Dmitry V. Nikolaenko
THEORY OF THE
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS:
DEFINITIONS, TYPOLOGY,
TIME-SPATIAL MODELS
Translated by
Tatyana Nikolaenko
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 153
1. THE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS USED:
DEFINITIONS 154
2. TYPES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATIONS 158
3. PERIODS OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS’ (SCS)
EVOLUTION 169
4. EVOLUTION OF THE SPACES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL
SYSTEMS: NUMERICAL SYMBOLS TO THE
TIME-SPATIAL MODELS 173
5. EVOLUTION OF THE SPACES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL
SYSTEMS: LEGEND TO THE TIME-SPATIAL MODELS 177
6. EVOLUTION OF THE SPACES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL
SYSTEMS: TIME-SPATIAL MODELS 180
6.1. BARBARIAN-NOMADIC SCS 180
6.2. MUSLIM SCS 187
6.3. CHINESE SCS 194
6.4. WESTERN SCS 201
6.5. RUSSIAN SCS 208
6.6. HINDU SCS 215
6.7. SOUTH-AMERICAN SCS 222
6.8. BLACK AFRICAN SCS 229
7. PERIODS AND SUBPERIODS OF THE
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS EVOLUTION 236
INTRODUCTION
T
his article is the first brief, but hopefully more or less systematical presentation of the theory of socio-cultural systems
to an English-reading audience. It is actually the translation of the essay “Morphology of the Socio-Cultural Formations” written originally in Russian,
but with some extras added to present here a more complete idea of the theory. Researches in this direction are conducted by the author since 1984, but not so
many works were published until 1997. Those that were - fortunately or unfortunately - all are in Russian.
During these years the author lived and worked in several countries and regions of the World: in 1985/87 it was People’s
Republic of China, in 1991/92 - Federal Republic of Germany, in 1992/93 - Republic of South Africa, in 1994 - the USA, and in 1995/97 - South Africa
again. The result is real, personalized, not just read about observations of various socio-cultural types of spaces.
The work on the theory is going on. In 1998/99 we intend to make ready for publishing - in both Russian and English - texts on
socio-cultural interpretations of demographic processes and current demographic situation in the World, state and political boundaries, wars and regional
conflicts, economics and money, social processes in various socio-cultural systems. Some of these directions are explored in co-opearation with our loyal
colleagues and co-authors, and Tatyana Nikolaenko in particular.
January 10th, 1998
Simferopol, Crimea
1. THE TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS USED:
DEFINITIONS
In this first small chapter we wish to define more precisely the principal terms used further. It’s always
quite complicated procedure, but in this particular case we can do it quite correctly after describing indicative qualities of every main socio-cultural
formation. We do not even hope to present here a completely exhaustive, maximum correct definitions, and in general don’t believe such “statements of a things’
precise meaning” make any particular sense. It seems more important to define certain theoretical basis that would make it possible to successively and
exactly distinguish one socio-cultural formation or process from another, along the whole length of their historical evolution. Complexity of this task is that
socio-cultural formations and processes have very long life terms and exist as an astonishing diversity of specific external forms. With it all, their essence
remains one and the same. Variety of the socio-cultural formations’ and processes’ specific forms makes defining the terminology used here quite a
practical problem.
* * *
HOMELAND - the most profoundly transformed in a socio-cultural respect territory where
representatives of a certain socio-cultural formation lived and / or still live during historically prolonged interval of time, absolutely securing this
territory as their own. Homeland’s territory is always furiously protected and defended from any outside invasions. Representatives of the alien
socio-cultural formations may be present there only for a brief time and with many a restrictions that especially concerns homelands of socio-cultural
systems.
Territories of the Urals and Moscow region may serve as the examples of the Russian homeland. They were
assimilated in accordance with Russian standards and are clearly interpreted as Russian homeland, though duration of these territories’occupation by the
Russian population differs essentially.
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEM (SCS) - type of the socio-cultural formations dominating in a socio-cultural evolution. SCS-s
include main part of the World’s population and inhabited territories. SCS-s are characterized by great sizes of their territories and considerable
quantities of own population; they possess original standards of a space, society and state organisation as well as many a unique qualities because of
those they do differ drastically from the rest of the socio-cultural formations.
Unique characteristics of SCS-s are as follows:
ability to expand own homeland at the expense of socio-cultural assimilation of a new
territories;
ability to generate complicated structure of own space, with internal buffer zones, in order to
protect and defend itself from other SCS-s;
complete cycle of the space socio-cultural assimilation which includes seven principal stages;
domination of the inner logics over outer factors which are always used in a strict
correspondence with the SCS’ evolution internal order;
ability to create naturally dependent vassals in a course of socio-cultural transformation of
other territories;
own world religion, or its own unique version;
ability to widen a circulation of own language outside own homeland, and first of all - in the
internal buffer zone and among the naturally dependent vassals;
reliability and self-sufficiency of own economy;
ability to generate and invent stable original economic standards and forms which may have no
analogues outside a particular SCS.
There are eight SCS-s, and in the process of their evolution each of them goes through seven stages. With
this, at every stage SCS-s acquire specific distinguished forms. Thus, there are 56 essentially different external forms of SCS-s to understand which we
should base all the theoretical interpretations on a correct generalization of a very high level.
