THE ECONOMY OF KOREA - Looking Ahead to the 21st Century
In the last quarter century, Korea’s economic growth has been among the fastest in
the world. The country has overcome obstacles and challenges to transform itself from a subsistence-level economy into one of the world’s leading newly
industrialized countries. Today, however, the Korean economy faces the new challenges of internationalization and globalization in an increasingly complex
global economic environment.
Past Performance and Policies
Since Korea launched its First Five-Year Economic Development Plan in 1962, the country’s real GNP has expanded by an
average of more than 8 percent per year. As a result, Korea’s GNP has grown from US$2.3 billion in 1962 to US$328.7 billion in 1993; per capita GNP has
increased from a meager US$82 in 1962 to US$7,466 in 1993 at current price levels.
The industrial structure of the Korean economy has also been completely transformed. The agricultural sector’s share of GNP declined from 37.0 percent
in 1962 to 7.1 percent in 1993. The manufacturing sector’s share has increased from 14.4 percent to 27.1 percent in the same period. The service sector
accounted for only 24.1 percent of GNP in 1962 but grew to 40.0 percent in 1993.
Korea’s merchandise trade volume increased from US$500 million in 1962 to US$166 billion in 1993. The nation continuously
posted trade deficits until 1985 when its foreign debt reached US$46.8 billion, the fourth largest in the world. From 1986 to 1989, Korea recorded current
account surpluses and its debt declined.
Inflation in Korea was one of the major economic problems in the 70s and early 80s, during which consumer prices rose
at annual rates of 10-20 percent. Since 1982, Korea has managed to keep inflation down to a single digit. The ratio of domestic savings to GNP grew
from 3.3 percent in 1962 to 34.9 percent in 1993.
Recent Challenges
Beginning in 1989, the Korean economy began experiencing slower growth, high inflation and a deterioration in the balance
of payments. The GNP growth rate fell to 6.7 percent in 1989 from the 12 percent level of previous years. A slump in the growth of the manufacturing
sector, from 18.8 percent in 1987 and 13.4 percent in 1988 to 13.7 percent in 1989, contributed largely to this decline in GNP growth rate. The export growth
rate on a customs clearance basis, which was 36.2 percent in 1987 and 28.4 percent in 1988, fell to just 2.8 percent in 1989. Reflecting this fall in the
export growth rate, the current account surplus lowered to around US$5.1 billion, a significant drop from the 1988 surplus of US$14.2 billion.
In 1991, the economic growth rate showed signs of recovery. The GNP grew during the year 9.1 percent. However, most of
this growth was attributed to an increase in domestic demand, particularly domestic consumption. Exports increased 10.3 percent compared to 1990, while
the growth rate of imports increased 17.7 percent. The trade balance deteriorate rapidly to a US$7.0 billion deficit in 1991 from the US$4.6 billion
surplus in 1989. In addition, price stability, which had served to boost Korea’s competitiveness, weakened. Consumer prices, which had risen on an
annual average of 2-3 percent between 1984 and 1987, rose 9.3 percent in 1991.
Recent Economic Trends
‘91
‘92
‘93
‘94. 1 ~ 6
GNP
GNP
Growth Rate in %
9.1
5.0
5.6
8.5
Manufacturing Sector
Growth Rate in %
9.1
5.1
5.0
10.0
Private Consumption
Growth Rate in %
9.5
6.6
5.7
7.2
Investment
Growth Rate in %
12.6
0.8
3.6
10.3
Equipment
Growth Rate in %
12.1
1.1
0.2
17.7
Prices
Producer Price
%
4.7
2.2
1.5
2.2
Consumer Price
%
9.3
6.2
4.8
6.2
Balance of Payments
7.0
2.2
1.9
1.6
Export
US$ bil.
69.6
75.1
81.0
43.1
Imports
US$ bil.
76.6
77.3
79.1
44.7
Current Account
Balance
US$ bil.
