Plan.
I. The moral lessons given us by Jesus.
II. When is an Easter?
III. Eastertide.
IV. Easter egg and Easter hare.
V. Thoughts from Ireland.
VI. Easter in England.
VII. Easter in Ukraine and Russia
I. The moral lessons given us by Jesus.
Celebrating Easter, seeing the happy faces of people around, hearing
the joyful announcements “Christ is risen”, and, on the whole, enjoining
these God-blessed sunny spring days, let us pause for a moment and ponder
on some of the moral lessons given us by Jesus.
We well know that Christianity is ethical through and through, but
strange as it may seem, the moral teaching of Christ himself is not very
circumstantial. On the contrary, He appears rather terse on these matters,
and it is in His deeds, not words, that the larger part of His mission
found its expression. As a person, with all His inclinations and
intentions, He does not seem to be a determined moral reformer, not to
speak of a revolutionary; and he was not in the least a scholar or a man of
letters. He wrote nothing. He mowed quietly and slowly along the highways
and among the villages of Galilee and Judea and spoke to people not about
any intricate problems of human existence, or theology, or the mysteries of
life and death, but about things which belonged to the realm of daily life;
and the words he chose for that were the words of common men, not those of
a professor of ethics.
He summed up His “theology” in an amazingly short and simple phrase
“God is love”; and meeting people He very often did not teach them, as He
actually did from time to time, but offered them a ready sympathy and
understanding, even to the degraded and the outcast. To them He spoke in
the language of tolerance and benevolence, forgiveness and mercy. That was
His love – and that was the beginning of the moral revolution that
transformed the world.
II. When is a Easter?
The greatest Christian festival of the year is Easter. It is either in
March or in April, and millions of people joyously observe Christ’s
resurrection. This holy day never comes before March 22 or after April 25.
When is an Easter? That, of course, is celebrated on the first Sunday
after the paschal moon, which is the first full moon that occurs on or next
after the vernal equinox, March, 21st. So all you need to do is look at the
sky? Afraid not. For the moon in question is not the real moon, but a
hypothetical moon. This one goes round the earth one month in 29 days, the
next in 30 days, though with certain modifications to make the date of both
the real and fictional full moons coincide as nearly as possible. It yields
a date for Easter that can be as early as March 22nd and as late as April
25th. Today, Easters variability suits antiquarians, and the makers of
pocket diaries, many of which devote a Full page to the calculation of
Easter in perpetuity. But, nearly 1,700 years on, it does not suit those in
(mostly European) countries such as Britain and Germany where both Good
Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays. Early Easters are too cold to
enjoy. Late Easters are jammed up against the May Day public holiday.
III. Eastertide.
Passion Sunday or Care Sunday two Sundays before Easter, is still
known as Carling Sunday in parts of the north of England. Carlings are
small dried peas, which are soaked in water overnight and then fried in an
almost dry pan – when they start to burst they are ready. Greengrocers sell
them, pubs serve them, and people eat them at home in a basin with a small
piece of butter and plenty of pepper and salt. There seems to be no good
reason, apart from the strength of the tradition, why they are eaten on
this day.
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter; for people near Marlborough
in Wiltshire it meant following a long-established custom in which willow
hazel sprays – representing palm – were carried up Martinsell Hill.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter: the ‘royal maundy’
describes the gift which for the last five hundred ears or so has been
given out by the sovereign on Maundy Thursday to as many men and woman as
there are years in his or her age. Once it was clothing which was given
out, now it is a sum of money; on odd – numbered years the ceremony usually
takes place at Westminster Abbey, in even – numbered ones at a church or
cathedral elsewhere in the country – though 1989 seems to have been an
exception, for the distribution took place at Birmingham Cathedral in honor
of the centenary of the city’s incorporation.
