
Tardy, sort, purge, war, heart, dormant, world, port, darling, warm, earn, lord, work, partake, furbish, learn, mortify, clerk, purblind, portly, sergeant, dart, further, partner.
Ex. 4.6 Complete this conversation using the words in the box. Then listen and check
( , track 4)
Cars cares stars stares
Sid: This is a great life, with no worries or cares
!
Joe: It would be nice if we had ________ though, Sid.
Sid: I didn’t say ______, I said ______!
Joe: Oh, I see. Not _______, as in traffic, but ______ with an ES at the end!
Sid: That’s right. I’ve always loved sleeping under the ______.
Joe: But why? There’ hardly any space under the ______!
Sid: No, not ______, ______! You know, little lights in the sky.
Joe: Oh, ______! I thought you said _________, that people walk up!
Ex. 4.7 Read and transcribe the following sentences:
1. I’d like to reserve a seat on the ten-thirty flight to Birmingham, on Thursday. My name is Vernon.
2. I’ll search under the fir trees and the birches, I’ll circle the earth – and I’ll return with a superb firm earthworm for my perfect turtledove.
3. Pearl will be thirty next birthday. Her perfume from Germany is perfect.
4. Gregory reported about this story with sarcasm, then he asked rhetorical question.
5. I always think about misfortune with a horror.
6. Barbara’s government had a very bad reputation.
7. Sorry, but I don’t like horror films, I prefer going to the theatre.
Ex. 4.8 Listen and circle the word you hear ( , track 5)
Heart or hat? She put her hand on her heart\hat.
1. Nowhere or no way? There’s nowhere\no way to go.
2. Fair or far? It isn’t fair\far.
3. Part or port? This is the main part\port of Athens.
4. Bear or beer? That’s a strong bear\beer.
5. Come or calm? She told me to come\calm down.
Ex. 4.9 Practice reading
idioms, sayings:
He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
If the cap fits, wear it.
Here today, gone tomorrow.
Five fat friars frying fish.
While there is life there is hope.
No smoke without fire.
Real weird rear wheels.
First come, first served.
Even a worm will turn.
It is the early bird that catches the worm.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
One good turn deserves another.
A picture is worth a thousand words.
The calm before the storm.
To put the cart before the horse.
A barking dog seldom bites.
Don’t take your harp to the party.
A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk.
Adversity makes the man wise, not rich.
Through hardship to the stars.
Return good for evil.
Better unborn than untaught.
You can bring your horse to the water but you can’t make it drink.
rhymes and twisters:
An old woman, old woman, shall we go a – shearing?
Speak a little louder, sir, — I am very hard of hearing.
Old woman, old woman, shall I love you dearly?
Thank you, kind sir, I hear you very clearly.
How many boards
Could the Mongols hoards
If the Mongol hoards got bored?
“What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare?”
I cannot bear to see a bear
Bear down upon a hare.
When bare of hair he strips the hare,
Right there I cry, “Forbear!”
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--5. Reading of Vowel Digraphs*
Aa
Ee
Ii
Oo
Uu
Yy
Aa
[i:] formulae
[eı] aid
[aı] balalaika
[æ] plaid
[e] said
[α:] aunt
[ɔ:] August
[ɒ] sausage
[əυ] aubergine
[eı] way
[e] says
[ə] always
[ı] Monday
Ee
[i:] sea
[eı] great
[ıə] idea
[e] bread
[i:] need
[i:] ceiling
[eı] beige
[aı] either
[e] leisure
[i:] people
[ıə] theory
[e] leopard
[(j)u:] neutral
[jυə] Europe
[i:] key
[ı] money
[eı] they
Ii
[ə] Parliament
[aıə] diamond
[aı] tie
[i:] achieve
[ı] Freddie
[e] friend
[ıə] patriot
[aıə] lion
[aıə] triumph
Oo
[əυ] oak
[ɔ:] broad
[u:] shoe
[ɔ
I] boil
[ə] tortoise
[ı] connoisseur
[əυ] brooch
[u:] food
[υ] foot
[Λ] blood
[əυ] soul
[u:] you
[υ] could
[aυ] thousand
[Λ] courage
[ɒ] cough
[ɔ:] ought
[ı] loyal
Uu
[u:] true
[υə] cruel
[(j)u:] juice
[ı] biscuit
[aı] buy
Yy
[aıə] hyacinth
[aı] bye
[(j)əυ] yoga
Principles of Reading Vowel Digraphs
1) The 1st letter is read in its primary long meaning: sea [i:], oak [əυ], etc.;
2) The 2nd letter is read in its primary long meaning: neutral [u:], either [aı], etc.;
3) Two letters are read in their primary short meanings, forming a diphthong: beige [eı], they [eı], boil [ɔ
I], oyster [ɔ
I];
4) One of the letters is read in its primary short or secondary meaning: aunt [ɑ:], theory [ıə], etc.
Ex. 5.1 Read the following words with digraphs [ei|ey]. Identify the sound of each line.
[ ] 1. beige, deign, heinous.
[ ] 2. either, seismograph, deictic.
[ ] 3. seize, inveigle, ceiling, receive, deceive, conceive, perceive.
[ ] 4. heir, heiress.
[ ] 5. leisure, Leicester.
[ ] 6. counterfeit, sovereign, foreign, surfeit, forfeit.
[ ] 7. eight, freight, neighbour, weight, sleigh, weigh.
[ ] 9. they, survey, grey, obey.
[ ] 10. eyrie.
[ ] 11. key.
[ ] 12. monkey, money, whisky, hockey, trolley.
Ex. 5.2 Which twelve of these words contain the sound [eə] (as in chair)? How are the others pronounced? Can you think of any more words with [eə]?
Air, care, dear, fair, hair, her, here, pear, pair, share, tear (verb), their, there, they’re, were, we’re, where.
Ex. 5.3
a) Read the poem. Explain the reading of vowel combinations.
A little health, a little wealth
A little house and freedom
With some few friends for certain ends,
But little cause to need them.
b) Each word on the left rhymes with one word on the right. Match the words that rhyme and try to write a short poem using some of the rhyming words.
Brain, teeth, lost, foot, boast, suit, weight, slight, death, says, dull, phrase, war, full, chef, leaf, glued
Deaf, great, beef, breathe, skull, Les, reign, days, tossed, post, height, wreath, food, shoot, put, law, wool
Ex. 5.4
a) Put the following words in the correct column according to the pronunciation of “ea”. Careful! Three of the words have two different pronunciations (and different meanings).
scream
bean
bread
gear
tear
breath
dread
lead
spear
break
heal
steak
dead
yearn
spread
read
knead
plead
pear
bead
great
team
breathe
fear
bear
thread
instead
wear
head
year
mean
pearl
[e]
10 words
[i:]
11 words
[
ε
ə]
5 words
[
ıə]
5 words
[
3
:
]
2 words
[e
I
]
3 words
b) Give 2 examples of your own to each variant of pronunciation of the given digraph.
[ıə] [
ε
ə
]
[ e
I
]
EA
[ɑ:]
[ i:]
[ e ]
Ex. 5.5 Read the following words. Identify the sound of each line.
[ ] 1. food, boot, foolish, boost
[ ] 2. good, cook, took, look
[ ] 3. should, would, could
[ ] 4. blood, flood
[ ] 5. door, four, floor, boor
[ ] 6. moor, tour, poor
[ ] 7. brooch
[ ] 8. round, found, sound, pound
[ ] 9. soul, bowl, mould, shoulder
[ ] 10. touch, rough, nourish, courage
[ ] 11. soup, group, boulevard, goulash
[ ] 12. thought, bought, caught, fought
[ ] 13. you, youth
Ex. 5.6 Pick out the odd word.
Example:
Like by ninth live
1. monkey — donkey — whiskey — key
2. feudal — few — sew — queue
3. cook – look – pound – could
4. foot — good — food — cook
5. round — house — ounce — trouble
6. could — would — mould — should
7. seize — receive — deictic – ceiling
8. toilet – tortoise – boycott – buoy
9. joy –oily –voyage – connoisseur
10. annoy – choice – they –joy – poison
11. pear — swear — near — bear
12. door – floor – start – small
13. cream — head — leave — fleet
14. purple – thirsty – journey – there
15. ooze—wood—kangaroo—booze
16. courage — soul — trouble — nourish
17. plaintiff — raider — plaintive — plaid
18. bread – reads – pence – very
19. work – third – person – hair
20. size – grey – life – eye
21. buy – like – rich – kind
22. wear – ear - hear – nearly
23. earn – third – where – dirty
Ex. 5.7 Give 2 examples to each variant of pronunciation of the given digraph
.
[əυ] [aυ]
[u:]
OU
[Λ]
[ɔ:]
[
Ŋ
]
Ex. 5.8 Underline the words in which the vowel combinations are read according to the basic rule:
Cream, bleed, leave, fleet, death, dean, daily, head, rouge, great, tie, key, few, ceiling, thief, plain.
Oar, fair, fuel, fare, ore, type, ear, prior, giant, pure, fire, here, trial, real.
May, oak, coin, connoisseur, heaven, broad, seize, agree, soar, aid, via, fiery, idiot, lie, peer, fear, lean, Sunday, says, formulae, main, leisure, sea, eagle, receive, triumph, foam, aegis, sieve, needle, people, leopard, die, Leicester, pseudonym, ceiling, holiday, read, clear.
