Реферат по предмету "Информатика, программирование"


История AMD

Министерство  Образования
 Российской  Федерадии



Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Технический Университет







Факультет Экономики и Менеджмента



                                                                                 
Кафедра Иностранных Языков


РЕФЕРАТ



на тему



Advanced Micro Devices


Выполнил студент гр.3074/1



Кузьмин Павел Владимирович



















Санкт-Петербург



1999



INTRODUCTION





Now-a-days it’s
hard to imagine any field of human activity where the help of computers isn’t
in demand. They have become what the people can’t do without everywhere – in
work, getting education, entertainment. Their expanding and general
availability are the result of the huge step that the technical progress in the
PC processors industry has made for the last 10 years.The productivity of
processors is  much higher than it was even 5 years ago, and the cost –
lower.The other motive is the increasing competition among the companies
producing processors. 



The leading
position at the market  of   processors was taken by Intel and there were no
companies that could seriously compete with Intel. But the last 3 years it has
to share the market with another processors producer called AMD - Advanced
Micro Devices - the company  whose success is the point to be told about below.  



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



3











HISTORY OF AMD



As the AMD story has unfolded, its product lines
have expanded, its culture has evolved, and the individual successes of its
people have grown. Here's a brief summary of the three decades that have passed
- and a very favorable indication of the years that lie ahead.



Among the things that unite AMD
employees around the globe is a history highlighted by remarkable achievement.
Since 1969, AMD has grown from afledgling start-up, headquartered in the living
room of one of its founders, to a global corporation with annual revenues of  $2.4
billion. The events that shaped AMD's growth, the strengths that will drive its future success, and a timeline encompassing AMD's
defining moments are featured here.



1969-74 - Finding
Opportunity



By May 1, 1969, Jerry Sanders and
seven others had been toiling for months to pull together their scrappy
start-up. The year before, Jerry had left his job as
director of worldwide marketing at Fairchild Semiconductor, and he now found himself
heading a team committed to a well-defined mission-building a successful
semiconductor company by offering building blocks of ever-increasing complexity
to benefit the manufacturers of electronic equipment in the computation,
communication and  instrumentation markets.



Although the company was initially
headquartered in the living room of one of the co-founders, John Carey, it soon
moved to two rooms in the back of a rugcutting company in Santa Clara. By
September, AMD had raised the money it needed to begin manufacturing products
and moved into its first permanent home,901 Thompson Place in Sunnyvale.



During the company's first years,
the vast majority of its products were alternate-source devices, products
obtained from other companies that were then redesigned for greater speed and
efficiency. "Parametric superiority" were the watchwords of AMD even
then. To give the products even more of a selling edge, the company instituted
a guarantee of quality unprecedented in the industry - all products would be
made and tested to stringent MIL-STD-883,regardless of who the customer was and
at no extra cost.



By the end of AMD's fifth year,
there were nearly 1,500 employees making over 200 different products - many of
them proprietary - and bringing in nearly $26.5 million in annual sales.



1974-79 - Defining the
Future



AMD's second five years gave the
world a taste of the company's most enduring trait--tenaciousness. Despite a
dogged recession in 1974-75, when sales briefly slipped, the company grew
during this period to $168 million , representing an average annual compound
growth rate of over 60 percent.



On its fifth anniversary, AMD began
what was to become a renowned tradition - it held a gala party, this one a
street fair attended by employees and their families.



This was also a period of tremendous
facilities expansion, including the construction of 915 DeGuigne in Sunnyvale,
opening an assembly facility in Manila, Philippines, and expanding the Penang
factory.                                                  



 



4



1980 - 1983 - Finding Pre-eminence



The early 1980s were defined for AMD
by two now-famous symbols. The first,called the "Age of Asparagus,"
represented the company's drive to increase the number of proprietary products
offered to the marketplace. Like this lucrative crop, proprietary products take
time to cultivate, but eventually bring excellent return on the initial
investment. The second symbol was a giant ocean wave. The focus of "Catch
the Wave" recruiting advertisements,the wave portrayed by the company as
an unstoppable force in the integrated circuit business.