On Good Friday, the day of the crucifixion, hot cross buns are always
eaten as a sign of remembrance, and in some baker’s shops and supermarkets
they are on sale for many weeks before. It is a nationwide tradition,
though hot cross buns were unknown in some places – Bath, for example –
until the twentieth century. The buns may in fact pre – date Christianity,
since bread consecrated to the Roman gods was marked with lines
intersecting at right angels.
People celebrate the holiday according to the beliefs and their
religious denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that
Jesus Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected.
Protestant settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious
gathering at dawn, to the United States.
Today on Easter Sunday, children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny
has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they
decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the
house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the child
who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
In England, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game
which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus
Christ’s tomb when He was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom
to the New World.
One unusual Easter Sunday tradition can be seen at Radley, near
Oxford, where parishioners ‘clip’ or embrace their church – they join hands
and make a human chain round it. It is Easter Monday, however, which sees a
veritable wealth of traditional celebrations throughout the country: to
name bat’ a few, there is morris dancing in many tows, including a big
display at Thaxted in Essex; orange rolling, perhaps a descendant of egg
roiling, which takes place on Dunstable Downs in Bedfordshire; and for
perhaps eight hundred years or more there has been a distribution of food
at the Kent village of Biddenden, ten miles from Ashford.
Then there is Leicestershire’s famous hare – pie scramble and bottle –
kicking which also takes place on Easter Monday; and another custom kept up
in many parts of England and Wales and called ‘lifting’ or ‘heaving’ was
taken by some to symbolize Christ’s resurrection. On Easter Monday the men
lifted any woman they could find, and the women reciprocated the following
day; the person was taken by the four limbs and lifted three times to
shoulder height. When objections were made that this was ‘a rude, indecent
and dangerous diversion’ a chair bedecked with ribbons and flowers was used
instead – it was lifted with its victim, turned three times, and put down.
The Easter parade.
The origin of this very picturesque traditional occasion, known
affectionately as Easter Parade and starting at 3 o’clock in the afternoon
of Easter Sunday, is not as remote, or mysterious, as many of the
traditions and customs of England; there is no religious, or superstitious
significance attached to it whatsoever.
In 1858 Queen Victoria gave it the ultimate cachet of respectability
and class by paying it a state visit in the spring. For the occasion she
wore, of course, a new spring bonnet and gown. This set the fashion for a
display each spring of the newest fashions in millinery and gowns, and from
then onwards that traditions has expanded; every society lady vied with her
rivals to appear in something more spectacular than anything that had seen
before.
IV. Easter egg and Easter hare.
An egg has a symbolical meaning in many centuries. It’s well known
that eggs had a special significance even in the times of ancient Romans.
Eggs were their first disk during meals (“ab ovo”) and they were also in
the center of competition as a memory of Zeus’s sons, who hatched from
eggs. Such competition took place in France, Germany, and Switzerland. Eggs
was a sign of hope, life fertility even in the early epoch. In
Christianity, the Lord’s gift, which has begun in Jesus Christ. Eggs’
spreading as the Easter symbols turned to be possible because they sewed as
an original rent or as a tax. The Easter was one of the days when this pay
could be accomplished.
Excavations witness that traditions of paintings on eggs have been
existing for 5000 years and have their regional peculiarities. Especially
in Slavonic countries eggs are decorated with many colored pictures of
Christian motives. As expensive souvenirs it was a habit to give eggs made
of noble metals, marble, was and wood.
The Easter hare, which, children believe, brings the Easter eggs, may
be understood as a transformed Easter lamb. In those places, where there
was no sheepbreeding, a hare substituted for a sheep in the Raster meal.
Due to its ability not to sleep the hare become a symbol of resurrection of
Jesus Christ.
Easter Eggs.
Wherever Easter is celebrated, there Easter eggs are usually to be
found. In their modern form, they are frequently artificial, mere
imitations of the real thing, made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar, or of
two pieces of coloured and decorated cardboard fitted together to make an
eggs-shaped case containing some small gift. These are the Easter eggs of
commerce, which now appear in shop-windows almost as soon as, and sometimes
even before, Ash Wednesday is past, and by so doing lose much of their
original festival significance.