INTERNAL BUFFER ZONE OF SCS - qualitatively original and distinctive socio-cultural part of the SCS’s space that is always
located on the “outskirts” of the SCS’s homeland, along its borders with other socio-cultural formations. Internal buffer zone is destined mainly to protect
homeland of a particular SCS from immediate contacts with alien SCS-s and their possible aggression. It may border with an external socio-cultural buffer zone
as well as an internal buffer zone of a neighbouring SCS. Organization of an internal buffer zone is characterized by many a distinctive qualities
determined by the specific evolutionary process of the SCS this particular buffer zone belongs to.
Example of the internal buffer zone of the past is the territory of the Great Novgorod Principality which,
during socio-cultural contest of Russian SCS of the XI - XVI centuries, protected Russian homeland from the invasions of Western SCS. Modern internal
buffer zone of Russian SCS is formed by the new independent states rising after the collapse and transformation of the USSR. All of them, excluding Belarus and
Kazakhstan, have formed internal buffer zone of Russian SCS, irrespective of their own wishes as well as - and especially - declarations.
NATURALLY DEPENDENT VASSAL - relatively integral territory with own population that retains some unprincipal
differences from the neighbouring, dominating over it SCS, but became this SCS’ inalienable part as a result of prolonged and systematic socio-cultural
transformation. It is important that sizes of states - naturally dependent vassals may vary essentially: the point isn’t size in itself, but a special
socio-cultural type of these formations.
Naturally dependent vassals may possess a considerable amount of political and economic independence, have
quite complicated, and at times conflicting, relationships with their dominants, being actually just a part of a dominating SCS.
In fact, they practically cannot change their socio-cultural status, and the point isn’t just separate,
single economic or political actions, but socio-cultural measures that should be conducted successively during several centuries and (most probably) on the
competing SCS’ own initiative. Only initiative or, especially, declaratory wishes of a naturally dependent vassal itself are never quite enough to change
its socio-cultural status, and not a single example of a naturally dependent vassal really changing its status is known. Study of eight SCS-s along the
whole length of their history demonstrates that if some territory was formed as a naturally dependent vassal of a certain SCS, then it remains as such forever.
Example of a naturally dependent vassals are modern, now politically independent states rising on the
basis of the disintegrated former USSR. All of them, excluding only Belarus and Kazakhstan, are naturally dependent vassals of Russia.
EXTERNAL SOCIO-CULTURAL BUFFER ZONE - type of the socio-cultural formations that evolves to separate two or more
alien SCS-s. As a rule, external buffer zones border not immediately with the SCS-s, but with their internal buffer zones completely controlled by their own
SCS-s. External buffer zone as a special socio-cultural formation is characterized by extreme instability and dependence on dynamics of those SCS-s
it separates.
East Europe may serve as the classic example of the external buffer zone, being a special type of the
socio-cultural formation which separates Western and Russian SCS-s.
SOCIO-CULTURAL DOMAIN (SCD) - type of the socio-cultural formations that is quite similar to socio-cultural system, but
possesses a substantial quantity of a principal distinctions. It’s characterized by stable and prolonged existence as well as specific economic,
social and cultural forms. Fundamental differences compare to SCS are that SCD-s are categorically unable to assimilate and transform new territories into
own homeland, expanding it with this, and create naturally dependent vassals: so, there is no systematic work with space as in case of a socio-cultural
systems. The effect is a sort of socio-cultural conservation: SCD-s do not change / expand their own space and in general do not evolve in themselves
during very prolonged periods; modern results of such phenomenon are quite modest sizes of their territories. Another essential SCD-s distinction from
SCS-s manifests itself in their extraordinary situational behaviour.
At the present level of knowledge about socio-cultural formations and processes, there is no
possibility to determine the reasons for emerging differences of socio-cultural systems and domains with respect to space, but it’s possible to describe all
the details and components of these distinctions.
MIXED SOCIO-CULTURAL REGION - territory that has no distinct internal socio-cultural dominant and where various socio-cultural
formations (SCS-s, SCD-s and buffer zones) co-exist. As a rule, these are regions of the young historical assimilation which, in some perspective, gain
socio-cultural certainty, but with this may retain in their boundaries presence of a several socio-cultural formations. Most probable evolution of a mixed
socio-cultural regions is into naturally dependent vassals and external buffer zones, and as a more rare case - into part of the homeland of some SCS.
ENCLAVE - territory of a historically temporary domination of a particular SCS within another
socio-cultural formation. Genesis and evolution of enclaves are diverse and in many respects depend on a specific characteristics of a particular SCS’
dynamics. As a rule, enclaves are generated during process of expanding areas controlled by one or another SCS. They carry out important socio-cultural
tasks, but are not lasting as from historical point of view. Next in turn stage of the SCS evolution may become the reason for enclave’s degradation, even in
the absence of an external pressure.
ENCLAVE-COMMUNITY WITHIN ALIEN SCS - critical self-reproducible quantity of one SCS’ population permanently living
on the territory of another SCS and retaining with this own specific socio-cultural standards. Enclave-community reproduces itself by means of both natural growth
and mechanical migrations of population from maternal SCS into SCS of permanent inhabitance. Enclave-communities are most typical for the regions of mixed
socio-cultural as well as pioneer inhabitance.