AMD became a leader in investment
into research and development. By the end offiscal year 1981, the company had
more than doubled its sales over 1979. Plants and facilities expanded with an
emphasis on building in Texas. New production facilities were built in San
Antonio, and more fab space was added to Austin as well. AMD had quickly
become a major contender in the world semiconductor marketplace.


1984-1989 - Weathering
Hard Times


AMD celebrated its 15th year with
one of the best sales years in company history. In the months following AMD's
anniversary, employees received record-setting profit sharing checks and
celebrated Christmas with musical group Chicago in San Francisco and Joe King
Carrasco and the Crowns in Texas.


By 1986, however, the tides of
change had swept the industry. Japanese semiconductor makers came to dominate
the memory markets - up until now a mainstay for AMD - and a fierce downturn
had taken hold of the computer market , limiting demand for chips in general.
AMD, along with the rest of the semiconductor industry, began looking for new
ways to compete in an increasingly difficult environment.


By 1989, Jerry Sanders was talking
about transformation: changing the entire company to compete in new markets.
AMD began building its submicron capability with the Submicron Development
Center.


1989-94 - Making the
Transformation


Finding new ways to compete led to
the concept of AMD's "Spheres of Influence." For the transforming
AMD, those spheres were microprocessors compatible with IBM computers,
networking and communication chips, programmable logic devices, and
high-performance memories. In addition, the company's long survival depended
on developing submicron process technology that would fill its manufacturing
needs into the next century.


By its 25th anniversary, AMD had
put to work every ounce of tenaciousness it had to achieve those goals.
Today, AMD is either #1 or #2 worldwide in everymarket it serves, including
the Microsoft® Windows-compatible business, where the company has overcome
legal obstacles to produce its own versions of the wildly popular Am386® and
Am486® microprocessors. AMD has become a pre-eminent supplier of flash,
EPROM, networking,telecommunications and programmable logic chips as well.
And it is well on its way to bringing up another high-volume production area
devoted to submicron devices. For the past three years, the company has
enjoyed record sales and record operation income.


AMD looks very different today
than it did 25 years ago. But it is still the tough, determined competitor it
always was, weathering every challenge because of the unending strength of
its people.


 


5


1994-1999 - From
Transformation to Transcendence


AMD's growth through the rest of
the century will likely be fueled by the exploding demand for mobile
computing and telecommunications devices, two markets for which AMD has spent
years developing products. Key to the company's success will be building
close relationships with its customers, and continuing to develop the
manufacturing and process technologies necessary to produce future-generation
submicron devices.


One thing is for certain, AMD's
future will be shaped by the same principles that are woven into its past: a
competitive drive, a focus on customers, innovative new products, and the
ability to learn and adapt to change. Most of all, the company's future will
be shaped by AMDers, the people whose efforts created a successful, and now
legendary, company.






 



 



 



 



 



6



AMD
PROCESSORS



<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD
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The Am486 Processor



This CPU incorporated write-back cache
and Enhanced power management features. These characteristics made the Am486
CPUs the perfect choice for Energy Star-compliant "green" desktop
systems and for the growing portable market segment. With clock-tripled
performance speeds up to 120 MHz, this CPU offered
great price/performance value for both desktop and portable computers by
providing power management and write-back Enhanced features at no extra
premium.



The Am486 microprocessors featured Enhanced power management features, including SMM and clock
control. These enhancements allowed reduced power
consumption during system inactivity. The SMM function was implemented with an
industry standard two-pin interface. In write-back mode, frequently used data
were stored in the high-speed internal cache and accessed continually from
within until the data were modified, thus increasing the performance of the
CPU.