Reading of the digraph “ou” in homographes:
slough– сброшенная кожа змеи, забытая привычка; уныние, депрессия, болото.
wound– рана; крутиться, извиваться (pastofwind)
Ex. 5.9 Translate the sentences and transcribe the underlined words:
1. When I was going through the slough, I saw a slough.
2. Sometimes your slough can remind about itself. We went to the forest and found a slough there.
3. Aman was injured, he had a wound. A snake wound in the cage.
4. While he was wounding, somebody wounded him.
Ex. 5.10
Place the following words in the grids according to their vowel sound.
Rich\ curl\ death\ month\ shone\ lawn\ cart\ suit\ breathe\ flashed\ loom\ herd\ still\ earn\ hemmed\ poured\ torn\ scene\ cruise\ floor\ dock\ just\ would\ don\ sword\ hoop\ banned\ rang\ bin\ love\ hat\ bird\ stabbed\ hood\ farm\ ought\ ridge\ ton\ cloth\ chalk\ hoot\ son\ link\ next\ calm\ germ\ hymn\ cab\ wood\ breath\ creep\ itch\ blood\ cough\ should\ could\ black\ said\ pearl\ edge\ shopped\ eve\ barred\ soup\ leaf\ bard\ begged
Short vowel sounds
pit[pIt]
pat [pæt]
pet [pet]
putt [pʌt]
pot [pɒt]
put[pυt]
Long vowel sounds
peat[pi:t]
pert [pз:t]
part [pɑ:t]
port [pɔ:t]
boot [pu:t]
Ex. 5.11
a) Pronounce the words:
foot – booth – flood
booklet – coop – hook
hoof – footer – looter
wooed – wood – moorings
taproom – sooty – woof
doubt – honorable – tough
neighbour – drought – coup
should – soup – pouring
thought – amount – loaches
aloud – louver – brooch
colourist – pounding – coulter
b) Choose the right variant:
[u:] a) wood, b) foolish, c) country
[Λ] a) ooze, b) flood, c) boot
[υ:] a) good, b) brooch, c) floor
[əυ] a) nourish, b) mould, c) koumiss
[Λ] a) cough, b) tough, c) soup
[u:] a) douche, b) bounce, c) sound
c) Find the odd word:
1. plait, plaid, said, aiglet
2. heir, seize, ceiling, inveigle
3. Leicester, either, height, seismograph
4. break, great, steak, bread
5. tear, heart, fear, tear
Ex. 5.12 Give some examples on each of these combinations, but all of them should denote the sound [ei]:
ai
ei
[ei]
ay ey
Ex. 5.13 Pronounce the following pairs of words and write down the sounds:
[ ] – [ ]:
daughter – Dottie
caution – coughing
naughty – novice
[ ] – [ ]:
joined – John
oyster – ostrich
soiled – solid
[ ] – [ ]:
tomb – tour
view – viewer
queue – cure
[ ] – [ ]:
cleaning – clearly
ease – ears
[ ] – [ ]:
beer – bear
teary – dairy
peer –pair
[ ] – [ ]:
climb – cloud
finder – founder
dry – drought
Ex. 5.14 Divide the words into columns:
[i:]
[e]
[aiə]
[I]
Eel, bread, aegis, seize, leisure, said, quay, says, diet, key, monkey, ion, leopard, formulae, fiery, sweat, agree, giant, biscuit, lion, Leonard, connoisseur, violate, breath, diamond, auntie, pioneer, species, biological, people, jeopardy, piece, triumph, feather, via, friend, achieve, dialogue, mischief, diadem, build.
Ex. 5.15 Insert the suitable word:
fair/fare, buy/bye, waist/waste, flower/flour
1. This man in black is ...
2. When you get on bus you have to pay ...
3. My wife is satisfied with her good ...
4. It is necessary to say “Good ...” when you leave home.
5. It is a… of time.
6. I am proud of my ...
7. We can’t bake a cake without ...
8. The girl has painted a ...
Ex. 5.16 Find a way from start to finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound [aυ]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.
START
house
sound
group
about
mouth
cow
soup
out
brown
mouse
bought
south
could
couple
grow
low
would
cloud
know
snow
touch
ought
down
count
thought
should
slow
blow
pound
young
soul
country
though
throw
town
round
FINISH
Ex. 5.17 Group the words below according to the pronunciation of the stressed vowels. Compare the meanings of single vowels and vowel combinations. What principle of reading vowel digraphs do the given words illustrate?
1. [e]
2. [eı]
3. [I]
4. [i:]
5. [aı]
6. [əυ]
7. [ɒ]
8. [ɔI]
9. [u:]
Antennae, beg, beige, believe, brooch, bruise, boy, buy, by, coin, die, dine, either, got, in, key, made, maiden, needle, neutral, obey, pay, people, receive, seat, she, shoulder, soap, sold, soup, steak, tune, true.
Ex. 5.18 Practice reading the following words.
The letter «a»:
pale, dale, rake, navy, table, ladle, staple, cradle, apron, sabre, latch, rack, jacket, quack, yank, jag, carry, parrot, garret, sparrow, barrel, rattle, tangle, sample, angry, fare, Mary, snare, daring, age, sharing, air, hairy, chair, repair, affair, farce, arch, jar, market, scarf, alarm, call. all, also, chalk, walk, tall, augur, sauce, pause, aught, author, caught, taught, claw, crawl, law, yawn, hawk, jaw, draw, day, nail, rain, wait, gait, quail, chain, away, praise, lay;
The letter «o»:
nose, probe, Joe, quote, drove, wove, phone, noble, ogre, cobra, joke, ogle, yoke, jog, lodge, wrong, knock, knot, strong, core, shore, wore, oral, score, story, storm, mort, orchard, thorn, force, pork, lorry, horror, borrow, porridge, goggle, jostle, bottle, scallop, foam, coal, load, toast, roach, throat, coach, oak, roam, hold, cold, gold, jolt, stroll, roll, scold, pillow, show, window, snow, glow, crow, yellow, row, know, own, hook, hoys, coil, coy, choice, enjoy, roil, voice, destroy, cook, book, wood, look, stood, rook, coo, wool, soon, moon, zoo, broom, coop, hover, too, wooed, roof, ooze, sooth, out, about, mouth, south, scouts, count, down, town, crowd, crown, clown, howl, jowl, fowl, tower, power, flower, shower, coward, towel, trowel;
The letter «u»:
cute, cube, humour, purple, unit, super, student, bugle, bugler, duty, computer, tunic, cure, Ural, pure, dual, obscure, endure, fury, curious, furious, jury, plural, cruel, rural, flue, true, rule, jute, truce, June, lunar, plume, chute, under, cut, run, jump, thunder, just, hungry, hurry, current, burrow, humble, struggle, bungle, uncle, buckle, crumple, cur, hurl, turkey, gurgle, curtains, Thursday, lurch, further, turn;
The letter «e»:
bead, these, cede, Eve, recent, scene, secret, legal, sere, zero, sphere, cero, hero, mere, inhere, severe, era, well, text, vet, wet, zest, length, theft, gentle, error, cherry, sherry, Jerry, where, terror, derrick, kettle, temple, nettle, verse, germ, perch, concern, German, mercy, thermos, leap, knead, gleam, streak, teach, quean, streak, easy, wreak, veal, creek, cheep, screed, jeep, breeze, meeting, kneel, seethe, queer, wheedle, ear, tear, clear, weary, hear, rear, beard, smeary, beer, cheer, fleer, jeer, queer, pioneer, few, hew, news, yew, view, stew, newspaper, flew, grew, drew, blew, chew, threw, seize, deceive, conceit, conceive, receive, ceiling;
The letters «i/y»:
nice, knife, fly, type, stifle, trifle, fibre, nylon, idle, hydra, cycle, quite, fire, lyre, tyre, quire, wire, byre, require, pick, quick, think, crypt, symbol, myth, system, gym, gyps, with, griddle, little, wiggle, sizzle, scribble, thimble, mirror, chirrup, squirrel, shirk, chirp, thirty, birch, smirch, sir, circle, quirt, Myrtle, bind, kind, mind, wind, grind, behind, high, light, might, knight, bright, thigh, tight, sigh, dial, trial, lion, diary, triumph, pioneer, flyer, giant, quiet, violin, field, grieve, believe, achieve, thief, thieve, piece.
Vowel Letter Combinations
ay, ai
says, quay, certainly, always, holiday, Sunday, certainty, Monday, portrayal, play, clay, aid, straight, against, fair, chair, rain, air, said, aisle, balalaika, curtain, claim, certain, pay, again, plait, plaid, plaintiff, plaintive, quay age, clay
ea
eagle, stream, sea, deal, bread, meal, lean, feather, sweat, breath, breakfast, heaven, pleasure, break, great, steak, fear, idea, tear, theatre, clear, earthly, rear, earthworm, Earn, earn, ear-splitting, Earn Shaw, earring, earnest, eaglet, each, eager, Easter, leave
ee
eel, needle, agree, addressee, employee, peer, beer, beetle, teenager, teem, teetotal, returnee
ei, ey
veil, convey, receive, key, height, eye, either, seismograph, sleight, money, heifer, Reynolds, atheism, deity, heir, heirloom, leitmotif, beige, donkey, eight, Leicester, weight, leisure, ceiling, receive, seize, geyser, they, survey, bogey, monkey, whiskey, weird
eu, ew, iew
feudal, few, masseuse, sew, Freudian, masseur, lieutenant, euphemism, feudalism, queue, pseudonym, neutral, Europe, leukocyte, rheumatism, leukemia, leucotomy, Lucite, Peugeot, Reuter, Reuben, reunion, reusable, Seurat, chew, Tewkesberry, mew, mewl, fewness, Newton, New-York
eo
jeopardy, leopard, Geoffrey, Leonard, people, theory, peony, theology, theorem, reorganize, reopen, Seoul, Leo, Leonardo, Leopold, Leonora, deodar, deoxyribonucleic, deodorant, , Neo-Latin, neologism, neoplasm, neonatal.