This is a real egg, hard-boiled, died in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. In still appears upon countless breakfast-tables on
Eater Day, or is hidden about the house and garden for the children to
find. In some European countries, including England, the Easter Hare is
said to bring the Easter eggs, and to conceal them in odd corners of the
gardens, stables, or outbuildings.
Because eggs are obvious symbols of continuing life and resurrection,
the pagan peoples of ancient China, Egypt, Greece, and Persia used them,
centuries before tile first Easter Day, at the great Spring Festivals, when
the revival of all things in Nature was celebrated.
Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems to have been
customary since time immemorial. And old Polish legend says that Our Lady
herself painted eggs red, blue, and green to amuse the Infant Jesus, and
that since then all good polish mothers have done the same at Easter. A
Romanian tale says that the vivid red shade, which is a favorite almost
everywhere, represents the blood of Christ.
There are many ways of tinting and decorated the eggs, some simple and
some requiring a high degree of skill. They can be dipped into a prepared
dye or, more usually boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside a covering
of onion-peel. Ordinary commercial dyes are often used today for coloring,
but originally only natural ones, obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses,
bark, wood-chips, or other sources, were employed. In England, gorse-
blossom was commonly used for yellow, cochineal for scarlet, and logwood-
chips for a rich purple.
In Switzerland, minute flowers and leaves are sometimes laid on the
egg underneath the onion-peel to make a white flower-pattern on the yellow
or brown surface.
The decoration of Easter eggs is a traditional peasant art in Eastern
and Central Europe. Favorite designs vary in different regions. In Hungary,
red flower-patterns on a white ground are often seen; sometimes the
decorated eggs are fitted with tiny metal shoes, with minute spurs
attached, and curious little metal hangers. In Yugoslavia, the letters XV
usually form part of the design. They stand for Christos Vaskrese, meaning
‘Christ is risen’, which is the traditional Easter greeting of Easter
Europe. Russian eggs are sometimes elaborately decorated with miniature
picture of the saints, or of Our Lord. Polish designs are often
geometrical, or abstract, or they may include Christian symbols, like the
Gross or Fish, mixed with pagan emblems of new life. Painted eggs of this
type, know as pisanki, always appear on the Easter Table.
In some East European countries, scarlet eggs, as symbols of
resurrection, are placed on, or buried in, the graves of the family dead.
The latter custom was known in northern England until about the middle of
last century. One or two of the most beautifully ornamented Pace-eggs – the
name by which Easter eggs are still most commonly called in the northern
counties – would be saved and kept in tall ale – glasses in a corner
cupboard, or some other place where they could be easily seen. In Scotland,
Easter eggs are often called Peace or Paiss eggs. ‘Pace’ and ‘Paiss’ are
all corruptions of Pasch, or Paschal, of which the original root is the
Hebrew word pisach meaning Passover.
In parts of Germany during the early 1880s, Easter eggs substituted
for birth certificates. An egg was dyed a solid color, then a design, which
included the recipient’s name and birth date, was etched into the shell
with a needle or sharp tool. Such Easter eggs were honored in law courts as
evidence of identity and age.
Easter Bunny.
That a rabbit, or more accurately a hare, became a holiday symbol can be
traced to the origin of the word “Easter”. According to the Venerable Bede,
the English historian who lived from 672 to 735, the goddess Easter was
worshiped by the Anglo – Saxons through her earthly symbol, the hare.
