Expressionnism
Movement in fine arts that emphasized the expression of
inner experience rather than solely realistic portrayal, seeking to depict not
objective reality but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and
events arouse in the artist.
Expressionism,
artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but
rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in
him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and
fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of
formal elements. In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents
of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly
subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range
of modern artists and art movements. Expressionism can also be seen as a
permanent tendency in Germanic and Nordic art from at least the European Middle
Ages, particularly in times of social change or spiritual crisis, and in this
sense it forms the converse of the rationalist and classicizing tendencies of
Italy and later of France.
Artistic
and literary movement born in the early years of the XXth century. Unlike
Impressionism, its goals were not to reproduce the impression suggested by the
surrounding world, but to strongly impose the artist's own sensibility to the
world's representation. The expressionist artist substitutes to the visul
object reality his own image of this object, which he feels as an accurate
representation of its real meaning. The search of harmony and forms is not as
important as trying to achieve the highest expression intensity, both from the
aesthetic point of view and according to idea and human critics.
Expressionism
assessed itself mostly in Germany, in 1910, (München, Dresde, Berlin), as
heir of a national trend related to Grünewald: the Wallraf-Richartz
museum, in Köln, has the richest collection of this era. As an
international movement, expressionism has also been thought of as inheriting from
certain medieval artforms and, more directly, Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh
and the fauvism movement. Gustave Moreau was already saying not to believe to
the reality of what he touched or saw, but instead to his own interior
perception; expressionism has been holding this theory to its extreme
application.
The
most famed German expressionists are Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lyonel Feininger,
George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein;
the Austrian Oskar Kokoschka, the Czech Alfred Kubin and the Norvegian Edvard
Munch are also related to this movement. During his stay in Germany, the
Russian Kandinsky was also an expressionism addict.
Painters
as varied as Georges Rouault, Henry de Waroquier, Marcel Gromaire, Edouard
Goerg have also been qualified of ``French expressionists''. Other members
were, in Belgium, James Ensor, Permecke, Van der Bergue, Servaes were seen as
disciples of Jérôme Bosch and Bruegel, the Dutch Leo Gestel, the
Danish Sörensen, the British Lyall Watson. Among the members of the Paris
school, Soutine, Pascin and Modigliani have been attached to expressionism.
1921;
Forme d'art faisant consister la valeur de la représentation dans
l'intensité de l'expression. L'expressionnisme s'est d'abord
manifesté dans la peinture par réaction contre l'impressionnisme.
L'expressionnisme allemand, flamand. Rouault, Ensor, Munch, Kokoschka, Soutine,
représentants célèbres de l'expressionnisme.
Le
terme nouveau d'expressionnisme est venu du mot «expression» pris dans son sens
classique de «représentation des passions». Si l'on se
réfère à la proposition de Diderot, «on a de l'expression
avant d'avoir de l'exécution et du dessin», il ne faut pas
s'étonner que le terme «Expressionismus» ait été
proposé par la critique allemande, il y a cinquante ans, pour qualifier
en général toute peinture, mais particulièrement celle
où la représentation des sentiments humains passe avant la
résolution des problèmes purement plastiques... C'est un retour
à une forme sentimentale de Romantisme.
--
M. Raynal, la Peinture moderne.
Par
ext. L'expressionnisme au théâtre. L'expressionnisme allemand est
une réaction contre l'observation naturaliste. Certaines théories
dramatiques de Diderot annoncent l'expressionnisme. L'expressionnisme dans la
mise en scène. --- L'expressionnisme au cinéma.
Dans
les jours troublés qui suivirent la défaite, l'expressionnisme
envahit la rue berlinoise, les affiches, le théâtre, la
décoration des cafés, les boutiques et les étalages (...)
Les films doivent devenir des dessins rendus vivants, proclamait alors Herman
Warm (...) L'horreur, le fantastique et le crime dominent l'expressionnisme
qu'on aurait pourtant tort de considérer comme une transition entre le
GrandGuignol et la terreur américaine à la Frankenstein (...) Sur
le plan technique, l'expressionnisme évolua sans perdre son principe :
une vision subjective du monde (...) L'emploi expressif de la lumière
devint la marque du cinéma allemand, expressionniste ou non.
Georges
Sadoul, Histoire d'un art, le cinéma.
Список
литературы
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