ie
piece, tie, fierce, tried, studied, dries, fries, friend, flies, sieve, handkerchief, science, pliers, society, acquiesce, Viennese, happiest, Vietnam, viewpoint, achieve, chief, species, series, mischief, auntie, Freddie, brier, fiery, diet, field, fiesta
oo
food, good, blood, flood, door, moor, poor, brooch, zoology, cooperate, cook, book, wood, floor, ooze, boost, boot, foolish, too, woo, kangaroo, foot, boost, boor, boomerang, boondocks, soothe
oi, oy
noise, boy, patois, turquoise, coin, oily, turmoil, boil, connoisseur, tortoise, loiter, loin, soiree, Boyd, boysenberry, boycott, toy
ou
round, soul, touch, group, could, should, would, thought, through, bough, through, rough, cough, thorough, flour, tourist, four, journey, courage, courier, ounce, oust, house, thousand, account, sound, fountain, youth, soup, boulevard, goulash, you, nourish, trouble, poultry, mould, shoulder, bought, slough, house, wound
Ex. 5.19 Spot the homophones:
Homophones are words (or combinations of words) which sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings: meet and meat, seen andscene. Find the pairs of homophones hidden in the list below.
Side, balls, bear, bowled, cue, ducked, fort, work grate, hair, hare, bales, week, dally, bald, hold, fought, weekly, stoke, walk, missed, air, pure, packed, pear, pore, where, pour, duct, bore, seam, quiet, sought, please, shake, wade, sheikh, pleas, weakly, bold, past, sighed, piece, mist, wear, seem, sight, slay, wake, win, steak, stalk, stroke, stork, daily, stake, weak, bare, holed, wine, pact, bawls, passed, wane, queue, great, heir, pair, whine, grant, sleigh, same, weighed, site, peace.
Some of these words do not form pairs of homophones.
Ex. 5.20 Read the following proverbs:
1. The cook stood still and looked the bush was full of good wood.
2. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
3. A sound mind in a sound body.
4. A green wound is soon healed.
5. I wouldn’t like to be in your shoes.
6. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
7. New brooms sweep clean.
8. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
9. Too good to be true.
10. A little pot is soon hot.
Ex. 5.21 Try to read these tongue-twisters s quick as possible:
1. Atutor who taught on the flute
Tried to teach two young tooters to toot.
Said the two to the tutor,
Is it harder to toot or
To tutor two tooters to toot?
2. Whatever one toucan can do
Is sooner done by toucans two,
And three toucans (it’s very true)
Can do much more than two can do.
3. How many cookies could a good cook if a good cook could cook cookies?
A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.
TEST
I
1. Transcribe the following words:
Four, boot, cook, young, couple, good, proud, round, look,foolish, food, sour, moon, loose, pronoun.
2.
Sort out the words according to the reading of vowel digraphs:
Borough, brought, tough, bough, thorough, ought, drought, dough, though, bought, sough, slough, pool, root, room, sooth, tootle, took, wooden, hooves, hook, foolhardy, footer, bootlegger, booklet.
3.
Translate the following utterances and transcribe the words in bold type:
1. After that she divorced from her husband and left her work, she was in a slough.
2. The wound was fatal and there was no hope for his rescue.
TEST
II
1
. Transcribe the following words:
Nutritious, food, young, neighbour, childhood, fourteen hours, joyous
cousin, wooden house, took, roomy, would.
2.
Sort out the words according to the reading of vowel digraphs:
Ooze, poor, floor, enough, choose, soul, book, southern, ounce, blood,
should, account, poultry, flood, too, could, mould, youth, rough,
trouble, mould, broach, bloom, tooth, tourist.
3.
Translate the following utterances and transcribe the words in bold type:
1. The little girl very was very frightened, when she saw a slough of a snake on a stone.
2. A man was injured, he had a wound.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--6. Reading of Unstressed Vowels
Vowels in unstressed syllables in disyllabic and polysyllabic words usually denote the neutral sound [ə] and short [ı].
1. The letters ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘y’ denote the sound [ı]: rocket, bandit, funny.
2. The letters ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’ denote the sound [ə]: Poland, bottom, cactus.
BUT-age [ı] (message), -ate [ə/ı] (delicate), -ible [ı/ə] (terrible).
3. The letter combinations ‘vowel + the letter ‘r” give the neutral [ə]: dollar, dinner, doctor, nature.
4. In the letter combination ‘vowel + vowel + consonant’ (-ial, -ion, -our, -ous etc.) we pronounce the neutral [ə]: initial, division, labour, generous.
5. In the letter combinations ‘vowel + consonant + consonant
(+ consonant/vowel)’ (-able, -ance, -ent etc.) we pronounce [ə]: capable, attendance, student.
6. In the letter combinations ‘consonant + vowel + consonant (+ vowel)’ we can pronounce:
a) the neutral [ə]: freedom;
b) the neutral [ə] or short [ı]: careless;
c) the neutral [ə] or short [υ]: awful.
7. The letters ‘o’ and ‘u’ in an open syllable and after a stressed syllable have their primary long meanings: sambo [əυ], costume [ju:].
8. An unstressed vowel is not pronounced, as a rule, in the following cases:
a) e+ l\n (at the end of a word): seven [\sevn];
b) i+l (at the end of a word): pupil [\pju:pl];
c) o+n (at the end of a word): lesson [\lesn]
Ex. 6.1 Read the riddles. Try to guess the right answer. Transcribe the underlined words, explain the rules.
1) A man looks at the photo and says: “Brothers and sisters I have none, but this man’s father is my father’s son.” What relation is the man in the photograph to the man who is looking at it?
2) There is a question to which you never answer “yes”. What question is it?
3) What is it that looks like a ball,
But stands still and does not fall
off its thin and graceful leg?
Childrenlike to turn it round,
Lakes and rivers are there found.
Countries, states and their towns
You can see on it all round.
Ex. 6.2 ( , track 6)
a) Listen to the poem. Circle the words which rhyme.
Mr. Porter loves his pasta.
No one else can eat it faster.
Mr. Porter’s sister Rita,
Buys the pasta by the metre.
Mr. Porter’s older daughter,
Boils it all in tubs of water.
b)Learn the rhyme.
The Time-table of Lazy-bones Grundy
Lazy-bones Grundy
Must do sums for Monday.
“And today it is Thursday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy,
“So I’ll do it on Wednesday,
If not – then on Thursday,
Or even on Friday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy.
Not very soon comes Friday
And Saturday comes,
But lazy-bones Grundy
Has no time for sums.
“Never mind”, says Grundy,
“I’ll do it on Sunday.”
So this time-table
Of lazy-bones Grundy.
Ex. 6.3 Transcribe the following words and divide them into three columns: [ju:], [əυ], [ə]
Tribune, monotony, statue, samba, cactus, attribute, customs, gratitude, ambulance, monogram, common, also, tempo, recognize.
Ex. 6.4 Pay attention to the full quality of the unstressed vowels and explain the rule:
a) mambo, canto, tempo, dingo, banjo, fresco, motto, tango, salvo, stucco, Plato, photo, solo, memo, credo, veto, Pluto, silo;
b) commune, costume, capsule, formula, circular, occupant.
Ex. 6.5
a) Listen. In each sentence or phrase there are two vowels which are not [ə]. Circle them ( , track 7)
Example: an apple and a banana
1. from Canada to China
2. The parrot was asleep.
3. The cinema was open.
4. the photographer’s assistant
5. a question and an answer
6. a woman and her husband
7. a pasta salad
b) Write the words in the correct part of the table. Then listen and check ( , track 8)
Orange woman return collect market begin visit asleep
Salad teaches needed letter sofa peaches quarter women
Vowel in weak syllable = [ə]
Vowel in weak syllable = [І]
woman
orange
Ex. 6.6 Compare the reading of the vowels in stressed and unstressed position. Read the following words:
Ex. 6.7 Pronounce the following words and comment on the reading of unstressed vowels:
Error, terror, horror, chirrup, barrack, mirror;
Ballot, gallop, cactus, census;
Grammar, beggar, collar, cellar, dollar, poplar;
Volga, delta, extra, villa, Sylva, Edna, character, manager;
Baggage, bandage, courage, garbage, message, accurate, adequate, affectionate, approximate, delicate;
Amber, banner, summer, supper, dinner, number, member, butter, pepper, shelter, winter;
Academy, generous, achievement, ailment, golden, deepen, different, patience, fluency, bravery;
Positive, possible, ineligible, invisibility;
Doctor, proctor, tractor, factor, actor.
Ex. 6.8 Read the following words. Note that they have complete vowel reduction.
Britain, curtain, separate, metal, medal;
Interest, model, parcel, travel;
Medicine, professional, revolutionary.
Ex. 6.9 Find the words in which unstressed vowels are not reduced:
1. government, assurance, terrible, crock ware
2. translation, improvable, partial, monotonous
3. meaningless, soluble, wisdom, trainer
4. monkey, canvas, carpet, dismount
Ex. 6.10 Listen and circle the word you hear ( , track 9)
1. Woman or women? What time did the woman\women arrive?
2. Dress or address? Where’s Kate’s dress\address?
3. Manager’s or manages? The team manager’s\manages well.
4. Teacher’s or teaches? The German teaches\teacher’s English.
5. Weight’s or waiter’s? The weight’s\waiter’s heavy.
6. Dancer’s or dances? The woman dancer’s\dances fast.
7. Officer’s or office’s? The officer’s\office’s here.
8. Away or way? Take that away\way.
9. Drive or driver? What a nice driver\drive!
10.Racer’s or races? The racer’s\races finished.