As the classical example we may consider black inhabitants of North America, and the USA in particular.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEST - process which is inherent only for socio-cultural systems. Its socio-cultural meaning lies in
developing and selecting the most efficient, in a specific historical conditions, socio-cultural basis for a certain SCS which should determine
further ways of solving this SCS’ most fundamental and principal problems. Socio-cultural contests may take place at various stages of the SCS-s evolution
and, as a rule, in a form of a cycle of civil wars, domestic quarrels and feuds, economic and cultural depression. They do usually leave the very gloomy
and strange memories in the following generations and become the subject of subsequent falsifications from the side of their very own SCS-s. In reality,
socio-cultural contests are absolutely necessary for the efficient growth and development of any SCS and are a kind of its response to changing arrangements of
socio-cultural powers.
SOCIO-CULTURAL MIGRATIONS (SOCIO-CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT MIGRATIONS) - migrations that are
directed outside the traditional homeland of a certain SCS and aimed at the socio-cultural transformation of the alien territories into the new homeland of
the SCS in question, or creating its naturally dependent vassals. Such migrations are the unique quality of SCS-s. Specific causes that bring them
about may be very different, but, as a rule, manifest themselves through generating a sort of the “end of the World” within traditional homeland.
Example of the migrations aimed at the expanding the own homeland is eastward flight of Russians onto new
territories in Siberia and Far East as from the second half of the XVI century, and especially - as from the second half of the XVII century. The result of the
“time of troubles” within the traditional - at the time - Russian homeland and the Russian Orthodox church schism were mass migrations of the Russian
population to new lands which thus became the new Russian homeland - not the result of a fortuitous, but socio-culturally grounded process.
Processes of the rise and growth of the Cossacks in Moscow Tsardom and Russian Empire as well as
resettlements of a considerable numbers of Russians in Baltic Republics and Middle Asia during Soviet times may serve as the examples of the migrations
aimed at the creating naturally dependent vassals. Results of such “melting” actions and processes began revealing themselves only after the USSR
disintegration. Transformed in a socio-cultural respect territories turned out to be greatly dependent from Russia.
Such processes are of universal character and take place in the evolution of actually all the SCS-s -
socio-cultural migrations are not unique for any one of them.
2. TYPES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATIONS
socio-cultural type
socio-cultural type’s indications / qualities
1. SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE
1.1. Relatively large areas of permanent inhabitance
Socio-cultural system (SCS)
Always possesses and controls significant territories
Socio-cultural domain (SCD)
Never comparable to the SCS’ space. As a rule, it’s much less than the territory of ane taken separately
SCS, and may be quite insignificant
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Never comparable with the SCS’ space. As a rule, it’s much less than the territory of any taken
separately SCS, and as the neighbouring socio-cultural systems progress, decreases to a certain modest size
Mixed socio-cultural region
May possess quite large initial area, but demonstrates persistent tendency to its gradual reduction, due
to various parts of the territory assimilation into and by other socio-cultural formations - socio-cultural systems and domains
1.2. Homeland where significant quantities of its population live permanently
Socio-cultural system
Always has own homeland where significant part of its population lives continually
Socio-cultural domain
In accordance with this particular criterion, there are two types of socio-cultural domains:
1. Stable SCD with permanent homeland and permanent population;
2. Sporadic SCD, with homeland where its population may be absent for centuries
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Homeland exists, but it’s extremely changeable and unstable. Its fluctuations depend mainly on external
factors, such as pressure from the neighbouring SCS-s side. Furthermore, homeland cannot be defined absolutely exactly within an entire area of
enhabitance and control of this particular socio-cultural type’s population as a whole
Mixed socio-cultural region
Homeland has no definite, precise character. At the developed stage, micro-differences of the
neighbouring socio-cultural enclaves’ homelands may take place. Representatives of the various socio-cultural systems and domains have own
homelands within the mixed region
1.3. Ability to expand the homeland, through assimilation into it new territories
Socio-cultural system
Has the ability to assimilate the new territories into own homeland, as a rule, in regard to
territories bordering with the old homeland and extended from its borders for any distance. This ability is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. Only temporary changes of the controlled space may take place. In practice,
homeland never changes to grow
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability. Homeland may hardly be defined from an entire area of permanent enhabitance
of the particular socio-cultural buffer zone’s population and its temporary control. Homeland never grows as a result of new territories assimilation
Mixed socio-cultural region
Socio-cultural systems’ homelands expand to a considerable degree at the expense of transformation of
the mixed socio-cultural regions’ spaces. Population of the mixed socio-cultural regions themselves does not reveal any tendencies to expand
their homeland(-s)
1.4. Ability to generate complicated internal structure of own socio-cultural space,
as a response to demands from the outside (existence of an internal buffer zones)
Socio-cultural system
Has the ability to generate complicated internal structure of own space, mainly in order to protect and
defend itself from other SCS-s and as a response to respective demands from the outside. This ability expresses itself in creating internal buffer zones
along the borders with other SCS-s. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no ability to generate complicated internal structure of own space. It’s homogeneous because of its
insignificant size and in the absence of systematic work with own space as well as neighbouring territories during historically considerable intervals
