Government Spending Essay, Research Paper
As many Federal departments and agencies lurch into an era of running without
funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress are spending less and less time
searching for a compromise to balance the budget, and more and more time
deciding how to use it to their advantage on the campaign trail. Meanwhile money
is easily borrowed to pay for government overhead. In an attempt to change this,
on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan
to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This would be done
by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7 year
tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the
U.S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. There is doubt
by citizens that a balanced budget will become reality. A recent Gallop Poll
from January, 1996 showed the budget as the #1 concern among taxpayers, but 4/5
of those interviewed said they doubt the GOP will do the job (Holding 14).
Meanwhile, an ABC poll from November reported that over 70% of those polled
disapprove of the current performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians
for failure to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure to follow
through come with historical proof that Congress and Clinton have failed to
compromise and resolve the issue. After all, current budget plans are dependent
on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession,
national disasters, etc., and include minor loopholes. History has shown that
every budget agreement that has failed was too lax. One might remember the
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too
many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990 (Weinberger 33). So after a
pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their
budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he
demanded. This essentially brought the federal budget back to square one.
Clinton thought such a demand on Republicans to produce a budget would produce
inner-party quarrels and cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a
fiscal budget that passed both houses of Congress, only to be stalemated by a
stubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a
CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas
like entitlements. Clinton’s plan also saved dollars for education and did not
include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect until he is out of
office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is sometimes criticized for producing
a stalemate in budget talks, the White House points out that the debt has gone
down since Clinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are
quick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense
programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without deficit
reduction. Startling Facts about the budget: As of 1996, the national debt was
at an all time high of $5 trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping
$250 billion per year (Rau M-1). This equals out to an individual responsibility
of more than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since
1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the debt
grows by more than $10,000 per second (Rau M-l), and at current rates, a baby
born in 1992 will pay 71% of his or her income in net taxes. At current rates,
our government is about to reach its breaking point. If that’s not enough to
scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements,
and by 2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue (Dentzer
32). Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt. With
the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job. According to the
Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have gone down ever since. If
the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950, without a debt, the median family
income would be $50,000, compared to the present median of $35,000 (Rau M-1). As
of current fiscal year’s budget, the United States government spends $1.64
trillion yearly. $500 billion of that, or 1/3 of the total, is for discretionary
spending (Rau M-1). This discretionary spending is the target for most cuts, and
seems to be the easiest to make cuts in. Overall, the difference between the two
parties budget plans is only $400 billion. This could easily be trimmed by
eliminating tax cuts and adjusting the consumer price index to reality.
Democrats say the GOP plan is too lopsided, and Republicans criticize the
Democrat plan for being unrealistic. A study by the Urban Institute shows GOP
cuts will be felt mainly by the bottom 1/5 of U.S. population. This should be
more equally spread out across income brackets (Hosansky 1449). The GOP plan: By
fulfilling campaign promises made by freshman Republican Congressmen to cut
government spending, the GOP managed to pass a $1.6 trillion budget resolution
by a party-line vote, in both houses of Congress (Hosansky 1450). This budget
called for major cuts in education, environmental programs, discretionary
spending, and the largest of all: entitlements. 70% of the money to balance the
budget under the GOP plan would have come from entitlements. This is because
entitlement programs currently take up $301 billion a year. Such cuts had
already been partially implemented with the GOP cutting overall spending by 9.1%
in 1996 alone. First, in an attempt to stop the projected bankruptcy of Medicare
in 2002, Republicans cut $270 billion overall from the program, with hospital
reimbursement cuts being the deepest (Hager 1283). Although stabilizing the fund
is only expected to cost $130-$150 billion over 7 years, the GOP budget would
reform the program to run better, and cheaper, by allowing it to grow at 6%
yearly, instead of the current 10%. While both parties agree on premium hikes
for beneficiaries, this is a touchy subject for the 38.1 Million elderly voters
on Medicare in 1996 (Rubin 1221). Medicaid, another volatile program, would be
cut $182 billion under the GOP proposal. This would entail placing a cap on the
program’s spending, and passing control of it to the individual state
governments. For an estimated 39 million low-income people on Medicaid in 1996,
the GOP plan cuts the program far more than Clinton’s proposed $98 billion cut.