Ex. 6.11 Read the following words and pay attention to the reading of unstressed vowels:
Dizzy, remedial, examination, painful, remedy, extract, fever, giddy, recovery, malady, giddiness, harmful, injury, illness, injection, inflammation capable, record, competitor, chessman, curable, handicap, amateur, sensible, garment, recovery, expert, stressful, careless, judgement, remedy, doctor, patient, medical, inflammation, to operate, ambulance, ointment, prescription, painful, treatment, cancer, ailment.
Ex. 6.12 Write down the unstressed vowels, which the following words have:
clumsy, ointment, stressful, complication, dormitory, treatment, sickness, vitality, surgery, conscious, deficiency, condition, shivery, breathless, ailment, cavity, therapy, bandage, appointment, funny, rocket, nature, dollar, bottom, Poland, costume, samba, attendance, capable, student, message, delicate, freedom, awful, careless.
Ex. 6.13 Choose the words, in which the unstressed vowel is not reduced and has its primary alphabetical meaning. Explain the rule:
Stamina, contest, participant, costume, sedentary, snooker, polo, badminton, racket, victory, samba, hockey.
Ex. 6.14 Extract the words with unstressed vowels and group them according to the sound, which they denote:
Stress is a disease of the twentieth century. Life has never been faster and jobs have never been more stressful than they are today. People have to perform more and more work under difficult and more stressful conditions. Many people suffer from stress and the illness it can cause. But as this situation is becoming recognized, people shouldn’t have to fear comments such as, “He’s had a nervous breakdown. Can’t take the pressure, you know.” This is because more people are recognizing that stress is a natural reaction – it is a reaction of a person’s body to pressure, either from the outside world or from the inner world of emotions and physical organs. We can’t avoid stress. And we can’t help ourselves, or others, until we know more about it. Not all stress is bad and perhaps if we understand it better we could make the most of it.
Ex. 6.15 Find the superfluous word in each group (unstressed vowels):
[ɔ:] – ׀football, ׀terror, ׀record;
[I] – ׀phoneme, ׀profit, ׀fifties;
[æ] – can׀teen, fan׀tastic, sex׀tet;
[e] – sen׀sation, ׀congress, ׀drawback;
[i:] – re׀set, re׀group, e׀lusive.
Ex. 6.16 Transcribe the following words and explain why the unstressed vowel is reduced or not:
ba׀nana
׀profit
pre׀vented
׀tribune
ma׀chine
׀ticket
׀statue
po׀litical
׀lovely
׀dangerous
׀movement
׀horrible
׀echo
׀giddy
Ex. 6.17 Read the limerick and underline the words with [ə], [
I
]:
There once was a student named Bessor
Whose knowledge grew lesser and lesser
It at last grew so small,
He knew nothing at all,
And today he’s a college professor.
Ex. 6.18 Read these twisters and underline the words with [ə], [
I
]:
The hammer man hammers the hammer on the hard highroad.
Little lady Lilly lost her lovely locket. Lucky little Lucy found the lovely locket. Lovely little locket lay in Lucy’s pocket. Lazy little Lucy lost the lovely locket!
Ex. 6.19 Read the proverbs, explain the reading of the unstressed vowels:
1. Appearances are deceitful.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. Better late than never.
4. Love is a malady without cure.
5. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
6. Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill.
7. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
8. Accident will happen.
9. Desperate disease must have desperate remedies.
10.Prevention is better than cure.
11.A merry heart is a good medicine.
12.Caution is the parent of cure.
13.To be a cut throat competition.
TEST
Ex. 1 Distribute the words into four groups (one and the same word can be in different groups) according to the reading of unstressed vowels:
[ə]
[
I
]
[ə/
I
]
primary alph. meaning
Radio, message, kingdom, hopeless, gratitude, cellar, belong, changeable, divide, downy, also, prepare, deliberate, attribute, deliver, courage, teacher, countable, probable, tempo.
Ex. 2 Find the words with unstressed vowels and explain their reading:
1. Look before you leap.
2. Hasty climbers have sudden falls.
3. If you run after two hares, you’ll catch neither.
4. It’s not cricket.
5. Study sickness, while you are well.
6. Health isn’t valued, till sickness come.
Ex. 3 Transcribe the words:
Samba, gymnastics, glider, contest, spectator, vicious, medical, polo, bicycle, judo, discuss, stamina, marathon, achievement, disqualification.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--7. Reading of Consonants
Letter
Meaning(s)
Examples
Bb
[b]
Boy, baby
Cc
[s] – before e, i, y
[k]
[∫] – before unstressed vowels
City, cycle
Come, cat
Social, musician, delicious, special
Dd
[d] – after vowels & voiced consonants in endings
[t] – after voiceless consonants in endings
Played, rained
Stopped, watched
Ff
[f]
[v]
Fine, film
of
Gg
[dʒ] – before e, i, y
[g]
[ʒ] – in words of French origin
Gym, gentle, angel
Game !!!girl,get,give
Garage, rouge, beige
Hh
[h]
Hello, hamster
Jj
[dʒ]
Jane, joy
Kk
[k]
Kettle, kitchen
Ll
[l]
Lemon, little
Mm
[m]
Money, mirror
Nn
[n]
Nose, novel
Pp
[p]
Pepper, pick
Qq
[k] – at the end of words
[kw]
Unique, technique
Quarrel, quality
Rr
[r]
Right, reality
Ss
[s] – at the beginning of words, after voiceless consonants in endings
[z] – after vowels & voiced consonants at the end of a word; between two vowels
[∫]
[ʒ]
Son, stops, caps
Mends, loses, advertise, present
impression, sugar
Measure, pleasure,
Tt
[t]
[t∫]– in words ending in -ure
[∫]–when followed by a letter i in many suffixed words
Take, water
Nature, future,
Nation, education, initial, ambition
Vv
[v]
Van, cover
Ww
[w]
Wood, wet
Xx
[ks]
[k∫]\[gz]
[gʒ] – before a stressed vowel
Box, fox, mixture
Luxury\ luxurious
Luxury
Zz
[z]
Zero, zebra
READING OF “c, g, j”
Ex. 7.1 Read the following words according to the rules and find exceptions:
college
scoff
science
cyclist
screen
occupy
cinema
scenery
soccer
canteen
success
get
gallery
German
give
general
begin
goal
genus
game
ginger
gather
jar
judge
jelly
join
joke
justice
jungle
July
Jump
Job
journalist
Ex. 7.2 Put the words into the right column and find exceptions if there are any:
[k]
[s]
[g]
[d3]
Cc:biscuit, cake, can, cap, car, cat, carpet, carry, chocolate, cinema, city, class, clean, clear, clerk, clever, clock, close, coat, come, concert, cook, cool, count, cousin, cow, cucumber, cup, cure, dance, December, doctor, face, race, factory, ice-cream, pencil, picture, place, quick, second, secretary, uncle.
Gg: august, begin, finger, flag, game, garden, get, girl, give, go, good, goose, grandfather, grass, great, green, grey, ground, jug, jungle, large, leg, orange, page, pig, porridge, tiger, village, engineer, giraffe, cage, German, together, forget, egg, dog, again, agree, angry, England, hungry, glass.
Ex. 7.3 Find the odd word:
1. cap, candle, centre, cosy, council.
2. gold, gum, gossip, game, give.
3. curriculum, century, ceramic, circle, cycle.
4. gentle, gerund, giant, gymnast, get.
5. cake, call, cease, cause.
6. gas, gentleman, ginger, gymnastics.
7. get, gain, give, begin.
8. scissors, scientific, scarf, scene.
Ex. 7.4 Add the word according to the rule:
1. career, car, can, capital, ...
2. century, centre, cite, Cyprus, ...
3. gallery, gamble, garlic, governmental, ...
4. gentle, general, gibber, gymnasium, ...
Ex. 7.5 Indicate how the letter c is pronounced in the words: [s], [∫], [k].
1. success –
2. juice –
3. sufficient –
4. anchor –
5. accept –
6. scientific –
7. chemist –
8. appreciate –
9. balcony –
10. proficiency –
11. decide –
12. clown –
13. precious –
14. tobacco –
Ex. 7.6 Indicate how the letter g is pronounced in the words: [g], [d3].
1. religion –
2. geography –
3. bridge –
4. beggar –
5. gear –
6. figure –
7. hamburger –
8. guilty —
9. engineer –
10. giant –
11. oxygen –
12. guard –
13. gypsy –
14. regulator –
15. bargain –
16. government –
Ex. 7.7 C, k, ck, que or ch for [k]? Complete the words by spelling the sound [k].
statisti_
che___
pani_ing
_riti_al
mimi_ing
traffi_er
mista_e
inspe_tor
heada_e
_ustoms
traffi_
musi_al
terrifi_
uni__
pani_
basi_
te_ni__
lu__
pi_ni_
che__
_ids
pi_ni_ing
tru_
wal_
basi_ally
drin_
mimi_
athleti_ally
Ex. 7.8 Underline the letters which are pronounced [∫] in the following sentences.
List the ways you found to spell this sound.
1. If you are an ambitious language learner, you should work hard on pronunciation and dictation.
2. So, after graduation you will be able to do translation and hold conversation taking part in negotiations.
3. He is impatient to go to the exhibition. Its expositions resulted from the exploration of the culture of ancient civilizations.