of time
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no ability to generate complicated internal structure of own space. The latter is extremely unstable
and changeable, and depends on outer factors, in particular, conditions and conflicts of the neighbouring SCS-s
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no ability to generate complicated internal structure of own space. The latter is extremely unstable
and changeable, and depends on outer factors, in particular, conditions and conflicts of the neighbouring SCS-s
1.5. Ability to generate civilizations as a form of the own territory
sporadic colonization and assimilation, at the early stages of evolution
Socio-cultural system
Does have such ability. At the early stages of evolution SCS-s may produce isolated civilizations. Later
on, as SCS develops and evolves, it absorbs these civilizations into itself. Generating civilizations is a unique, but, none the less, not obligatory
quality and indication of the SCS: it depends on a specific (regional) conditions of a historical process
Socio-cultural domain
Unable to generate civilizations. In spite of their whatever great age and antiquity, SCD-s do
not invent such forms of the territories’ colonization / assimilation
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Unable to generate civilizations
Mixed socio-cultural region
Unable to generate civilizations
1.6. Ability to independently generate one or several stable states
within own socio-cultural space
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the ability to independentrly generate one or several stable states. Number of states
depends on a stage of the SCS evolution and may vary greatly (from one state occupying the whole SCS territory, and up to several dozens)
Socio-cultural domain
This ability manifests itself depending on the SCD’s type:
1. Stable SCD with stable population and stable homeland, as a rule, generates one stable state;
2. Sporadic SCD with homeland where its population may be absent for centuries, generates one state which however exists only from time to time
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Never independently generates stable states. Buffer states constantly change their boundaries
and, in general, greatly vary in their sizes and configurations. Subject to (conflicting) interests and conditions of competing neighbouring SCS-s, they
may be represented either by one or several states. Any buffer states are extremely unstable and always greatly depend on external factorsd (conditions
and relations of neighbouring SCS-s, in particular)
Mixed socio-cultural region
Never independently generates stable states, though areas inhabited by certain population - but
never states - may be quite stable. May have both one or several states as well as no states at all: everything depends on positions of SCS-s
participating in the region’s assimilation, and the stage of evolution of the mixed region itself
1.7. Concentration of the considerable reserves of vitally important
natural resources within own socio-cultural space
Socio-cultural system
Usually possesses considerable reserves of vitally important natural resources. Their structure
differs significantly and, of course, depends on previous geological history of the SCS territory, but in general available resources allow the SCS’
economy to exist, in practice, autonomously
Socio-cultural domain
SCD’s territory, as a rule, isn’t considerable in itself, and most often reserves of vitally important
natural resources are not contained there. In case of Northern SCD, their independent exploitation is in fact impossible due to primitive level of this
SCD’s general progress
Socio-cultural buffer zone
As a rule, there are no considerable reserves of vitally important natural resources within
socio-cultural buffer zones. And if such resources are found, then unstable space of a buffer zone becomes an object for the next re-partition by
competing neighbouring SCS-s, and buffer zone itself is again left without an important natural resource
Mixed socio-cultural region
Considerable reserves of vitally important natural resources may be found, but their exploitation is
completely determined by various SCS-s participating in a mixed region’s assimilation, and is an external business for the particular mixed region
itself
1.8. Ability to generate ecological crises as a steps
in assimilating own socio-cultural space
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the ability to generate ecological crises within local spaces during process of their
assimilation, in order to move then further, onto new territories with better natural and living conditions - in order to generate ecological crises there
afresh. Such is, as a matter of fact, strategy of an initial socio-cultural assimilation of territories within utmost possible limits. After the
boundaries of the socio-culturally assimilated spaces are defined, ecological crises lose their socio-cultural meaning and are not generated any more
Socio-cultural domain
There is no such ability. SCD-s do not generate ecological crises as a step in a space assimilation,
and are inserted into their natural environment with maximum correctness. The reason is not so much their highly-developed culture, but their inability to
expand own socio-culturally assimilated space
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Socio-culturally oriented ecological crises may take place in a buffer zones, but they are never aimed
to expand their own socio-cultural space and / or assimilate alien territories, and are results of periodic fluctuations of a buffer zone’s
territory influenced by neighbouring SCS-s. The reason of such ecological crises may be, for instance, next in turn replacement of a dominating neighbouring
SCS. Similar ecological crises are generated not by buffer zone itself, but by one of neighbouring SCS-s within a buffer zone’s space as a sort of
socio-cultural provocation aimed to achieve certain purposes of a certain SCS
Mixed socio-cultural region
Socio-culturally oriented ecological crises may take place in a mixed regions, but they are never aimed
to expand their own socio-cultural space and assimilate alien territories, and are results of periodic changes in the SCS-s’ power arrangements in the
region. The reason of such ecological crisis may be, for instance, next in turn replacement of a dominant SCS
2. SOCIO-CULTURAL TIME
2.1. Stable existence during historically considerable intervals of time
Socio-cultural system
Stable existence during historically significant intervals of time is a characteristic of SCS. Its
life terms are amounted to 2500 years and more
Socio-cultural domain
Stable existence during historically significant intervals of time is also a characteristic of SCD-s.