Social Security is another program being cut. The government has already reduced
the outlay for seniors 70 and younger who are on the program, but Republicans
want more by increasing the eligibility for Social Security from 62 to 65 for
early retirement, and 65 to 70 for standard retirement (Henderson 60). Smaller
cuts included $11 billion in student loan reductions, $9.3 billion in labor
cuts, $10 billion eliminated from public housing programs, and several other
numerous disaster relief programs cut (Rubin 1222). The GOP also wants to
eliminate programs initiated by Clinton like the National Service initiative,
summer jobs, Goals 2000, and Americorps. Also, by terminating unnecessary farm
programs, and cutting others by $12.3 billion, Republicans hope to cut the
yearly $6 billion that the Federal Government spends on direct subsidies to
farmers. Agricultural policies were also reformed and embedded into
budget-reconciliation bills (Hosansky 3730). Clinton’s Budget: Clinton’s budget
only surfaced after he vetoed the budget passed by Congress, and included
shallower cuts, with little or no reform to entitlements. This plan was
supported by most Democrats and was used as an alternate to a gutsy GOP budget.
Clinton repeatedly trashed the Republican’s efforts to make cuts on programs he
feels important like student loans, agricultural programs, and entitlements. He
accused Republicans of wanting to kill some all together. He has also threatened
to veto a Republican plan to reform Medicare called Medical Savings Accounts,
unless his programs are left intact (Hager 752). Under Federal law, the
President is required to submit budget requests in 2 forms: Budget Authority
(BA), the amount of new federal commitments for each fiscal year, and Outlays,
the amount actually spent in the fiscal year (Rubin 1221). The plan that Clinton
has presented is not only a budget resolution in the form of a campaign
document, but also proof of how far the Republicans have moved him to compromise
since the they took control of Congress. Most important, it does not readily
translate into regular accounting principles used for government programming.
This year’s White House budget was a 2,196 page document that the GOP struck
down immediately for not cutting taxes enough and neglecting to downsize the
government (Hagar 752). «There is little or no change at all in this
budget,» said Pete Domenici (Senate Budget Committee Chairman), talking of
Clinton’s new budget. Among largest cuts within Clinton’s plan was the
downsizing of 1/5 to 1/3 of all programs that he felt were not a priority to
present day government. In addition, he wanted to close loopholes presented to
corporate taxation, that would save an estimated $28 billion. He vowed to keep
programs like education, crime prevention, and research or environmental grants,
while increasing the Pell Grant from $2,340 to $2,700. Attention was also placed
on discretionary spending, with Clinton cutting a smaller $297 billion compared
to GOP’s $394 billion cut. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the
President’s plan cuts middle-income taxes by $107.5 billion in 7 years, small
business by $7 billion, and cuts $3.4 billion from distressed urban and rural
area relief (Rubin 1222). This was to be paid for by a $54.3 billion hike in
corporate and wealthy-income taxes, and also in $2.3 billion of tighter EITC
(Earned Income Tax Credit) adjustments. Although Clinton’s plan was expected to
cut a whopping $593 billion in 7 years to furthermore produce an $8 billion
surplus in 2002, most cuts are long term without a clear goal. Clinton is
sometimes criticized by Republicans for unwillingness to compromise. He has used
vetoes and stubborn negotiations to protect personal priorities like education,
job training, and environmental programs, but Republicans have also tried using
domination to force him to comply. GOP Presidential candidate Bob Dole said if
Clinton was serious about the budget, «we probably could have had an
agreement on New Years Day,» 1996 (Hosansky 1449). «The President is
sitting on his hands while the federal debt keeps going up and up and up into
the stratosphere,» said Congressman Jesse Helms, Rep -North Carolina. But
one must remember that President Clinton does have somewhat of an overwhelming
power in this debate that Republicans can do nothing about. He is the single
person that can veto laws sent to him, and also has the power to call Congress
back into session if he is unhappy with the current situation. This was
President Truman’s «ace in the hole» back in 1948. A Neutral Proposal:
As a neutral proposal, a group calling themselves the «Blue Dog’s»
have won support for their budget from both Republicans and Democrats. The group
also known as the Concord Coalition includes many conservative Democrats that
want to see shallower budget cuts with less reform to entitlements. They also
believe a tax cut should be delayed until the budget is balanced. The Coalition
believes that by reforming entitlement policy, rethinking government size,
changing taxation methods, and consuming less, our budget can be balanced (Rau
M-1). Defending Deficits: In defense of deficits, some may argue that the danger
of the current situation is highly over rated. A budget deal has always had less
to do with economics than with politics and morality. Budget deficits don’t
crowd out private investment, government spending does, and a large surplus may
not be a sign of strength for a country. Some say it is impossible for every
country to run either a surplus or a deficit. What matters is that a country can
service its debts (Defense 68). During most of the 19th century, the United
States borrowed from the world (a current-account deficit). By 1870, it was
running a trade surplus, and by 1900 we had a current-account surplus. But in
the early 2Oth century, the U.S. became the world’s largest net creditor, and by
1970 it peaked by finally running into deficit in 1970. Finally, 1980 brought a
deficit so large, that the government was a net debtor again (Bottom Line 14).