4. If you are anxious about future generations, please take part in our conversation project.
5. I don’t think I need your permission to go on an excursion.
6. Flies spread infectious disease. You’d better take measures against them.
7. I’m sure we won’t finish our work without financial support from a social organization.
Ex. 7.9 Fill in the missing letters s or z. Some words can be spelt both ways.
1. I must apologi_e for disturbing you so late.
2. Do you want to try on this sweater? I think it’s your si_e.
3. Everybody was surpi_ed at his calm.
4. She received the Nobel Pri_e for phy_ics.
5. What do you think of medicine adverti_ing on TV?
6. The doctor advi_ed him to take more exerci_e.
7. My parents do not sympathi_e with my ambition to go on a stage.
8. I could hardly recogni_e him. He looked different in his new suit.
9. Stop critici_ing everybody! Mind yourself!
10. It was very wi_e of you not to go there.
Ex. 7.10 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. To let the cat out of the bag.
2. Appearances are deceitful.
3. The devil is not so black as it is painted.
4. The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
5. To stew in one’s own juice.
6. Well begun is half done.
7. The game is not worth the candle.
READING OF ENDINGS -(e)s, -(e)d
The ending -(e)s of plural forms of nouns and of the 3rd singular present indefinite of verbs is read
how
when
a)
[s]
after voiceless consonants;
b)
[z]
after vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants;
c)
[ız]
after [s], [z], [∫], , [t∫], .
The ending-(e)d of regular forms of verbs is read
how
when
a)
[d]
after vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants;
b)
[t]
after voiceless consonants
c)
[ıd]
after [t], [d]
Ex. 7.11 ( , track 10)
Each line contains either verbs or adjectives ending in , or verbs or nouns ending in . Decide which is the odd one out in terms of the way that the ending is pronounced. Then check your answer with the recording.
Example: seas picks pays digs
1
picked
stopped
robbed
taped
2
wanted
shaped
estimated
congratulated
3
shops
digs
robs
codes
4
judges
horses
names
wishes
5
trapped
faked
hoped
faded
6
wicked
picked
tricked
licked
Ex. 7.12 Read the wordsaccording to the rule:
a) with the ending -(e)s
inches, hands, chiefs, shoes, maps, boxes, safes, dishes, machines, roofs, classes, wives, babies, benches, books, bottles, boys, brings, burns, buzzes, cages, capes, cars, catches, cats, checks, clashes, clings, clocks, crooks, dates, dishes, doctors, dresses, edges, faces, feeds, fetches, fifths, fingers, foxes, gains, gnats, hooks, hopes, horses, jobs, kites, knives, knows, ladies, leaps, lies, matches, moths, noses, nurses, pages, papers, parts, phones, pies, picks, pipes, places, pumps, roses, seats, sites, skies, sofas, swims, taxes, teachers, thinks, ties, trays, wages, waves, weeks, wives, writers.
b) with the ending -(e)d
acted, added, advised, agreed, begged, called, camped, carried, compiled, composed, concreted, concurred, crashed, decided, defended, differed, dressed, ended, enjoyed, entered, explained, failed, finished, fired, followed, founded, handed, hoped, hurried, joked, listed, listened, looked, marked, mended, opened, packed, painted, placed, pronounced, pumped, reminded, rested, rounded, sacked, shouted, seemed, seized, skated, smoked, started, stayed, robbed, tacked, talked, turned, typed, waited, walked, washed, packed, arrived, moved, worked, played, needed, smashed, ended.
Ex. 7.13 Put the words into columns:
a) with the ending -(e)s
[s]
[z]
[Iz]
Cats, touches, drops, pencils, coats, poses, gods, cured, ports, causes, fits, its, adds, tends, courses, boxes, mottos, toes, heroes, saves, boxes, spies, memories, tomatoes, drivers, potatoes, matches, plays, pockets, fingers, sources, marches, invalids, secrets.
b) with the ending -(e)d
[t]
[d]
[Id]
Forced, recorded, swamped, saved, treated, brushed, connected, viewed, waited, stopped, used, enjoyed, needed, tended, dressed, helped, danced, opened, played, counted, decided, answered, wanted, cried, studied, traveled, used, skipped, stopped, hated, trusted, published, switched, named, sounded.
Ex. 7.14 Find the odd word:
1) noses, pieces, years, dresses, dollies.
2) stopped, used, traveled, smelled, agreed.
3) pens, hens, pets, lessons, heads.
4) coasted, ended, resulted, resisted, suffered.
5) tips, backs, points, models.
6) places, matches, cases, shocks.
7) passed, worked, dropped, needed.
8) hated, promoted, landed, licked.
Ex. 7.15 Add the word according to the rule:
1) toys, arms, fingers, hairs, ...
2) displeased, smelled, pervaded, ...
3) secrets, tickets, shocks, foots, ...
4) hands, legs, years, eyes,…
Ex. 7.16 Find a way from Start to Finish. You may not pass a square if the word contains the sound [z]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.
start
↓
spots
squares
prize
since
six
sports
streets
wise
sells
sits
exact
escapes
rice
rise
sense
science
lose
lost
oasis
desert
smokes
songs
crisps
box
place
face
snacks
seas
voice
boxes
plays
phase
nose
smiles
focus
concert
↑finish
Ex. 7.17 The pronunciation of the possessive “s” is the same as for plural endings. For example: Peter’s [z], John’s [z], Philips [s], Steph’s [s], Gearge’s [
I
z], Alice’s [
I
z].
Put the words in italics in the correct column, according to the pronunciation of the possessive “s”.
a month’sholiday
Jane’sdog
the horse’s mouth
Joe’s ambition
Uncle Toby’s
Mr. Walsh’s car
Beth’sdoll
the judge’s decision
Liz’s mother
the Jones’s children
the government’s duty
the boys’ father
the world’s resources
a wasp’s nest
a week’s pay
[z]
[s]
[
I
z]
Ex. 7.18 Read the text, underline the past verbs with –ed ending and explain the rule of reading.
Robin Tailor was born in Birmingham on the 27th of December 1958. His mother died the same day. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor adopted him. In 1960, the Taylor family immigrated to Perth in Western Australia. Last year, Robin was in Britain on holiday. He traveled to Birmingham and asked about his family. He discovered that he had a twin brother! Robin phoned a BBC radio programme and told his story. He asked for information about his brother. That afternoon he received a phone call from Perth in Scotland. The next day he went to Scotland and met his brother for the first time.
Ex. 7.19 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. What can’t be cured must be endured.
3. Exception proves the rule.
4. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
5. Where the shoe pinches.
6. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
7. It’s the early bird that catches the worm.
8. The devil is not so black as it’s painted.
9. Still waters run deep.
READING OF COMBINATIONS OF VOWELS WITH CONSONANTS
Ex. 7.20 Read the following words containing combination of vowels and consonants:
[əυ] cold, fold, hold, bold, gold, told, sold;
[aı] wild, mild, child,;
[aı] kind, mind, find, bind, blind, rind.
[a:] class, fast, ask, plant, bath, pass, past, task, grant, path, glass, cast, bask, can’t, father, grass, vast, basket, shan’t, brass, mask, branch.
[ɔ:] all, small, ball, fall, call, stall, tall, wall.
[ɒ] was, wash, what, want, watch, quality;
[aυ] now, how, cow, down, town, clown, brown, crowd, crown, flower, power, tower;
[əυ] row, own, slow, grow, snow, glow, show, throw, know
Ex. 7.21 Which word in the pair has more predictable spelling?
warm –charm
cork – work
wart –dart
worm – storm
window — binding
worm – squirm
want – pant
word – lord
call – shall
eight – height
Ex. 7.22 Find the odd word:
Target, farm, warm, market, barking.
Word, work, world, war, worse.
Behind, bind, wind, mind, blind.
Call, shall, tall, also, always.
Howl, jowl, crown, throw, coward.
Own, borrow, pillow, tower, crow.
Dance, can’t, bathroom, past, east.
Warship, quality, watch, wash, was.
Pond, gold, sold, behold, scold.
Ex. 7.23 Find the homophones:
side/ stalk/ hold/ might/ bold/ knight/ sight/ won/ site/ holed/ stork/ bowled/ night/ one/ sighed/ mite
Ex 7.24 Find the rhymes:
a) warm/ calm/ heard/ polite/ want/ show/ world/ aunts/ what/ work/ stalk/ bite
b) ago/ farm/ dance/ fight/ pot/ pond/ whirled/ perk/ night/ fork/ storm/ word
Ex. 7.25 ( , track 11)
Listen to the recording and decide which names you hear.
Example: I’ve invited ____Pete___to join us.
a) Pete b) Peter c) Pet
1. I’ve just been talking to __________________.
a) Jan Lipman b) Jane Lipman c) Jane Leapman d) Jan Leapman
2. I’ve just got a letter from __________________.
a) Eryl b) Meryl
3. Can I speak to _____________, please?
a) Mick Wilson b) Mike Wilson c) Mack Wilson d) Mark Wilson
4. I haven’t seen ____________ for ages.
a) Mary b) Marie
5. Could you give this to __________, please?
a) Lucille b) Lucy
6. I think that’s ___________ over there.
a) Peter Bales b) Peter Vales c)Pete Bales d) Pete Vales
7. Have you met _________________?
a) Barbara Eaton b) Barbara Heaton c) Barbie Eaton d) Barbie Heaton
8. I’ve invited _______________ as well.
a) Joe Newman b) Joan Newman
9. That’s _________________, I think.
a) Sir Ralph b) Sir Alf
10. I think that’s ____________over there.
a) Sue Weedon b) Sue Eden
11. Is ___________ here today?
a) Gert b) Curt
12. I’m going with ___________ to the cinema.
a) Alec b) Alex
13. Have you seen ____________ recently?
a) Rita b) Lita
14. I hear that ___________has got a new job.
a) Bet b) Beth c) Betty d) Bess
15. Isn’t that ________over there?
a) Carl b) Carla
Ex. 7.26 ( , track 12)
Look at and listen to these pairs of words.
a. Peterand pepper. These start with the same consonant sound [p], but the following vowel sound is different: [׀pi:tə], [׀pepə].
b. Peter and pizza. These start with the same three sounds: [׀pi:tə] and [׀pi:tsə].