8.7
4.5
0.4
2.7
In 1992, the Korean economy rapidly cooled off, with the GNP growth rate dipping
to 5.0 percent, influenced chiefly by blunted investment in capital goods. The consumer price index rose just 6.2 percent, and the deficit in the balance of
payments also dropped to US$4.5 billion.
At that time, the Korean economy faced many challenges on both the internal and
external fronts. Part of the economic slowdown may be explained by the cyclical adjustment of the economy after three consecutive years of rapid growth.
However, the stagnation was more likely the result of a structural deterioration in competitiveness, due to a combination of the lingering
legacies of the past government-led economic management system, which had now become inefficient, and the disappearance of the advantages derived from the
once ample availability of low-cost labor: Thus the country was forced to search for a new driving force sufficient for sustained economic growth.
Major Tasks and Policy Directions
To revitalize the economy, the Kim Young Sam Administration, which was inaugurated
in February 1993 as the first civilian democratic government in over three decades, is endeavoring to construct a new developmental paradigm called
“the New Economy”. This signals a clean departure from the past, when the government directed and
controlled the concentrated investment of capital, labor and other resources in selected “strategic” industrial sectors to achieve rapid economic growth.
Instead, the New Economy will promote the autonomy and creativity of all economic actors in order
to maximize efficiency, while ensuring the equitable distribution of income. In that way, it seeks to enable the nation to leap into the ranks of the developed
nations within the next five years.
As an initial step, the new Administration implemented a short-term 100-Day Plan for the New Economy in March 1993,
designed to promptly create conditions conductive to revitalizing the economy. This was followed by the development of a new five-year economic development
plan. Formally announced in July 1993, the Five-Year Plan for the New Economy was conceived primarily to lay the basis for joining the ranks of advanced
countries and thus to effectively prepare for the eventual unification of the Korean Peninsula.
The Government will continue its efforts to ensure the effective implementation of the five-year plan through the
spontaneous participation of the people by reforming economic institutions including the improvement or simplification of existing financial and tax
systems and administrative measures. Furthermore, the Government will continue to endeavor to fully realized the nation’s economic growth potential,
strengthen its international competitiveness, and improve the economic conditions of the public.
If the plan is implemented as intended, the Korean economy is projected to change as follows:
First with increased efficiency and greater realization of growth potential, the gross national product should rise at an
average annual rate of about 6.9 percent, raising per capita GNP to US$14,076 in 1998.
Second, greater price stability should prevail as balance is maintained between the more steadily rising demand and
the more briskly expanding supply, while wage increases are linked to rises in productivity. The stabilization of the value of the won currency should help
stabilize the prices of imported goods and services. The net effect should be to hold down the rise in consumer prices to an annual average of 3.7 percent, the
increase in producer prices to an annual average of 1.6 percent and the rise in the GNP deflator to an annual average of 4.6 percent.
The Real name Financial Transaction System
On August 12, 1993, the President took a decisive step toward revitalizing the economy and eliminating corruption by
announcing the inplementation of the long-anticipated real-name financial transaction system. In the past, it had been possible to open accounts and
conduct business transactions under false names, directly and indirectly fostering institutionalized-corruption and illegal financial dealings. Deeming
this reform as the most important in the creation of a New Korea, the President announced this action in a Presidential Emergency Decree, stating that the
real-name system was essential for cutting the dark link between politics and business.
With the introduction of the real-name financial transaction system, it appears that financial dealings are becoming fully transparent and underground
economic dealings and nonproductive land speculation are diminishing. It is hoped the funds that had been channeled into political circles in the past as a
result of government-business collusion are now available for more productive activities.
Encouraging Signs
The implementation of a real-name financial transaction system, the easing of administrative controls, expanded capital
investment by major enterprises, and increased financial and administrative support for small-and
medium-sized enterprises all combined to lay a solid foundation for another economic take-off. Exports rose 7.6 percent in 1993 to US$82.4 billion, while
imports grew just 2.5 percent. Korea was thus able to register a US$600 million trade surplus last year for the first time in four years. The current account also yielded a surplus
of US$200-300 million. Industrial production has been growing at about a 10 percent rate during the first half of
1994. Furthermore, labor disputes decreased markedly last year, while the composite stock index of the Seoul Stock Exchange climbed markedly. In view of
these indications, the Korean economy seems to be well on the way to revitalization.