Their life terms are amounted to 2500 years and more, too
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Usually formed as a result of neighbouring SCS-s interaction and competition. As a rule, period of a
buffer zone existence is lesser than any of the neighbouring SCS-s. Life term of the buffer zone as a specific socio-cultural formation may amount to 1000
years and more
Mixed socio-cultural region
Heavily depends on specific (historical) conditions of the region colonization. As a developed formations
may exist for a very long while without any changes. Life term of a completely formed mixed socio-cultural region may amount to 2000 years and
more
2.2. Complete cycle of the own socio-cultural space formation which includes
series of successive stages determined by the inner logics of the space evolution
Socio-cultural system
Possesses a complete cycle of the space socio-cultural assimilation. Researches reveal seven principal
stages of socio-cultural evolution, and every stage may consist of a few particular phases. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such cycle. As distinguished from SCS, SCD does not work regularly at transforming its
socio-cultural space. Its homeland is static during historically considerable periods. As a result of a favourable outside situation, SCD’s controlled
space may change drastically, but always for a very brief time and without any socio-cultural assimilation / transformation of the territory that falls
under such temporary control
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no complete cycle. Everything depends on the outside situation that determines the buffer zone’s
behaviour. Buffer zone itself does not work regularly at expanding and transforming its socio-cultural space. As a result of a favourable outside
situation, space controlled by particular buffer zone may change drastically, but always for a (historically) brief time and without any socio-cultural
assimilation / transformation of the territory that falls under such temporary control
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no complete cycle. Everything depends on the outside factors and situation that determine specific behaviour of the mixed socio-cultural
region. It’s unable to work regularly at expanding and transforming its socio-cultural space at all
3. CONTACTS WITH OUTER WORLD
3.1. Correlation of inner logics and outer factors.
Ability to resist socio-cultural pressure from the outside
Socio-cultural system
Inner logics always prevail over outer factors which are only used in case of strict correspondence with
the SCS’s evolution internal order. Even successful external spatial expansions are always used for the own inner purposes. This is the unique
quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Does have some inner regularlities which may sometimes prevail over external factors, but in many
cases namely outer factors prove to play decisive role in determining ways of the SCD’s evolution. Pressure from the outside does not usually lead to
annihilation of the SCD’s socio-cultural specifics, but its resistance to the outside influences isn’t sufficient
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Internal logics do not play a significant role. Outer factors obviously dominate. Pressure from the
neighbouring SCS-s side takes place nearly permanently and determines ways of the buffer zone evolution. Resistance to the outside influences is extremely
low
Mixed socio-cultural region
Internal logics do not play a significant role. Outer factors obviously prevail. Correlation of the
various SCS-s positions in the mixed socio-cultural region determines ways of its evolution. Resistance to the outside influences is extremely low
3.2. Ability to create socio-cultural enclaves
to transfrom and assimilate alien territories
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the ability to create enclaves within alien regions to transform and assimlate them
socio-culturally. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. May establish temporary enclaves only as a way of own diffusion, but never - for
socio-cultural transformation and assimilation of alien territories
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability. May establish temporary enclaves only as a way of own diffusion, but never - for
socio-cultural transformation and assimilation of alien territories. Socio-cultural buffer zones themselves are often being assimilated into other
socio-cultural formations
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability. Population of the mixed regions may create temporary enclaves only as a way
of own diffusion, but never - for socio-cultural transformation and assimilation of alien territories, being themselves assimilated into other
socio-cultural formations
3.3. Ability to create socio-cultural enclave-communities
Socio-cultural system
Able to create stable enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations
Socio-cultural domain
Able to create stable enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Able to create temporary enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations during periods of
escessive emigration, but with time these enclave-communities always become themselves assimilated into their foster socio-cultural formations
Mixed socio-cultural region
Able to create temporary enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations during periods of
escessive emigration, but with time these enclave-communities always become themselves assimilated into their foster socio-cultural formations
3.4. Ability to establish colonies, military-political and
economic vassals outside own homeland
Socio-cultural system
If necessary, may generate such vassals and colonies alike, usually established to decide certain
internal problems connected with own socio-cultural evolution and transformation of other territories
Socio-cultural domain
In case of necessity and as a result of a certain, advantageous for them external situation, SCD-s with
stable homelands may generate colonies and vassals, but only for a very brief time. However, this never leads to socio-cultural transformation of neither
stable SCD-s themselves nor peoples and territories temporarily subordinate to them. Sporadic SCD-s never establish neither vassals nor colonies
Socio-cultural buffer zone
May generate colonies and vassals of a second grade, with this permanently being itself a vassal of a
certain neighbouring SCS. Space temporarily controlled by the buffer zone states never exceedes the limits of internal and external buffer zones
themselves. Changes of the controlled areas are absolutely unstable and always external matters for a buffer zone itself
Mixed socio-cultural region
Mixed socio-cultural region is usually itself colony and / or vassal of a certain SCS and subject to the
various SCS-s struggle and socio-cultural competition
3.5. Ability to create naturally dependent vassals
in a course of a socio-cultural transformation of other territories
Socio-cultural system
Has the ability to create naturally dependent vassals in a course of socio-cultural transformation of
other territories. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. Military-political and economic vassals of a second grade never become
naturally dependent ones. SCD-s themselves may, for a certain historical time, become vassals of a neighbouring SCS and then use such subordinate
status to achieve own goals and gain some socio-cultural benefits
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability. Buffer zones never form naturally dependent vassals and themselves are always
vassals of a neighbouring SCS. Change of a dominating SCS is a routine and always external matter
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability. Mixed socio-cultural regions never form naturally dependent vassals and themselves
are always vassals of various SCS-s which pretend to assimilate some territories within the region. Change of a dominating SCS is a routine and