The custom of the Easter hare came to America with the Germans who
immigrated to Pennsylvania in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
From Pennsylvania, they gradually spread out to Virginia, North and
South Carolina, Tennessee, New York, and Canada, taking their customs with
them. Most eighteenth – century Americans, however, were of more austere
religious denominations, such as Quaker, Presbyterian, and Puritan. They
virtually ignored such a seemingly frivolous symbol as a white rabbit. More
than a hundred years passed before this Teutonic Easter tradition began to
gain acceptance in America. In fact, it was not until after the Civil War,
with its Legacy of death and destruction, that the nation as a whole began
a widespread observance of Easter it self, led primarily by Presbyterians.
They viewed the story of resurrection as a source of inspiration and
renewed hope for the millions of bereaved Americans.
V. Thoughts from Ireland.
By tradition, Good Friday has always been a day of mourning and
fasting, for decorating churches with branches of yew (palm) and other
evergreens, and the ceremonial distribution of gifts to the poor.
Many Christians fast and attend services between noon and 3 p. m., the
hours Jesus is believed to have spent on the cross, since the day
commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus.
On Easter Sunday the churches are beautifully decorated with white
lilies. Joyful religious music is heard and sermons ring with hope.
Children and their parents traditionally attend church, usually wearing new
spring clothes. The mothers and their daughters wear colorful flowered
hats. Many other traditions and popular customs, which probably go back to
pagan times, are also associated with Easter throughout Europe, for
example, the sending of Easter cards and the giving of Easter eggs. Eggs
are a symbol of life and fertility or recreation of spring. It was not
however until the 19th century, that the practice of giving and exchanging
eggs at Easter was introduced in England.
Easter custom, the barrels are gratefully emptied by the participants.
In London there is Easter Parade in Battersea Park. What used to be merely
an occasion for sporting the latest fashions in the park on Easter Sunday
has now developed into one of the most spectacular carnival processions of
the year, with military bands, decorated floats, Easter Princess, and all.
Another thing English people traditionally eat at Easter is hot cross-
buns. One would hardly use them to cure whooping cough, but in bygone days
buns, which had been baked on Good Friday, were thought to have magical
healing powers. Because of the spices they contain, hot cross-buns seldom
go moldy, and even today country housewives hang a few from the kitchen
beams to dry. When needed, the buns can be powdered, mixed with milk or
water and given as a medicine. Of course, for the magic cure to work, they
have to be buns that were actually baked on Good Friday. For Easter dinners
at family reunions Englishmen traditionally eat baked ham or chicken with a
famous English apple-pie to follow/
For a good apple pie you will need:
1 lb apples (500 gm)
4 oz flour (100 gm)
2 oz butter or margarine (50 gm)
3 oz sugar (75 gm)
2 oz sultans (50 gm)
1 oz chopped nuts (25 gm)
1-teaspoon cinnamon.
Now you can make a real English apple – pie. Here are the
instructions. Put them in the correct order, and number the instructions 1
to 6:
Mix the nuts, sultanas, cinnamon and half the sugar with the apples.
Bake in a medium oven (300F) for 30 minutes. Peel and core the apples. Cut
them into small pieces and put them into a baking dish. Sieve the flour
into a mixing bowl. Sprinkle the mixture over the apples.
Rub the soft butter into the flour with your finger – tips. When the
butter melts, the mixture will look like bread – crumbs. Add the rest of
the sugar. And now serve the pie hot with cream. Enjoy it! And as Russians
say, Christ is risen! Expecting the answer, Christ is risen indeed!
VI. Easter in England. Easter it is a time for the giving and receiving of presents which
traditionally take the form of an Easter egg and hot cross buns. The Easter
egg is by far the most popular emblem of Easter, but fluffy little chicks,
baby rabbits and spring time flowers like daffodils, dangling catkins and
the arum lily are also used to signify the Nature's awakening. Nowadays Easter eggs are usually made of chocolate or marzipan or sugar.