External Policies for Greater International Cooperation
Import Liberalization
Korea is committed to fulfilling its international responsibilities. It positively supports the trend toward
openness and utilizes it as a catalyst for further enhancing the international competitiveness of industry and thus speeding the advancement of the economy,
so that it can join the group of advancedcountries.
Since 1980, Korea has made continuous efforts toward import liberalization. The import liberalization rate increased from
68.6 percent in 1980 to 98.1 percent in 1993. The average tariff rate decreased from 24.9 percent to 8.9 percent during
the same period and is expected to be only 7.9 percent by the end of 1994, the same average level of tariffs found in OECD member countries.
In October 1989, Korea decided to relinquish GATT balance of payments protection which mostly covers agricultural products.
According to the decision Korea will move to eliminate its remaining restrictions or otherwise make them conform with GATT rules by July 1, 1997.
Liberalizing Foreign Exchange Transactions and Capital Markets
In June 1993, the Korean Government made public the third-phase of the blueprint for financial liberalization and
internationalization, which was implemented from the second half of 1993. Under the plan, procedures for various foreign exchange transactions are being
gradually simplified. Beginning in 1994, the ceiling on foreign investment in the stock market will be gradually raised, and the bond market will also be
gradually opened to foreign investment. Initially, from 1994 foreign investors will be allowed to purchase convertible bonds, even those issued by small-and
medium-sized domestic enterprises.
Foreign-invested firms engaged in the manufacture of high-tech products or banking and other services are currenlty
allowed to induce foreign credit repayable within three years. Beginning in 1997, the liberal inducement of
foreign credit by both domestic and foreign-invested enterprises will be allowed.
Increasing Opportunities for Foreign Investors
In June 1993, the Korean Government also announced a five-year plan for liberalizing foreign investment. Under the plan,
132 of the 224 business lines currently being protected from foreign competition will be opened to foreign investment in five phases, over a period
of five years starting from July 1993. With the implementation of this plan, of the total 1,148 business lines under the standard industrial classification of
Korea, 1,056 will be open to foreign competition. This means that the foreign investment liberalization rate will rise from 83 percent as of June 2, 1993 to
93.4 percent by 1997.
Included among the business lines to be opened to foreign competition under the plan are most of the service industries
including distribution and transportation, hospital management, vocational training and “value-added” communications.
The business conditions for foreign-invested firms will also be greatly improved through various measures, including relaxed
control on the acquisition of land by foreign-invested firms, the augmented protection of foreign intellectual rights, and other similar steps.
Cooperation with the Rest of the World, Including Developing Nations and Socialist
Countries
Expanding Trade and Economic Exchanges
The Republic of Korea has emerged as a major global trader by steadily pursuing freer trade and greater openness, while
promoting its business presence around the world. In the past, Korea’s foreign trade concentrated on the developed world - mainly the United States, Japan and
the EU. In more recent years, however, it has rapidly expanded trade and capital cooperation with Southeast Asia, former and present socialist countries
and Third World nations as well.
Especially since the 1988 Seoul Olympics, economic interactions with the former Soviet republics have been brisk. The
Republic of Korea is also increasing its support of economic development efforts in the Third World on the basis of its more than three decades’
experience with successful domestic development.
The nation will continue to pursue expanded and more diversified trade and to promote economic cooperation on a long-term
basis with the rest of the world, taking into consideration the individual economic characteristics of each country.
With the United States, the Republic of Korea will pursue not only expanded bilateral trade and increased mutual private
investment and technological cooperation but also government-to-government cooperation in industrial technologies. As for Japan, the Republic will pursue
Forward-lookoing practical economic relations and will, in particular, strive to attract Japanese investment more effectively. Since Korea does not have
serious trade issues with the EU it will focus on promoting overall economic cooperation, including mutual investment and industrial and technological
cooperation.