Now read the following pairs of words. How many identical sounds do they start with? Listen to the recording to check how they are pronounced.
Examples:
Peter/ pepper – 1 Peter/pizza – 3
1. Kate \ cake __ 9. Penny \ pizza __
2. Charles \ chocolate ___ 10. Margery \margarine ___
3. Oliver \ olives ___ 11. Barbara \ bananas ___
4. Tom \ tomatoes ___ 12. Sam \ salmon ___
5. Susan \ sugar ___ 13. Colin \ cola ___
6. Salome \ salami ___ 14. Brenda \ bread ___
7. Pat \ pasta ___ 15. Jim \ gin ___
8. Patty \ pastry ___ 16. Raymond \ radishes ___
Ex. 7.27
a) Put the following words into the correct column according to the pronunciation of”-ough”:
Cough, through, plough, fought, thought, tough, nought, ought, drought, borough, bough, sought, bought, dough, though, enough, rough, thorough
[
ɔ
:
]
[
ʌ
f]
[
ɒ
f]
[u:]
[ə]
[ə
ʊ]
[
a
ʊ]
b) Add two more words into each group:
caught, cuff, burglar, glow, stew, toffee, groan, snuff, warn, queue, terror, doubt, frown, off.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--8. Mute Consonants
Mute letter
Combinations of letters
Examples
b
bt
mb
Doubt, subtle,climb but: obtain
Bomb, comb, lamb, tomb
c
sc
Scissors, scene, muscle
d
Before consonants
Wednesday, handsome
g
gn
gm
Sign, sovereign, gnat, resign, but: pregnant, magnet
Paradigm, gnome
h
wh
rh, h
gh
kh
Which, white, where, what
Rhyme, hour, exhibition, honor
Ghost, gherkin
Khaki, khan
gh
igh
High, light, weight, fight
k
kn
Know, knife, knight, knee
l
ld (only in words)
lf
alk
lm
Could, would, should
Half, calf, but: golf, wolf
Talk, walk, chalk
Calm, psalm, but: film
n
nm
Autumn, column, condemn
p
pn
pt
ps
Pneumonia, pneumatic
Receipt, but: helicopter, September, raptorial
Psychology, psalm, but: laps, perhaps
r
after vowels
Far, farm, girl, turn, term
s
sl
Island, isle
t
ften
stle
sten
Often, soften
Whistle, castle
Listen, fasten
w
wh (before –o)
wr
sw
Who, whose, whom, whole
Writer, playwright, wrong, wrestling
Answer, but: swallow, swan, sweet
Ex. 8.1 Find the homophones:
Lamb/ wood/ receipt/ rime/ hole/right/ reseat/ knew/ fought/ whine/ reign/ lam/ rain/ new/ fort/ wine/ would/ rhyme/ write/ whole.
Ex. 8.2 Find the rhymes:
Farm, boom, delight, hurl, gate, design, sign, who, calm, threw, court, reign, alarm, height, gloom, bite, polite, refine, weight, whirl, pine, chew, caught, refrain, incite, womb, psalm, night, charm, tomb, through, balm.
Ex. 8.3 Choose the odd word:
when, which, whose, where
lump, limb, lamb, comb
calm, palm, film, balm
knapsack, knowledge, knick-knack, acknowledge
Gypsy, pseud, perhaps, eclipse
pseudonym, psychosis, trapshooting, psyche.
Ex. 8.4 Choose the appropriate word:
1. That was really a very courageous _______.
a) knight b) night
2. She doesn’t _____ _____ her necklace is.
a) no, were b) know, where
3. He ______ his father was coming home because he heard his horse’s _______.
a) new, slay b) knew, sleigh
4. He became an ________ of a tremendous fortune after his ________ death.
a) heir, father’s b) air, father’s
5. The troops had to _____ the river.
a) wade b) weight
6. The rose was very beautiful but the thorns on the _______ hurt my fingers.
a) stork b) stalk
7. The king’s ________ his spouse’s glance and understood everything.
a) court b) caught
8. It was the first day of ______ for the ______.
a) rain, shake b) reign, sheikh
Ex. 8.5 Correct the mistakes:
I got court in the reign this morning and got wet threw.
I’d like to get some fire-would.
I no wot you mean.
I always get aches and peigns in winter.
We booked the tickets threw the Internet.
She can’t weight for you.
It’s very hot there, she won’t knead her fur-coat.
Rite! That’s the correct variant.
Ex. 8.6 Complete the word by adding the silent letter.
1. An _onest man never tells lies.
2. _hose spectacles are these?
3. Abom_ exploded just near the bridge.
4. The spirit of a dead person is called a g_ost.
5. Do you hear someone _nocking at the window?
6. His _nowledge of the subject is rather poor.
7. The clock strikes every _our.
8. I’m afraid he’s caught _neumonia.
9. You’d better _rap her present up.
10. If you don’t want to forget, tie _not in your handkerchief.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--9. Reading of English Consonant Clusters
English sibilants and interdental sounds which don’t have their equivalents in the Latin alphabet are denoted by combinations of consonants, the second element of which is “h”, e. g. she, chain, thus, three.
All the combinations of consonants, except “sh”, have the primary and the secondary sound meanings. The combinations of consonants are read in the primary sound meaning in most English words. In the words of foreign origin they are read in their secondary meaning.
Cluster
Sound
Where
Examples
ch
[t∫]
[k]
[∫]
[d3]
[h]
Geek and Latin
French
cheap, chair, watch
ache, school
machinery, chef
sandwich, spinach
Loch
th
[θ]
[t]
[ð]
word end and beginning
proper names
between and before vowels
throw, tooth
Thomas, Thailand
this, leather
ph
[v]
[f]
Greek and Latin
Stephen
philosophy, phonetics
sh
[∫]
shelf, wash
READING OF “ng, nk”
Cluster
Sound
Where
Examples
ng
[ŋ]
In final position or before suffixes –er, -est, -ed, -ing
Sing, singing, singer
ng
[ŋg]
In the middle of a root word
Anger, hunger butangel, conglomerate, congratulate
nk
[ŋk]
Any position
Ink, pink
READING OF LETTER “n”
The leter “n” denotes:
[n] in prefixes – con, — non, — in, -un (income, nonsense, confident, unread)
[ŋ] before: c, k ([k] function, tank), ck, qu ([k] conquer, ancker), xi ([k∫] anxious),
g ([g] England, longer), the suffixes and endings –er, -est, -ed, -ing (sing, singer, singing).
Ex. 9.1 Read the words with letter “n”:
condition
tranquil
non-stop
confidential
constant
cleanest
hank
infamous
unbroken
conquer
singing
interrupt
hang
anxious
lighting
fore-finger
unconscious
inkpot
Ex. 9.2 Transcribe the following words and divide them into groups according to the reading of the combinations of consonants:
linked, wings, inkpot, jungle, anxious, mounting, singer, single, anger, anxious, nonsense, eating, finger, income, function, conquer, having, confident, eaten, English, concentration, nonplus, indirect, frank, hanger, linked, wings, jungle, anxious, mounting, condition, nonunion, invisible, tank, function, belonged, nice, can't, sing, incredible, land, giant, pane, strong, bringing, long, banker.
Ex. 9.3 Find the odd word:
1. jungle, nonsense, Frank, sorting, single.
2. uneasy, nonplus, convention, English, irritation.
3. ring, tongue, boring, chunk, conversion.
4. dinner, convenient, nonstop, involve, undid.
5. unclaimed, nonsense, link, inhale.
6. finger, hang, frank, stronger.
7. singer, hanger, belonged, doing.
Ex. 9.4 Add the word according to the rule:
1. informal, non-aggression, unable, ...
2. tank, frank, hank, ...
3. longer, stronger, younger, ...
4. sung, wing, finger, ...
5. consult, industry, indulge, ...
6. stinks, tank, inkpot, ...
7. boring, sorting, lying, ...
Ex. 9.5 Find the way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word
in it has the sound [ŋ]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.
Start ↓
sing
think
thick
strong
wrong
rung
sign
uncle
unless
drug
strange
comb
thanks
angry
signal
drank
English
finger
anxious
angel
single
monkey
money
young
language
tongue
skiing
skin
came
ink
lounge
danger
band
dream
swim
wing
↑ Finish
Ex. 9.6 Explain the rules of reading in these proverbs:
1. What is done cannot be undone.
2. Wars the sport of kings.
3. He who swims in sin will sink in sorrow.
4. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
5. Better unborn than untaught.
6. Honey is sweet but the bee stings.
Ex. 9.7 Join consonant clusters with the sounds they can denote. There are 4 sounds that don’t fit here.
[d3]
[t]
[t∫]
[v]
[ð]
[s]
CH SH TH
NG PH NK
[n]
[ŋk]
[h]
[f]
[θ]
[g]
[ŋ]
[∫]
[k]
[ŋg]
Find the word with each sound:
Chandelier, worth, anger, triumph, Anthony, sandwich, cheekbone, Stephen, shrewd, bang, Frank, than, monarchy
Ex. 9.8 Find the odd word according to the way of the reading of consonant clusters:
1. accept, success, soccer, accede, access, accent.