always external matter
4. POPULATION
4.1. Existence of a relatively large quantities of own population
Socio-cultural system
Quantities of the SCS population, compare to general numbers of currently inhabiting the Earth
people, are always significant. Most of the World’s population lives within SCS-s
Socio-cultural domain
Quantities of the SCD-s population, as a rule, are not comparable to those of SCS-s, but may be quite
significant, especially in the case of SCD-s with stable homelands
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Quantity of the buffer zone population may be quite large, but, as a rule, it’s never comparable to that
of any taken separately SCS. It maintains definite tendency to periodically reduce the numbers of own population, at the expense of various mechanical migrations
of its considerable parts
Mixed socio-cultural region
Quantity of the mixed region population may be quite large, but, as a rule, it’s not comparable to that of
SCS
4.2. Ability to conduct a successive socio-cultural assimilation of alien population,
by including it into own structure together with the new territories
Socio-cultural system
Able to socio-culturally assimilate alien population successively. This ability manifests itself during
periods of creating the own homeland and internal buffer zones. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. SCD’s population is rigidly reserved and unable to assimilate alien population in
principle. Isolation from the rest of the world is a strict standard of SCD as a specific socio-cultural formation
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability. There is no isolation as in case of SCD, but there is no assimilation of alien
population either
Mixed socio-cultural region
Within mixed socio-cultural regions, assimilation of alien population and territories by various SCS-s
takes place. At the developed stages of a mixed region assimilation, it ceases
4.3. Ability of population to retain its qualitative specific characteristics
within alien socio-cultural formations
Socio-cultural system
SCS’s population is able to preserve its specific qualities within alien socio-cultural formations
Socio-cultural domain
SCD’s population possesses strikingly expressed ability to retain own specific qualities within alien
socio-cultural formations. It guarantees SCD’s survival in a sporadic condition during historically considerable intervals of time
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Such ability isn’t quite obvious. Usually, assimilation of the significant parts of a buffer zone’s
population into other socio-cultural formations takes place
Mixed socio-cultural region
Population is too diverse and heterogeneous. As a rule, it retains own qualitative characteristics, but
also may be assimilated itself: everything depends on a combination of specific (historical) conditions
4.4. Extent of a socio-cultural homogeneity of the population
Socio-cultural system
Population has homogeneous socio-cultural character. There are certain stages of its socio-cultural
assimilation. There is also definite distinction between population of such types of the socio-cultural spaces as homeland, internal buffer zones and
enclaves. Exceptions may appear within population inhabiting recently included into SCS territories. Existence of such non-converted
(non-transformed) socio-culturally population and its territories within SCS is usually temporary and ends in a complete socio-cultural assimilation.
Growth of the SCS population is attributed to natural increase as well as assimilation of new territories with all their population, with the latter’s
successive conversion and transformation that may last for centuries
Socio-cultural domain
Population has homogeneous socio-cultural character and differs drastically from the rest of the world.
SCD’s basic distinction from SCS is that growth of the SCD population is attributed to its natural encrease only, and never - to socio-cultural conversion
and assimilation of other territories with their population
Socio-cultural buffer zone
As a rule, population isn’t socio-culturally homogeneous. Depending on a specific historical situation,
very different versions and combinations of the population socio-cultural structure may take place
Mixed socio-cultural region
As a rule, population isn’t homogeneous. Depending on a specific historical situation, very different
versions and combinations of the population socio-cultural structure may occur
4.5. Ability to generate migrations of population
for socio-cultural transformation of other territories
Socio-cultural system
Possesses such ability. SCS-s generate migrations of population to socio-culturally transform alien
territories into homelands, naturally dependent vassals and enclaves within internal buffer zones. In all the SCS-s, such migrations most often happen as
a result of creating “end of the World” (mass starvation, civil wars, unstable state authorities) within traditional homelands. This is the unique
quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability
4.6. Ability to generate migrations of population to diffuse it
into other socio-cultural formations, with no purpose of their transformation
Socio-cultural system
Has no such ability. SCS-s do never possess too big numbers of population so that to force it out into
new territories without historically clear and definite purposes of their socio-cultural transformation
Socio-cultural domain
Such ability can be traced. SCD-s representatives may diffuse into various SCS-s and be present there to
solve own problems, but never - to transform and assimilate other territories socio-culturally
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Such ability can be traced. Mass migrations of the buffer zone’s population into alien socio-cultural
formations, and especially - into SCS-s, are possible from time to time and even quite regularly. Such migrations become a norm during aggravation of a neighbouring
SCS-s competition to control some particular buffer zone, and may be well provoked by these SCS-s. However, migrations from buffer zones never aim to
transform and assimilate other territories socio-culturally
Mixed socio-cultural region
Such ability exists. Mass migrations of the mixed region’s population into alien socio-cultural
formations, and especially - into SCS-s, are quite possible from time to time. Such migrations become a norm during aggravation of relations of the
SCS-s that participate in a competition to control some particular mixed region, and may be well provoked by these SCS-s. Migrations from mixed
regions never aim to transform and assimilate other territories socio-culturally
4.7. Ability to maintain multinational structure of population,
with various languages, within own socio-cultural formation
Socio-cultural system
Possesses such ability. Can maintain whatever multinational structure of population and large numbers of
languages, even representing different lingual groups. Unity and integrity of the SCS spaces is determined by their respective assimilation. National and
lingual diversity do not have an influence on SCS in principle. In this respect SCS-s may demonstrate staggering tolerance which grows substantially
after completing the socio-cultural transformation of the respective territories
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. Within own homeland, consistent intolerance to different nationalities and their
suppression develop. In case of SCD with own stable homeland, mononational structure of population and singular language usually take place
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has a multinational structure of population and big numbers of languages which are foreign
relatively one another. They are united only by the neighbouring SCS-s pressure which affects all the people of a buffer zone. This pressure may be
reflected differently on a certain nations that naturally gives rise to inner problems whithin the buffer zone’s population