The Am5x86 Processor



The Am5x86 processor incorporated advanced features to
achieve 586 performance. The Am5x86 CPU runed clock quadrupled at 133-MHz with
a 33-MHz external bus. High-performance features such as a unified 16-Kbyte 
cache using write-back
technology minimized the time the
x86 core must have
spent waiting for data
or instructions, thereby accelerating all business and multimedia applications.



AMD's 0.35-micron process technology
enabled AMD to deliver superior value with the Am5x86 processor. In addition,
the design and pinout of the Am5x86 processor leveraged
off 4th generation system costs, allowing manufacturers to position Am5x86
CPU-based systems as the best value for entry-level desktops or mainstream
notebooks.



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The AMD-K5 Processor



This processor's fifth-generation
performance stemed from AMD's independently conceived AMD-K5 superscalar core
architecture, which combined highly efficient reduced instruction set computing
(RISC) through put with complete x86 instruction-set compatibility.



The result was a superscalar
processor solution capable of issuing four instructions per clock cycle­ twice
as many as the Pentium. That was more than enough power to run complex 32-bit
operating systems and applications, as well as the huge installed base of
16-bit software.



AMD designed the AMD-K5 processor to
be pin compatible with the Pentium. And that was good news for PC manufacturers
and resellers who wanted to leverage their existing PC
designs and infrastructure while relying on an alternative source of
processors. The bottom line: Pentium hardware/socket compatibility means no
system redesign, lower design costs, and fast time tomarket.











7















The AMD-K6
Processor<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
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As a member of
AMD's E86 family of x86-based processors , the AMD-K6 gives systems
developers access to the largest base of programmers and existing software
while enabling powerful, cost-effective solutions for today's increasingly
sophisticated embedded applications.


The AMD-K6 microprocessor has
redefined the desktop PC market, providing sixth-generation performance at an
affordable price. Now, embedded applications can benefit from the reliable,
affordable computing power derived from this powerful microprocessor. The
AMD-K6 microprocessor gives  embedded customers a significant performance
boost which enables them to produce superior products.


For applications such as central
office switches, point-of-sale terminals, information appliances and Windows
based single board computers, the AMD-K6E microprocessor is an excellent
choice for OEMs looking to take advantage of the x86 instruction set. They
can continue to use the industry's mostprevalent architecture to produce
products with high performance and fast time-to-market.




The AMD-K6-2 Processor<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD
HTML//EN">








The AMD-K6-2 processor offers a powerful
combination of system price and performance and is the
aleternative to Intel's Pentium II processor.


The AMD-K6-2 processor with 3DNow!
technology delivers leading-edge, sixth-generation performance for today's
demanding Microsoft® Windows® compatible homeand office applications. The
9.3-million-transistor AMD-K6-2 processor is manufactured on AMD's
0.25-micron, five-layer-metal process technology.




The distinctive chracteristic of  AMD-K6-2
processor is 3D Now! technology.

















3DNow! Technology<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//Netscape Comm. Corp.//DTD
HTML//EN//2.0mcom" "html-net.dtd">








AMD's 3DNow! technology is
the first innovation to the x86 architecture that significantly enhances 3D
graphics, multimedia, and other floating-point-intensive PC applications to
enable a superior visual computing experience.


3DNow! technology is a set of 21 instructions that use SIMD
(Single Instruction Multiple Data) and other performance enhancements to open
the performance bottleneck in the 3D graphics pipeline between the host CPU
and the 3D graphics accelerator card.


3DNow! works hand-in-hand with leading 3D graphics
accelerators to achieve faster frame rates on high-resolution scenes,
improved physical modeling of real-world environments, realistic 3D graphics
and images, and theater-quality audio and video.


8


















The AMD K6-III Processor



This processor is
the newest product of AMD issued in February of  the present year.



This CPU ,code-named
"Sharptooth", is basically  a K6-2 with a
256K L2 (second level) cache incorporated in the chip.
It's well-known that the L2 cache can cause huge impacts on the CPU's
performance. By doing that, the K6-III  has the fastest
L2 cache on the market - only the extinct Pentium Pro and the extremely
expensive Xeon Pentium II (a Pentium Pro in a Pentium II suit) share the same
feature. Because it remains compatible with the Socket 7 standard, the
motherboard L2 cache should become an L3 cache, which also increases the CPU's performance a little.



