In 1956 г, in the USA left the book “Youthfulcriminality” under edition S.Meklelana's Grant. This book represents thecollection of articles of the American authors who are engaged in research of aproblem of children's and youthful criminality in its various aspects. In thebook opinions of responsible statesmen, lawyers, psychiatrists, sociologists,writers, teachers, parents and representatives of other groups of thepopulation at a problem of criminality among minors in the USA are stated.
In the present information those opinions which represent thegreatest interest for the Soviet reader are short stated only. In particular,considerable interest is caused by sights of some the American authors of thereasons of children's and youthful criminality and about methods with whichhelp, in their opinion, ostensibly it is possible to achieve decrease in growthof criminality among minors in the USA.
In the majority the American authors investigating questions ofchildren's and youthful criminality, are far from disclosing of the validreasons of criminality among minors. In the USA they try to explain enormousgrowth of children's and youthful criminality any the minor reasons. Onlyseparate authors in the articles presented in the considered book, try to hintshy at the true reasons of criminality among minors, without opening thuscompletely the sights on this point in question.
All American authors who are engaged in research of a problem ofchildren's and youthful criminality in the USA, mark huge growth of criminalityamong minors. The children's and youthful criminality is a tragedy of themodern American validity. The problem of children's and youthful criminality inthe USA, according to the majority of authors, is sharper, than in any ругой to the world country.
Data, available FBI, show that the crimes of all poisons made in thecountry in 1954, have increased on 8, 2 % in comparison with 1953, in 1953 the criminality was above on 8 % in comparison with 1952 How much this general increasein criminality in the USA is caused by growth of criminality among minors, itis visible from the following data. According to FBI, in 1953 young criminalsto 18-year-old age had been made 53, 6 % from among all automobile thefts in1174 cities; 49, 3 % of all burglaries; 40, 1 % of all other kinds of thefts;18 % of all robberies and 16, 2 % of all rapes.
If the tendency to growth of children's and youthful criminalitytakes place and further the following generation will witness a result morethan 41, 8 million cases of larceny, 15, 8 million burglaries, 7, 4 millionautomobile thefts, 2 million robberies, 3 million physical violence and morethan 200 thousand Americans will appear killed. Now in the USA every year more than 1 million teenagers make one or several crimes. If it will not bepossible to suspend growth of criminality among minors, that, according toKlendenena (see the named book, p. 9 and сл.), by 1960the children's criminality increases more than to 1, 5 million cases a year.
The children's and youthful criminality in the USA in the development as some authors mark, accepts more and more rough and severe forms.Young criminals who broke 10 years ago street lanterns, break now skulls ofpeople. Therefore, according to Evane (p. 41—42), the problem of children's andyouthful criminality is one of the greatest problems in a life of a modernAmerican society.
Than so wide development and rise in crime among minors in the USA speaks? On this question among the American authors who are engaged in research ofchildren's and youthful criminality, there is no common opinion. Barron Milton(p. 59—63) considers that in movement of children's and youthful criminality isobserved defined кругооборот or fluctuation. He cannotexplain these fluctuations, but their studying, from its point of view, allowsto draw the important conclusions.
The children's and youthful criminality increases during the periodsof economic prosperity and falls down during the depression periods, increasesin a preparation time to war and the war and falls during the world. From here Milton concludes that most plausible reasons of increase in criminality among minors inthe USA are either war or prosperity. The opposite picture is observed withcriminality of adults. The criminality of adults begins to decline duringprosperity and war and rises during depression and the world. Milton explainsthis opposite tendency of criminality of adults and children to that characterof economic changes in military or the peace time renders various psychological,social and economic influence on adults and children.
Some American authors great value in development of criminalityamong minors give religions. In their opinion, disbelief in god — the seriousfactor influencing growth of children's and youthful criminality. According tomany, on growth of criminality among minors the great influence is rendered bythe comics published in the USA in million circulations and in the majoritydescribing crimes, made mainly minors. Influence of these comics on childrenhugely. Comics specially intend for teenagers and, in essence, contain allnecessary lessons how it is necessary to commit crimes. Teenagers study on suchcomics and go on crimes already with the ready recipe.
