Hobbes Locke Rousseau Essay, Research Paper
Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed theories on human
nature and how men govern themselves. With the passing of time, political views
on the philosophy of government gradually changed. Despite their differences,
Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, all became three of the most influential political
theorists in the world. Their ideas and philosophies spread all over the world
influencing the creation of many new governments. These philosophers all
recognize that people develop a social contract within their society, but have
differing views on what exactly the social contract is and how it is
established. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau each developed differing versions of
the social contract, but all agreed that certain freedoms had been surrendered
for society’s protection and that the government has definite responsibilities
to its citizens. Each philosopher agrees that before men came to govern
themselves, they all existed in a state of nature. The state of nature is the
condition men were in before political government came into existence, and what
society would be if there was no government. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau created
a revolutionary idea of the state of nature. They did not believe government
should be organized through the Church, therefore abandoning the idea of the
divine right theory, where power of the King came directly from G-d. Starting
from a clean slate, with no organized church, they needed a construct on what to
build society on. The foundation of society began with the original state of
nature. Hobbes’s perception of the original state of nature is what would
exist if there were no common power to execute and enforce the laws to restrain
individuals. In this case, the laws of the jungle would prevail where only the
fittest survive. Man’s desires are insatiable. Since resources are scarce,
humankind is naturally competitive, inevitably creating jealousy and hatred,
which eventually leads to war. This constant state of war is what Hobbes’
believes to be man’s original state of nature. According to Hobbes, man cannot
be trusted in the state of nature. Limits must be put on freedom and inalienable
rights. Hobbes lived in the 17th century, and wrote during the time of the
English Civil War. His political views were influenced by the war. Hobbes
perceived that by bringing back the monarch, there would be an end to the civil
war. On the other hand, John Locke believes the original state of nature is a
state of perfect freedom where men do whatever it is in their will and ability
to accomplish. Every man has the liberty to arrange his life in the manner he
chooses, however no man has the liberty to kill himself. Unlike Hobbes’ nature
of constant war, Locke’s state of nature is peaceful, based on the fact that
men do not want to risk their lives by constantly fighting. All men desire the
right to live and respect that everyone is after the same thing. Locke has these
views because he has more faith in people than Hobbes. Man, according to Locke,
is governed by reason in the state of nature. Locke was influenced by the
revolutionary upheaval in a different way than Hobbes. The war caused Locke to
dislike violence and extremes. Stability was the central assumption of his
thinking. Hobbes’ era started its reasoning from the assumption that man was
naturally vicious or wicked, while Locke’s era was more optimistic about
man’s nature and reasoning. The original state of nature, according to
Rousseau, is the perfect state for man, where he is free. In the original state,
man lives alone in innocence where he is virtuous. Rousseau does not agree that
man is an aggressive and greedy being in the original state of nature as Hobbes
suggests. He argues that men are truly happy in the state of nature. Only when
men become sociable, they become wicked. In Rousseau’s Social Contract, man is
depicted as a “stupid and unimaginative animal.” Man has no reason or
conscience when in contact with others. Possessions begin to be claimed, but the
inequality of skill lead to inequality of fortunes. Just the idea of claiming
possessions excites men’s passions, which provoke conflict, leading to war.
Rousseau believes men are not perfect in their original state, but have the
ability to live in a more perfect society with guidance of laws. Rousseau has
the impression that if people believe they are part of the government, they will
work, fight, and build, without complaining in the belief that what helps the
good of all people is going to be beneficial to them. Rousseau was self-educated
and based some of his theories on Hobbes and Locke. Preservation of mankind is
the law of nature established by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. In order to abide
by this law, man enters into an agreement, forming the social contract. The
social contract is a theory that view’s the foundation of morality being
founded solely on uniform social agreements that serve the best interests of
those who make the agreement. It is an agreement…
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