This innovation
being used in K6-III has got the name of the TriLevel Cache design.



TriLevel
Cache Design



AMD's TriLevel Cache design enables
the AMD-K6-III processor to process instructions faster and deliver better
performance at the same clock rate than the AMD-K6-2 processor and Intel's Pentium
III.



AMD's innovative TriLevel Cache
design maximizes the overall system performance of AMD-K6-III processor-based
desktop PCs by delivering one of the industry's largest maximum combined system
caches. This larger total cache results in higher system performance.



AMD's TriLevel Cache design is not
only the largest cache implementation for desktop PCs, it is exceptionally
fast.



The TriLevel Cache design also
offers an internal multiport cache design. This flexible design feature
delivers higher system performance by enabling simultaneous 64-bit reads and
writes of both the L1 cache and the L2 cache. In addition, each cache can be
accessed simultaneously by the processor core.



<!DOCTYPE HTML
PUBLIC "-//Netscape Comm. Corp.//DTD HTML//EN//2.0mcom" "html-net.dtd">



The
AMD-K7 Processor






The AMD-K7 design features a number
of compelling technological breakthroughs, including the industry's first
mainstream 200 MHz system bus and the most architecturally advanced floating
point capability everdelivered in an x86 microprocessor.



The Microsoft Windows compatible
AMD-K7 processor with 3DNow! technology offers seventh-generation design
features that distinguish it from previous generations of PC processors. These
innovations include a nine-issue superscalar microarchitecture optimized for
high clock frequency,a superscalar pipelined floating point unit, 128KB of
on-chip L1 cache, a programmable high-performance backside L2 cache
interface,and a 200 MHz Alpha EV6-compatible system bus interface with support
for scalable multiprocessing.



The AMD-K7 processor is expected to
be available in July or August of 1999 and is planned
to operate at clock frequencies faster than 500 MHz,based on AMD's 0.25-micron
process technology. The AMD-K7 processor will leverage existing physical and
mechanical PC infrastructure.



AMD K7 processor
will definitely help AMD to compete with Intel's future Katmai processors and
beyond.



9



CONCLUSION



So with such
processors as the AMD-K6-III and the AMD-K7 AMD is becoming the most serious
competitor of the Intel company at the market of processors for PC. And this
competition is breaking Intel’s monopoly braking the technical progress in the
field of computer technologies, making the producers of processors invest more
money in research and development of new technologies. The result of these is
the increasing tempo of the technical progress. Now it’s hard to predict  what
processor we will see over the next 10 years.



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



10



THE
LIST OF KEY WORDS



 



AMD=Advanced Micro Devices



Intel=Intellegent Electronics



competition



processor



cache



CPU



portable



notebook



desktop



bus



enchancement



3Dnow! Technology



TriLevel Cache Design



 



 



REFERENCES



http://www.amd.com/



http://www.computerheaven.net/



Journals:”Computerra”



               “Computer World”



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



 



11



CONTENTS



 



Introduction___________________________________________________________________3



History of
AMD________________________________________________________________4



AMD
Processors_______________________________________________________________ 7



The Am486
Processor___________________________________________________________7



The Am5x86
Processor__________________________________________________________7



The AMD-K5
Processor_________________________________________________________7



The AMD-K6
Processor_________________________________________________________8



The AMD-K6-2
Processor_______________________________________________________ 8



3DNow!
Technology____________________________________________________________8



The AMD-K6-III
Processor______________________________________________________9



TriLevel Cache
Design__________________________________________________________9



The AMD-K7
Processor_________________________________________________________9



Conclusion___________________________________________________________________10



The List of Key
Words_________________________________________________________11



References___________________________________________________________________11



 



 


 



 



 



 



 



 



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