True Easter eggs are hard-boiled, dyed in bright colours, and sometimes
elaborately decorated. Colouring and decorating the festival eggs seems to
have been customary since time immemorial They can be dipped into a
prepared dye or, more usually, boiled in it, or they may be boiled inside a
covering of onion peel Natural dyes are often used for coloring today. They
are obtained from flowers, leaves, mosses, bark, and wood-chips. Egg-rolling is a traditional Easter pastime which still flourishes in
Britain. It takes place on Easter Sunday or Monday, and consists of rolling
coloured, hard-boiled eggs down a slope until they are cracked and broken
after which they are eaten by their owners. In some districts this is a
competitive game. But originally egg-rolling provided an opportunity for
divination. Each player marked his or her egg with an identifying sign and
then watched to see how it sped down the slope. If it reached the bottom
unscathed, the owner could expect good luck in the future, but if it was
broken, unfortune would follow before the year was out, Eating hot cross
buns at breakfast on Good Friday morning is a custom which is also
flourishing in most English households. Formerly, these round, cakes marked
with a cross, eaten hot, were made by housewives who rose at dawn; for the
purpose, or by local bakers who worked through the night to have them ready
for delivery to their customers in time for breakfast. There is an old
belief that the true Good Friday bun — that is, one made on the anniversary
itself — never goes moldy, if kept in a dry place. It was once also
supposed to have curative powers, especially for ailments like dysentery,
diarrhea, whooping cough, and the complaint known as "summer sickness".
Within living memory, it was still quite usual in country districts for a
few buns to be hung from the kitchen ceiling until, they are needed. When
illness came the bun was finely grated and mixed with milk or water, to
make a medicine, which the patient drank.
VIII. Easter in Ukraine and Russia.
In Ukrainian, Easter is called Velikden (The Great Day). It has been
celebrated over a long period of history and has many rich folk traditions
that are no longer fully preserved. The last Sunday before Easter (Palm
Sunday) is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow
branches are blessed in the church. The people tap one another with these
branches, repeating the wish: ‘Be as tall as the willow, as healthy as the
water, and as rich as the earth’.
The week before Easter, the Great Week (Holy Week), is called the
White or Pure Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all
fieldwork before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. On the
evening of ‘Pure’ (also called ‘Great’ or ‘Passion’ [Strasnyi]) Thursday,
the passion (strasti) service is performed, after which the people return
home with lighted candles. Maundy Thursday, called ‘the Eater of the dead’
in eastern Ukraine and Russia, is connected with the cult of the dead, who
are believed to meet in the church on that night for the Divine Mass.
On Passion (Strasna) Friday – Good Friday – no work is done. In some
localities, the Holy Shroud (plashchanytsia) is carried solemnly three
times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for
public veneration. For three days the community celebrates to the sound of
bells and to the singing of spring songs – vesnianky. Easter begins with
the Easter matins and high mass, during which the pasky (traditional Easter
breads) and pysanky and krashanky (decorated or colored Easter eggs) are
blessed in the church. Butter, lard, cheese, roast-suckling pigs, sausage,
smoked meat, and little napkins containing poppy seeds, millet, salt,
pepper, and horseradish are also blessed. After the matins all the people
in the congregation exchange Easter greetings, give each other krashanky,
and then hurry home with their baskets of blessed food.
The pysanky and krashanky are an old pre-Christian element and have an
important role in the Eater rites. They are given as gifts or exchanged as
a sign of affection, and their shells are put in water for the rakhmany
(peaceful souls); finally, they are placed on the graves of the dead or
buried in graves and the next day are taken out and given to the poor.
Related to the exchange of krashanky is the rite of sprinkling with water,
which is still carried on in Western Ukraine. During the Easter season in
Ukraine and Russia the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are
remembered on Maundy Thursday and also during the whole week after Easter.
For the commemoration of the dead (provody) the people gather in the
cemetery by the church, bringing with them a dish containing some food and
liquor or wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Список литературы.
1. Газета “The English”, April №14/1996.
2. Газета “The English”, March №12/1997.
3. Газета “The English”, March №12/1995.
4. Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1995.
5. Газета “English Learner’s digest”, April, 1997.