The violence and sadism are preached in many comics. And all it isaccompanied by evident illustrations. Under the influence of one only comicsthe criminality of minors in the USA has increased in 1954 in comparison with 1947 by 20 %. Vertham Frederik (p. 78—91) as a result of numeroussupervision and researches has come to a conclusion that the comics describingcrimes, are the serious factor in growth of children's and youthful criminalitynow. At the same time he believes that comics not unique and in many cases atall the most important factor, but, undoubtedly, most inexcusable factor.
The part of authors considers children's and youthful criminality inthe USA as result of imitation. Finally, from their point of view, youngcriminals gain experience and knowledge in criminal craft from adultssurrounding them. Between criminality of adults and minors there is a directcommunication: when children on experience of adults see that the lawsestablishing certain rules of behaviour, the regulating questions connectedwith drunkenness, gamblings, trade etc., can be ignored; see that adults canleave “dry water”, they start to imitate this adults.
On development of criminality among minors the great influence rendersdistribution to the USA alcoholic drinks and drugs. Along with alcoholic drinksand drugs in the USA on minors fatal influence the photos render, theillustrated playing cards, патефонные plates, cinema,television screens, the slides, the illustrated books and the brochuresrepresenting low sexual distortions. The large quantity of all thesepornographic materials specially intends for youth that makes the big businesswhich income fluctuates annually between 100 and 300 million dollars.
Absence of effective laws on struggle against spread of drugaddiction and the pornographies, poisoning minds and bodies of teenagers, fromthe point of view of many authors, is one of the serious reasons of children'sand youthful criminality in the USA.
Some explain criminality as result bad personal приспособляемости to environment. The part of authors specifies in overflow ofschools, weakness of laws, a wide circulation of cases оставления children parents, public indifference to children who are in adifficult situation, and other circumstances as on social conditions or thereasons which promote growth of criminality among minors.
Sights of the American authors at the reasons of criminality amongminors are inconsistent. Some authors consider children's and youthfulcriminality as result of severe conditions by which the life in slums ischaracterised. They specify that the families living in these slums, usuallyvery poor, huddle in small rooms. Parents often face the great difficultiesconnected with unemployment. Therefore in blighted areas almost all possibleforms of crimes and defects more often concentrate.
According to other authors, a prevailing sight that young criminalsin the majority leave from трущобных areas and poorfamilies, now does not represent the facts. Young criminals leave equally asfamilies with an average or well-founded prosperity, and from families with alow prosperity.
The part of authors asserts that the majority of young criminals is“sick children”. Their opponents categorically deny it. From their point ofview, young criminals mentally healthy and physically strong, like all thosechildren who do not make crimes.
Separate researchers a criminality principal cause see in parents.They consider that in most cases crimes are made by children of whom parents donot care or carelessly concern their education. Wrong education of the child infamily conditions results, from their point of view, in development of criminalbents in the early childhood, and to liquidate these bents subsequently hardly.If parents carelessly concern education of children, the last go on street andbecome criminals.
As show the data when the teenager goes on a crime, it is usuallyfound out that this teenager has been left by parents to the mercy of fate, ofit did not care, conflicts made on it between parents, drunkenness and anyother untoward influences in a family bad impact. The divorce wide circulation,stiffness in mutual relations between parents, absence of normal conditions,care and supervision and other abnormalities in family conditions makeconsiderable impact on growth of criminality of minors in the USA.
A number of authors considers wrong the reasons of children's andyouthful criminality to reduce to influence of parents or abnormal relations ina family. They believe that the criminality reason are bad material conditions,lacks of religious education, bad school conditions, the description ofviolence in films or telecasts etc.
Sights of the American researchers and at a school role indevelopment of children's and youthful criminality in the USA are inconsistent. One assert that between criminality of minors and school there is a directcommunication, others deny it. So, for example, Howard Uajtman (p. 71—78)specifies that the discipline of teenagers became now the big problem atschools of the USA. In a number of schools management and managers do not spendany work on discipline maintenance at school. Uajtman results cases of drawingof physical injuries knifes, beatings of teachers, colliding of women downwardson school ladders, murders of other pupils from fire-arms, extortionate nightattacks and other crimes made by pupils.
A bit different point of view on a case in point Ernest adheres toO.Melbi (p. 69—71). He agrees that the discipline at some schools of the USA really is a critical problem. However, in its opinion, the serious antisocial acts made byminors, are rather rare. Now serious disciplinary problems arise at theAmerican schools where educational process is badly adjusted. At schools inwhich teachers are able to interest the pupils, seldom it is necessary to meetdifficulties in discipline.