2. anchor, young, conquer, conclude, function.
3. think, thunder, throne, thyme, thick, thing.
4. chaos, chord, stomach, monarchy, chaste.
5. tooth, scythe, truth, thumb, throw, thin.
6. go, gargle, gage, glove, stage, give.
7. chef, chic, champagne, charade, chick.
Ex. 9.9 Sort out the words into columns according to the reading of consonant clusters.
Machinery, scheme, scythe, child, Thames, weather, chef, Christmas, Thompson, chick, than, chic, chord, chalice, cliché, Chaos, neither, thyme, thrift, cheek, though, thorn, thaw, thief.
Ex. 9.10
Find a way from start to finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound [θ]. You can move horizontally of vertically.
Start
north
northern
either
weather
breathe
those
south
bath
bathe
thought
breath
youth
southern
third
their
through
though
thumb
Thailand
cloth
path
fifth
with
worth
month
clothes
these
brother
that
teeth
throw
thing
author
other
they
wealth
Finish
Ex. 9.11
Complete this rhyme using words from the box. Then listen and check ( , track 13)
Earth
another
Heather
together
brother
birth
neither
either
mothers
brothers
Arthur had a brother
And he didn’t want another.
And of the brothers, ______
Wanted sisters _____ .
The last thing on this_____
They wanted was a _____.
So Arthur’s mother _____
Got them both _____,
And told them all good _____
Should learn to share their _____.
Ex. 9.12 Listen and circle the word you hear( , track 14)
1. Youth or use? There’s no youth\use talking about that.
2. Thought or taught? I don’t know what she thought\taught.
3. Free or three? Free\Three refills with each packet!
4. Closed or clothed? They weren’t fully closed\clothed.
5. Breeding or breathing? They’ve stopped breeding\breathing.
6. These are or visa? These are\Visa problems we can deal with later.
Ex. 9.13 Practice reading the following words observing the rules of reading of consonant clusters:
a) Sheep, fish, Lewisham, mishap, ghost, rough, high, eight, daughter, Ghana, ghastly, ghee, gherkin, ghetto, ghillie, ghoul, Ghana, ghee, gharry, ghoulish, shoulder, shovel, show off, shrewd, shrink, Zhirinovsky, Zhukov, Zhivago, Zhejiang, Zhang, Zhuhai, photograph, shepherd, Stephen, Clapham, nephew, cheap, chair, charm, scheme, school, ache, cholesterol, chemistry, machinery, clef, sandwich, Charles, charter, charka, charivari, chateau, chauffeur, cheekbone, Chaucer, chauvinism, Chihuahua, chloral, choir, cholera, cholinesterase, pharmacology, pharyngeal, phoneme, phonetic, physiotherapy, phthisis, phylum
b) Wristband, knout, wryneck, Khachaturian, wreathe, Khan, Khyber, khanate, pneumothorax, Knox, knuckle, wrongheaded, Khrushchev, knurl, knockdown.
Ex. 9.14 Read the proverbs; explain the reading of consonant clusters:
The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
Exception proves the rule.
Where the shoe pinches.
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
Physicians mend or end us.
Neither fish nor flesh.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
A watched pot never boils.
A drowning man will catch at a straw.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Ex. 9.15 Practice reading the following homophones:
Homophones are words (or combinations of words)
ü which sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings: e.g. meet andmeat, seen andscene.
ü There are some examples of one word sounding like a combination of words: e.g. heed and he’d.
ü Sometimes three words (or combinations of words) sound exactly the same: e.g. I’ll, isle andaisle.
Ø scent – a distinctive smell, sent – the past tense of send
Ø scene– the place where an event takes place, seen – the past tense of see
Ø site – a piece of land, cite – to quote
Ø session– the meeting of a court, cession – the act of ceding
Ø scull– rowing motion, skull – head bone
Ø sic– to set upon, sick — ill
Ø sink– to submerge, synch – together in time
Ø soared – to have sailed through the air, sword – long fighting blade
Ø sucker – one who sucks, succor – relief
Ø plum – purple fruit, plumb – straight up and down
Ø profit– money earned, prophet – seer
Ø bark– outer sheath of a tree, barque – square-rigged sailing ship
Ø bloc– an alliance, block – square object
Ø bold– brave, bowled – knocked over
Ø boll– round seed pod, bowl – dish
Ø borough– township, burrow – dig into the ground
Ø bough– tree branch, bow – front of a ship, respectful bend
Ø burger– meat sandwich, burgher – merchant
Ø but– excepting, butt – the thick end
Ex. 9.16
Spot the homophones 1
isle / bard / beer / bored / caught / night / pale / cawed / chord / sly / died / dyer / cored/ dough / flawed / toed / pear / meal / floored / teas / knew / heard / soar / heal / lacks / lax / male / steer / we’ll / maize / might / slay / dead / stair / mite / breaks / knight / towed / dire / knit / weight / herd / seam / aisle / he’ll / nit / tees / new / pail / bier / board / barred / pare / doe / pair / rain court / bared / dyed / heel / reign / saw / mail / sore / I’ll / seem / maze / sleigh / stare / tease / toad / wait / wheel
Some of these words do not form pairs of homophones.
Ex. 9.17
Spot the homophones 2
In the following conversation a large number of words have been replaced by homophones. Spot where they have been used and decide how the words should be written.
— Lousy whether we’ve been having recently. (=Lousy weather…)
— We haven’t been having much son, that’s for shore. I got court in the reign this mourning and got wet threw.
— Me two. And how about that cold missed first thing? I went out bear headed to get sum fire-would and haven’t bean warm since. And my hands got quite saw as well. Really roar, they feel.
— I no watcher mean. I always get aches and panes in the winter. Anyway, weir off to get some son necks tweak. Weave booked a few daze in Singerpoor.
— Yes, I herd you had. Lucky yew! Still, I shouldn’t mown. We flue to Florida last cheer, witch was really nice, and it’s only fore weeks till we visit my sun and daughter-in lore in Roam. Haven’t scene them for rages. We only maid the booking yesterday, threw the internet. Mary’s already pact; she can’t weight.
— Well, tell her she won’t knead her fir coat any weigh.
— Rite. Oh Kay. Aisle sea you later.
— Buy. See ewe a round.
Some of the homophones show that this is fast, informal speech.
Ex. 9.18 Transcribe the following words:
Shop, fish, this, English, shot, three, cheese, something, thus, months, catch, through, that, child, chef, these, those, thirst, third, chop, shelf, anxious, trophy, scholarship, changes, England, machinery, gage, judge, science, echo, tongues, income, scheme.
Ex. 9.19 ( , track 15)
A In each line, identify the word that has a different first consonant sound. Read them first, then listen to the recording to check.
Example: friend priest physical philosophy
B In each line, identify the word that has a different final consonant sound. Then listen to the recording to check.
1
picked
rubbed
fact
bought
2
dragged
road
dropped
hide
3
cough
safe
roof
of
4
packs
ox
begs
pats
5
lump
chasm
limb
name
6
sock
music
arch
ache
Ex. 9.20 Practice reading the following twisters:
1. Have judgement not to judge this judgement judging by people’s judgement.
2. Each child has much chance to become the champion of the match.
3. This is a thick thimble.
4. A handsome singer sang an exciting song in English.
TEST
I. Find the odd word in the line:
1. Guide, gas, general, glass, globe
2. Crimson, music, lens, always, research
3. Initiative, negotiate, transition, completion, station.
II. Explain assimilation(s) in the following words:
Cupboard, nice shoes, twice, try, sweet, plane, pray
III. Mark stresses:
heretical
Arabic
political
Chinese
attention
lunatic
IV. Transcribe the following words:
Psychiatrist, appointment, therapy, tranquilizer, medicinal, malaria, typhoid, hang gliding, windsurf, athletics, steeplechase, draughts, rink, oar, tournament.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--10. Revision and Consolidation Practice
Ex. 10.1 Practise the following poem, which illustrates the irregular spelling of English.
HINTS ON PRONUNCIATION FOR FOREIGNERS
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you,
On hiccough, thorough, laugh and through…
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps,
To learn of less familiar traps.
Beware of heard: a dreadful word
That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
And dead: it’s said like bed not bead –
For goodness’ sake don’t call it deed.
Watch out for meat and great and threat
(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt!)
A moth is not a moth in mother;
Nor both in bother, broth in brother;
And here is not a match for there,
Nor dear and fear for bear and pear.
And then there’s dose and rose and lose
(Just look them up) and goose and choose,
And cork and work and card and ward,
And font and front and word and sword,
And do and go and thwart and cart…
Come, come! I’ve hardly made a start.
A dreadful language? Man alive!
I’d mastered it when I was five!
I will teach you in my verse
Words like corps, corks, horse, and worse.
For this phonetic labyrinth
Gives monkey, donkey, ninth and plinth;
Wounded, rounded, grieve and sieve;
Friendand fiend; alive and live.
Querydoes not rhyme with very,
Nor does fury sound like bury.
Diesand diet; lord and word,
Earthand hearth and clerk and herd;
Evil, devil, tomb, bomb, comb;
Doll, roll, dull, bull, some and home.
Finally – for I’ve said enough –
Through though thorough plough cough tough!
While hiccough has the sound of cup…
My advice is: GIVE IT UP!