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has a multinational structure of population and big numbers of languages which are foreign
relatively one another. They are united only by the fact that pressure of the competing for the region SCS-s affects all its people. This pressure may be
reflected differently on a certain nations that naturally gives rise to inner problems whithin the mixed region’s population
5. RELIGION, LANGUAGE AND SPIRITUAL CULTURE
5.1. Own specific world religion, or its own unique version
Socio-cultural system
Always possesses own world religion or its own unique version. This is the unique quality and indication
of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no own world religion. SCD’s religions may be of a national character only and are bound to this
particular SCD at most
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no own world religion. Some version of the neighbouring SCS’s religion always dominates. Choice of
the religion has specific historical and often sircumstantial character, and is completely determined by correlation of the neighbouring SCS-s positions
in the area
Mixed socio-cultural region
Various world religions may co-exist there, with no obvious dominance of any one. Structure of religions
represented in the region is determined in many respects by external factors
5.2. Ability to propagate and diffuse own version of religion outside
own socio-cultural formation for transformation of other territories
Socio-cultural system
Possesses such ability. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS: it promotes own version of
religion in a process of assimilation of alien territories and population
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability
5.3. One or several dominant languages
Socio-cultural system
Within lingual diversity, one or a few languages obviously dominate. There may also exist substantial
number of stable languages of limited circulation. Language isn’t an absolute indicative distinction of the particular SCS from the rest of the socio-cultural
formations. SCS’s dominant language may widen its circulation quite independently from the SCS itself
Socio-cultural domain
There is always one clearly dominant language which serves as a basis for singling out this particular
socio-cultural formation from the rest of the world. This is an absolute indicative distinction of SCD-s from the rest of the socio-cultural
formations
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Essence of this socio-cultural formation is such that considerable number of languages always
co-exist there, in a proportion that is characteristic for population of some particular buffer zone. There are no and cannot be whatever dominant
languages
Mixed socio-cultural region
Essence of this socio-cultural formation is such that considerable number of languages always
co-exist there, in a proportion that is characteristic for population of some particular mixed region. There are no and cannot be whatever dominant languages
5.4. Ability to widen circulation of the own dominant language(-s)
as a daily used one(-s) outside own socio-cultural formation
Socio-cultural system
Able to widen a circulation of own language outside own homeland, and first of all - in the internal
buffer zone and among the naturally dependent vassals. Such language begins being used as a daily means of communications that is an important element of
the process of socio-cultural assimilation of territories and population. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Has no such ability. Language is a unique attribute of the particular SCD’s population and is
diffused only together with its bearers. Population of other socio-cultural formations never use this language as a means of daily communications
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability. Diffusion of a language(-s) may only accompany migrations of a buffer zone’s
population which, however, easily adopts language(-s) of either a more attractive or dominant SCS
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability. Diffusion of a language(-s) may only accompany migrations of a mixed region’s
population which, however, easily adopts language(-s) of either a more attractive or dominant SCS
6. ECONOMICS AND PRODUCTIVE FORCES
6.1. Extent of reliability and self-sufficiency
of the socio-cultural formation’s economy
Socio-cultural system
Economy is reliable and self-sufficient. It possesses considerable internal reserves, and contacts
with other socio-cultural formations do not play determining role in its development, though these contacts are important for sovling internal
socio-cultural problems such as the neighbouring territories’ transformation and competition with alien SCS-s. This is the unique quality and indication
of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Economy is extremely vulnerable and never self-sufficient; in case of isolation becomes obviously
poor and mediocre. Contacts with other socio-cultural formations are of most importance for economic prosperity and desired stability which, however, are
never achieved
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Economy is extremely vulnerable and never self-sufficient. It depends mainly on neighbouring SCS-s
which may both arrange for a periodic destruction in a buffer zone and assist its short-term prosperity if it conforms to their interests
Mixed socio-cultural region
Economy is extremely dependent on SCS-s that pretend to control the mixed region. In certain
conditions of isolation, it may become self-sufficient (at the level of poverty and mediocrity)
6.2. Ability to generate stable original economic standards and forms
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the ability to generate and invent stable original economic standards and forms which may
have no analogues outside this particular SCS. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS
Socio-cultural domain
Able to generate and invent original economic standards and forms, however, quite unstable and aimed only
to withstand the competing SCS-s pressure
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability
6.3. Ability to generate technological innovations for socio-cultural purposes
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the ability to generate and invent technological innovations for solving own socio-cultural
problems, and first of all - internal tasks of creating the own homeland and naturally dependent vassals
Socio-cultural domain
Possesses the ability to generate technological innovations for solving own socio-cultural problems. However,
invention of these innovations is always very limited and vulnerable due to the nature of this particular socio-cultural formations. Internal market is
too small and in itself actually doesn’t need such innovations. Technological innovations are never associated with or caused by the socio-cultural tasks
of space transformation
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability
6.4. Ability to conduct wide-scale economic actions of sabotage
aimed against socio-cultural competitors
Socio-cultural system
Possesses the potential ability and practical possibilities to conduct wide-scale economic sabotage
actions directed against alien socio-cultural formations. Such actions may be brought about through various specific forms
Socio-cultural domain
Possesses the potential ability and practical possibilities to conduct economic sabotage actions
aimed against other socio-cultural formations. These actions may be brought about in a various specific forms. Characteristically, scales of such
activity are considerably smaller compare to those of SCS-s
Socio-cultural buffer zone
Has no such ability as well as possibilities
Mixed socio-cultural region
Has no such ability as well as possibilities
* * *
Below, once more, is the list of the unique qualities and indications of socio-cultural systems:
#
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEM
1.