With the dinamically growing Asian economies, such as China and Southeast Asian Nations, the Republic of Korea will endeavor
to continue to expand two-way trade, especially by helping to meet their expanding needs for capital goods and intermediate products to support their
continuing rapid development, while increasing imports from them as much as possible. The nation will also encourage Korean business investment in these
countries and make efforts to build an industrial structure complementary with theirs.
The Republic of Korea is increasing its official development assistance to developing countries proportionate to its
economic strength. In this, efforts are being made to combine such assistance with private Korean investment, with the aim of maximizing its effect, while
developing two-way trade and other economic ties on a long-term basis.
Economic ties with the Commonwealth of Independent States and East European countries will continue to focus on
commercial applications of their high technologies and other forms of technological cooperation and joint development
of natural resources.
Korea Trade with and Investment in Various Countries and Regions
Country or Region
Trade (US$ bil.)
Investment (US$ mil.)
1987
1993
1987
1993
U.S.A.
27.1 (30.7)
36.1 (21.7)
165.3 (40.3)
380 (30.3)
Japan
22.1 (25.0)
31.6 (19.0)
1.4 (0.3)
6 (0.5)
EU
11.2 (12.7)
19.6 (11.8)
6.5 (1.6)
157 (12.5)
China
1.7 (1.9)
9.1 (5.5)
6.0 (1.5)
260 (20.7)
Southeast Asia
8.9 (10.1)
27.8 (16.7)
130.5 (31.8)
179 (14.3)
Note: Figures in parenthesis represent percentage of the total.
Active Participation in Multilateral Economic Forums
Korea has actively participated in virtually all major multilateral forums. During
the Uruguay Round of trade talks, finally concluded in December 1993, Korea tried to make conrtibutions commensurate with its capabilities as a major world
trading power, and play a mediating role between the developed and developing countries. Korea introduced various proposals in the Uruguay Round negotiations
to reduce tariffs, eliminate non-tariff barriers, liberalize the textile trade, improve safeguards and reduce subsidies and countervailing duties.
The Republic of Korea is actively participating in global efforts to protect the environment, a crucial task facing all of humanity. In recent years it
has joined the Convention on Climate Change, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, also called the London Dumping Convention, the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Korea has also begun an informal dialogue with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and has
expanded participation in its various committees . Korea hopes and intends to improve its economic systems to the level of advanced countries so as to join
the OECD in 1996.
One organization in which the Republic of Korea has played a particularly critical role has been the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, a forum for multilateral discussions on economic issues concerning the Asia-Pacific region.Two examples of Korea’s
valuable efforts have been the “Seoul Declaration” adopted at the third APEC Ministerial Meeting hosted by the Republic which laid the foundation for the
institutionalization of APEC, and its diplomatic role in bringing China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, three key regional economic powers, into the APEC fold, giving
the forum a new impetus. Subsequently, the Republic played a leading role at the first APEC Leaders Economic Meeting in Seattle in November 1993, which
coincided with the fifth APEC Ministerial Meeting, and was elected the chair member of the Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI).
Conclusion
The rise of the Korean economy over the past several decades, often called the “Miracle of the Han”, has been an inspiring
model of modern economic development. The rapid pace with which the Koeran economy rose from the ashes of war and expanded stunned the outside world.
However, this rapid growth was not unaccompanied by growing pains which began to manifest themselves in all sectors of society particularly during the late
1980s. Excessive wage hikes, high capital costs and an overly bureaucratic administration, not to mention institutionalized corruption, served to weaken
Korea’s international competitiveness, and this was aggravated by unfavourable external circumstances. In the past year, though, strenuous efforts have been
made to overcome these impediments and through this, as well as improving international economic climate, it appears
that the Korean economy is regaining its former vigor. The upcoming years pose severe challenges for the Republic
in light of the December 1993 conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the rise of the Asia-Pacific region as the
new global economic center, but with the increasing emphasis in both the public and private sector on globalization and internalization, the Republic seems
braced to meet these challenges.
Список литературы
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