Put the words which are wholly or partially in italics on the correct line, according
to the pronunciation of the italicized vowel sound. Some have been done for you.
[ʌ]
tough
[aʊ]
bough
[ɒ]
cough
[əʊ]
[ə]
[ɑ:]
[u:]
[ɜ:]
[ɪə]
[e]
[i:]
[eī]
[ɛə]
[ɔ:]
[aī]
[ɪ]
[ʊ]
Ex. 10.2 Group the letters of the English alphabet according to their pronunciation:
O P A C
H D
V F Z J Y
I
U The Alphabet B Q R
M
W G
N E S L
K
T X
Ex. 10.3 There is one spelling mistake in each word in the following text. Underline every word which is wrongly spelt. Then write the correct spelling in the space provided at the end of the sentence.
The moon is a natural satellite that travels around the earth (_______). As the moon moves, it seemes to change shape (______). But it does not change sheipe (_____). It has no ligth of its own (_____). When we see the moon, we see sonlight reflected off it (______). We can see the moon only if the lighted part is torned towards Earth (_____). During the full moon, the lighted part of the moon is torned towards Earth (_____). There is no eaar on the moon (____). And it is very hot in the day-time on it (____). It appeares to have no live (_____). Many people wanted to lean more about the moon (_____). Long ago, people used only there eyes to look at the moon (_____). They could not see the moon’s land clealy (_____). Later, a telescope was invanted (______). Since then, people have used telescops to study the moon (_____).
Ex. 10.4 There is one spelling mistake in each line in the following text. Underline every word which is wrongly spelt. Then write the correct spelling in the space provided at the end of the sentence.
Have you ever thought that a person’s apperance ____________
revels more than we realise? According to some _____________
experts, a persons’ face, head, and body can_________________
reveal a great deal about personallity. ______________________
The art of frenology studies the form of the _________________
head, to be more acurate, the bumps on it. __________________
Phrenologists have identified forty bumps of varios ___________
shapes and sises on the human head. They “read _____________
these bumps to identifie a person’s talents and _______________
charactor. For exmple, a bump between the nose _____________
and forhead is said to be present in people who ______________
have natural elegence and love of beauty. A bump ____________
behind the cirve of the ear is the sign of ____________________
a courageous and adventerous person. _____________________
Ex. 10.5 The two words that are written after each sentence sound alike, but have different meanings and spellings (they are called homophones). Fill in the blanks with the correct words to complete each sentence.
1. The _______ spent the ______ in the castle.
A) knight B) night
2. Be sure to ______ your surname on the ______ line.
A) write B) right
3. Have you heard the fairy ______ about the cat with no ______ ?
A) tale B) tail
4. Didn’t you ______ Ann ask you to put the plate______ .
A) here B) hear
5. The ______ on a ______ is called fur.
A) hare B) hair
6. Yesterday the sky was clear ______ and the wind ______ from the north.
A) blue B) blew
7. He decided to ______ his new belt, but he doesn’t know ______ he put it.
A) where B) wear
8. From ______ hundred flowers the prince had to find the flower before it was ______ late.
A) too B) two
9. It is not ______ if some people do not pay their bus ______ .
A) fair B) fare
10. The coach announced which ______ of the teams ______ the game.
A) won B) one
11. We brought a ______ of cool water to the ______ traveler.
A) pail B) pale
12. Do you always ______ the skin off a ______ before you eat it?
A) pare B) pear
13. The Indians wrote the ______ treaty on a ______ of bark.
A) piece B) peace
14. After his illness John felt ______ for a ______ .
A) week B) weak
15. The boat sailed ______ through the ______ .
A) straight B) strait
Ex. 10.6 Correct the spelling mistakes in the letter below:
Deer Jane,
Hear I am in Siberia. We’ve been hear for too weaks now, and I can’t bare the thought of staying in this country any longer.
What dreadful whether! It’s bitterly cold out. When I’m chilled to the bone, I think I’ll never warm up.
Wee leave in a wooden house. It is surrounded with a huge would. The hunter, who lives with us, says that the would is full of beasts. You can walk their and meat a dear or a bear. As for me, I saw a hair’s sine.
Do you think it is fare to leave me hear! I can’t even sleep in piece. Can’t you come and stay with me? The air fair is really not very expensive. Hope to sea you soon. Your Jack.
Ex. 10.7 Find the pairs of homophones hidden in the list below:
Side/ balls/ bear/ bowled/ cue/ ducked/ fort/ work/ grate/ hair/ hare/ bales/ week/ dally/ bald/ hold/ fought/ weekly/ stoke/ walk/ missed/ air/ pure/ packed/ pear/ pore/ where/ pour/ duct/ bore/ seam/ quiet/ sought/ please/ shake/ wade/ sheikh/ pleas/ weakly/ bold/ past/ sighed/ piece/ mist/ wear/ seem/ sight/ slay/ wake/ win/ steak/ stalk/ stroke/ stork/ daily/ stake/ weak/ bare/ holed/ wine/ pact/ bawls/ passed/ wane/ queue/ great/ heir/ pair/ whine/ grant/ sleigh/ same/ weighed/ site/ peace
Ex. 10.8 Each line contains three words that rhyme and one word that doesn’t. Choose the odd one out.
Example: steel peal stale peel
1.
Bert
Curt
shirt
Bart
2.
coot
loot
soot
shoot
3.
relate
fete
weight
height
4.
spook
took
look
rook
5.
food
mood
brewed
good
6.
sewed
glued
chewed
nude
7.
jerk
clerk
work
shirk
8.
packed
backed
baked
fact
9.
scene
sign
mean
convene
10.
laze
phase
days
size
11.
peak
steak
leak
cheek
12.
soot
cut
put
foot
13.
height
tight
weight
might
14.
stalk
work
fork
cork
15.
quite
night
lied
light
16.
clear
bear
hare
fair
17.
barred
bared
hard
yard
18.
duke
spook
look
Luke
19.
taught
court
snort
coughed
20.
priced
missed
fist
kissed
Ex. 10.9 Spelling tests:
a) Each word here has the sound [e]. How many ways are there to spell this sound?
Arrange the words into the groups:
ready
desk
bread
instead
against
leather
hello
next
helpings
said
breakfast
sledge
meant
again
when
enemy
hedgehog
pencil
b) Tick the words that have the vowel sound [ɒ]:
catch
pond
bones
pocket
what
bought
job
home
blank
road
house
roof
wife
doctor
popular
soup
close
horse
c) Each word here has the sound [
Λ
]. How many ways are there to spell this sound?
Arrange the words into the groups:
touch
stuff
drum
rough
among
glove
tongue
dug
mother
trust
done
month
country
enough
son
double
couple
muddy
d) Each word here has the sound [f]. How many ways are there to spell this sound?
Arrange the words into the groups:
laugh
coffee
herself
face
enough
officer
fact
elephant
gift
off
epigraph
roof
farmer
rough
telephone
e) Each word here has the sound [e
I
]. How many ways are there to spell this sound? Arrange the words into the groups:
hay
main
trail
may
save
gate
tray
fail
lane
sail
stage
paint
stay
place
game
f) Each word here has the sound [i:]. How many ways are there to spell this sound?
Arrange the words into the groups:
seed
dream
sleep
wheel
team
grief
week
niece
delete
complete
sea
eve
field
meat
scene
g) Each word here has the sound [a
I
]. How many ways are there to spell this sound? Arrange the words into the groups:
find
dime
fly
right
quite
tight
bright
pile
ninth
kind
mine
dry
line
flight
sigh
h) Each word here has the sound [əυ]. How many ways are there to spell this sound? Arrange the words into the groups:
doze
moan
snow
goat
hold
stone
cold
joke
gold
bowl
road
code
grow
float
blow
i) Each word here has the sound [u:]. How many ways are there to spell this sound? Arrange the words into the groups:
moon
chew
glue
blew
zoo
blue
clue
drew
rule
true
threw
June
school
pool
rude
include
gloomy
boot
Ex. 10.10 Find the rhymes
Here are some very short, two-line poems, but the rhyming words are missing. Try to guess the missing words which complete each poem. If you can’t think of any, choose from the list.
(The list contains some words which rhyme, but which do not make sense in the poems.)
A)
I think you ___________ She’s learned to ___________
To leave the __________ In just a __________________
You haven’t ________ It’s always ___________
A single ___________ Down on the __________
I like a ________
Last thing at ____
bike/ bird/ bite/ bought/ byte/ calm/ caught/ charm/ court/ farm/ feel/ fight/ harm/ heard/ herd/ leak/ leek/ light/ like/ listened/ meal/ might/night/ ought/ right/ should/ sight/ speak/ spoken/ talk/ taught/ token/walk/ weak/ week/ wood/ word/ work
B)
This shirt you ______ I think I’ll __________
Is rather __________ A pound of _________
He’s learned to _______ It’s not too __________
In just one __________ To lose some ________
I wish the ___________
Would make less ______
bought/ boys/ buy/ by/ caught/ day/ height/ kids/ late/ light/ mate/ meat/ meet/ night/ noise/ play/ poem/ read/ reed/ right/ shake/ short/ soon/ sound/ steak/ take/ toys/ wait/ weigh/ weight/ write
C)
I think the ______ It might make _____
Would like to _____ To build a ________
My youngest ________ I’ll try to __________
Sure likes to _________ To get a __________
He’s too ___________
To want to _________
alone/ aunts/ bone/ box/ dames/ dance/ fence/ fight/ friendly/ fun/ girls/ loan/ lone/ none/ one/ pence/ phone/ polite/ right/ run/ scared/ sense/ sight/ son/ sun/ trance
продолжение
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