Current Reductions: One of the ways we are currently reducing the deficit
includes the introduction of «means testing.» This means that people
would get entitlements based on need. The government already has reduced Social
Security for modest income seniors age 70 and younger, but budget cutters want
to broaden that idea (Henderson 60). There are 2 major problems with means
testing. First, it is considered inherently unfair. Some might argue that a
person might blow all of their income before the entitlement reductions come
into place. Second, it might reduce the incentive to work and encourage people
to hide their income. For instance, beneficiaries of Social Security, ages
62-64, lose $1.00 yearly in benefits for every $2.00 they earn in income or
wages above $8,160 per year (Henderson 60). Some say increasing eligibility
requirements would solve some problems, and propose raising the age of early
retirement from 62 to 65, and standard retirement from 65 to 70. Another touchy
subject in budget reduction is the argument that the poor are being left out of
savings. According to the Clinton Administration, the GOP budget would cause a
family with income of $13,325 per year to lose 11% of their income (Whitman 42).
United States Treasury Department studies say the bottom 1/5 income families
would have net tax increase of an average $12 to $26 under the GOP plan. The top
1/5 income families would receive more than 60% of the tax relief. A HHS
analysis states that the GOP plan would also boost child poverty rates from
14.5% to 16.1%, and poor families with children would loose 6% of their income.
Conclusion: In the end, budget reduction is no easy task. "…fixing the
National debt is like catching a train leaving the station. The longer we wait,
the harder and farther we have to run," says the Concord Coalition (Rau
M-1). «Both parties want the issue,» instead of an agreement, said
Representative Bill Orton. The center of attention for debate on budget cutting
is politics, and whomever takes responsibility for reform gets left wide open to
criticism. Although Congress and Clinton have spent the past year on debating
the budget and the size of the Federal Government, most plans fall back on
gimmicks, loopholes, and long-term plans. Even Democrats now agree to downsize
the government, but the two parties disagree on how and where. As we trust our
elected officials to make decisions in Washington on our behalf, we must show
interest and aptitude on the end results. To accomplish a balanced budget deal,
many suggest that we must not only balance spending, but reform entitlements,
rethink government size, change tax methods, and depend less on Washington.
Attendees of a conference on budget cutting in Jackson Hole, Wyoming suggested
we deliver a budget that has a simple, quantifiable goal, that includes short
term goals, and eliminated gimmicks. Countries like Sweden and Canada have
successfully reformed fiscal policies. Sweden’s government elected to abandon
welfare, pensions, health insurance, unemployment programs, family assistance,
and child allowances. Their deficit soon fell by 3.5% of GDP in one year alone (Urresta
51). Sweden’s plan was three times as intense as Congress’ current plan, while
cutting spending in half the time. As for cuts, everyone must suffer. As
entitlement debates continue, «the interests of older Americans are being
protected at the expense of young people,» says Neil Howe and Bill Strauss
(Rau M- 1). Older Americans have good reason to protect programs that they have
paid into for years, but those programs spend an overall per capita amount of 11
times as much on elderly than that spent on children altogether (Rau M-1). The
youth are the future of America, and we should protect them too. Currently,
poverty in US is 3 times as likely to affect the very young than the very old.
By balancing the budget, «interest rates come down, the economy picks up —
we will rebound,» says Representative James Greenwood (Cloud 3709).