University Education
There are 44 universities (not counting the Open University) in Britain.
Although the Goverment is responsible for providing about 80 per cent of
universities income it does not control their work or teaching nor does it have
direct dealings with the universities.The grants are distributed by the
Secretary of State for Education and Science.
The English universities are : Aston (Birmingham), Bath, Birmingham,
Bradford Bristol, Brunel (London), Cambridge, City (London), Durham, East
Anglia ,Essex, Exeter, Hull, Keele, Kent at Centerbury, Lancaster, Leeds,
Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham,
Oxford, Reading, Saford, Sheffield, Southhampton, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick and
York. The federated University of Wales includes five university colleges, the
Welsh National School of Medicine, and the University of Wales Institute of
Science and Technology.The Scottish universities are : Aberdeen, Dundee,
Edinburgh, Belfast, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt (Edinburgh), St. Andrews, Stirling,
and Strathclyde (Glasgow).In Northen Ireland there is Queen"s University,
Belfast, and the New University of Ulster in Coleraine.
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow,
Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the
other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries.
There are five other institutions where the work is of university
standard : the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ;
the two postgraduate business school which are supported jointly by industry
and the Goverment - the Manchester Business School and the London Graduate
School of Business Studies, associated with the London School of Economics and
the Imperial College of Science and Technology ; Cranfield Inctitute of
Technology for mainly postgraduate work in aeronautics and other subjects ; and
the Royal College of Art.
Cambridge
My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever
country one comes as a student one
cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions - and they go back so
far ! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same
time the Past, the Present and even the Future. It"s easy to see and the
old grey stone buildings how the past has moulded the present and how the
present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this
University town looks like and how it came to be here at all.
The story of the University begins, so far as I know, in 1209 when
several hundred students and scholars
arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from
Oxford. As was the custom then, they had joined themselves into a
"Universitas" of Society - the word "University", like the
word "College", meant originally a society of people with a common
employment ; it was only later it came to be associated with scholarship.
These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at
that city"s well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was
constant trouble between the townsfolk and the students. Then one day a student
accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students,
who were innocent, and by order of King John (who was quarrelling with the
Church and knew that the death of three clergymen would annoy it) they were put
to death by hanging. In protest, all the students moved elsewhere, some coming
to Cambridge ; and so the new University began.
Before long there were new quarrel with the townsfolk, for the University
was anxious to be independent of the Town, and the Town was equally anxious for
authority over the new student population. "Town" and
"Gown" battles were frequent.
The boarding-houses and shopkeepers cheated the students, who very soon
organized themselves under an elected leader called a Chancellor, and he fixed
prices that should be paid. Gradually the University gained control.
Side by side with the fight for freedom from Town rule was another for
liberty from Church rule, until by 1500 the University was its own master at
last.
Of course there were no Colleges in those early days and student life
was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from
every where. Those from the same part of the country tended to group together
and these groups called
"Nations" still exist, by the way, at some European Universities.
The students were armed ; some even banded together to rob the people of
the countryside. Gradually, the idea of the College developed and in 1284
Peterhouse the oldest College in Cambridge, was founded.
Life in College was strict ; students were forbidden to play games, to
sing (except sacred music), to hunt or
fish or even to dance.
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