In sights of the authors which articles are presented in theconsidered book, has not found the acknowledgement opinion existing in the USA that the criminality among the Negro population is more extended than among the whitepopulation. In particular, as specifies Klendenen (p. 14 and сл.), there is no basis to assert that the criminality is ostensiblymore inherent in Negroes, than any other members of the American society.
Thus, many American authors studying children's and youthfulcriminality, cannot or simply do not wish to open the main reason of growth ofcriminality among minor century of the USA, rooting in the essence of acapitalist system. From here, naturally, and methods which they offer instruggle against children's and youthful criminality, cannot affect a littleessentially decrease in criminality among minors and the more so, completely toresolve a problem of children's and youthful criminality in the USA.
In struggle against children's and youthful criminality in the USA the diversified actions are offered. Some of them have naive character. So, for example, EdgarHoover (p. 169—175), considers that the problem of children's and youthfulcriminality can be resolved ostensibly ”only by inculcation by the adult ofhigh moral qualities by means of religion. Other American authors also specifyin a religion great influence in the prevention of crimes. In their opinion,the church and a synagogue are the important means for inculcation of moral andsocial qualities of the American youth.
From the point of view of many, the most effective action which canbe undertaken for the control over children's and youthful criminality,education of parents in the spirit of correct performance of the parentalduties by them is. For decrease in children's and youthful criminality it isoffered to undertake the certain steps directed on strengthening of a familyand elimination or, at least, restriction of many conditions, harmful tochildren, maintenance with councils and the help in family questions, tocomplicate divorces, to improve the program of entertainments, to strengthencensorship of telecasts, films, etc. As one of actions for struggle againstchildren's and youthful criminality some offer strengthening of responsibilityof minor criminals. From their point of view, reform of criminal punishmentshould bring success in struggle against criminality of minors.
One of the practical actions ostensibly promoting realisations”thecontrol over children's and youthful criminality in the USA, according to Hoover, is removal of fingerprints at all teenagers arrested for serious crimes.He suggests to transfer conducting struggle against children's and youthfulcriminality in hands of national police as last to do it easier and easier.Local police: has no sufficient experience of struggle against criminality ofminors. Carrying out in a life of this action, according to Hoover, ostensibly is the important step to the decision of a problem of children's and youthfulcriminality to the USA.
Necessary action in struggle against criminality of minors, from thepoint of view of separate authors, is the liability of parents for causing of aproperty damage of a private property by their children. The press disclosingin the press names of those young criminals which commit heavy and repeatedcrimes, also can make essential impact on parents and force them to give morethan attention to behaviour of children.
Many among minors consider as serious action for the prevention ofcriminality a direction of their energy on useful business. In lastgenerations, from their point of view, teenagers worked more, therefore to keepthem in hands it was easier, than now. During the modern mechanised epochchildren often appear in a trouble of that at them it is too much free time.For this reason it is necessary to support more the civil (secular), school andchurch organisations providing the programs of rest for youth.
Some American authors for struggle against criminality of minorsoffer carrying out of certain system psychiatric and any to other help to youngcriminals, strengthening of care of children in арестных houses, any organisation of establishments, clubs, hospitals, etc.Many consider that with children's and youthful criminality it is possiblefaster and to struggle more economically by wide realisation of programs ofeducation and rest for all children in national comprehensive schools. Thegreat value in struggle against growth of criminality among minors, accordingto separate authors, has an employment of the young men who have left school.
The big possibilities in the prevention of criminality of minorsmany authors see at school. With that end in view they offer to spend a new sortof the discipline at schools, which essence consists in creating roundteenagers disciplining conditions, to have on them the psychological influence,a sense of responsibility imparting by it for the acts. And, the newdiscipline, from their point of view, will be effective means only in the eventthat parents and teachers will hang together in carrying out of disciplinaryinfluence on teenagers and at schools and at home.
As preventive maintenance against consumption of drugs separateauthors offer hospitalisation of addicts and a strict compulsory sentence aboutjail placement without removal of action or conditional clearing on bail of theminor criminals recognised guilty of spread of drug addiction.
For struggle against children's and youthful criminality someauthors suggest to limit or liquidate gamblings for children. From their pointof view, the public opinion should raise the voice against owners of thebrothels, secretly selling to teenagers spirits and various pornographicproducts. The maintenance of the considered book is that in general.
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