Has the ability to assimilate the new territories into own homeland, as a rule, in regard to
territories bordering with the old homeland and extended from its borders for any distance
2.
Has the ability to generate complicated internal structure of own space, mainly in order to protect and
defend itself from other SCS-s and as a response to respective demands from the outside. This ability expresses itself in creating internal buffer zones
along the borders with other SCS-s
3.
Possesses a complete cycle of the space socio-cultural assimilation. Researches reveal seven principal
stages of socio-cultural evolution, and every stage may consist of a few particular phases
4.
Inner logics always prevail over outer factors which are only used in case of strict correspondence with
the SCS’s evolution internal order. Even successful external spatial expansions are always used for the own inner purposes
5.
Possesses the ability to create enclaves within alien regions to transform and assimlate them
socio-culturally
6.
Has the ability to create naturally dependent vassals in a course of socio-cultural transformation of
other territories
7.
Able to conduct successive socio-cultural assimilation of alien population, by including it into own
structure together with the new territories. This ability manifests itself during periods of creating the own homeland and internal buffer zones
8.
Possesses the ability to generate migrations of population to socio-culturally transform alien
territories into homelands, naturally dependent vassals and enclaves within internal buffer zones. In all the SCS-s, such migrations most often happen as
a result of creating “end of the World” (mass starvation, civil wars, unstable state authorities) within traditional homelands
9.
Always possesses own world religion or its own unique version
10.
Able to propagate and diffuse own version of religion outside own socio-cultural formation for
transformation of other territories. This is the unique quality and indication of SCS: it promotes own version of religion in a process of
assimilation of alien territories and population
11.
Able to widen a circulation of own language outside own homeland, and first of all - in the internal
buffer zone and among the naturally dependent vassals. Such language begins being used as a daily means of communications that is an important element of
the process of socio-cultural assimilation of territories and population
12.
Economy is reliable and self-sufficient. It possesses considerable internal reserves, and contacts
with other socio-cultural formations do not play determining role in its development, though these contacts are important for sovling internal
socio-cultural problems such as the neighbouring territories’ transformation and competition with alien SCS-s
13.
Possesses the ability to generate and invent stable original economic standards and forms which may
have no analogues outside this particular SCS
* * *
Here is the list of the socio-cultural formations existing by the end of the XX century. They went
through some evolution and are now at the different stages of their development. Morphology of the socio-cultural formations is described in detail
by their time-spatial models.
Socio-cultural systems: Barbarian-Nomadic SCS, Black African SCS,
Chinese
SCS, Hindu SCS, Muslim SCS, Russian SCS, South-American SCS, Western SCS
Socio-cultural domains: Japanese SCD, Judaic SCD, Northern SCD
Socio-cultural buffer zones
We’re talking here only about external socio-cultural buffer zones located between different
SCS-s. External socio-cultural buffer zones are at present at the various stages of their evolution and differ drastically one from another. None the
less, they are clearly defined as the formations of a specific socio-cultural type.
Let’s cut the vast list of external buffer zones down to just two examples so that do not go deep
into extensive explanations regarding complicated structures of these complex socio-cultural formations: 1. East-European
buffer zone (Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria). 2. North-European buffer zone (Finland, Sweden, Norway)
Mixed socio-cultural regions: Islands of Pacific and Indian Oceans, Israel and
Palestine, South-East Asia
3. PERIODS OF THE
SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS’ EVOLUTION
BARBARIAN-NOMADIC SCS
(Models 1 - 7)
1. Initial period of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS existence, surrounded by neighbours not internally ready to integrate with it socio-culturally (from
ansient times until I century AD)
2. Establishing the buffer zone with Western SCS (I century - end of the IV century AD)
3. Socio-cultural integration of Barbarian-Nomadic and Western SCS. Rise of the renewed Western SCS (end of the IV century - second half of the VII century
AD)
4. Creating the buffer zones between Barbarian-Nomadic SCS and all of its neighbouring SCS-s (from second half of the VII century until late XII century)
5. Socio-cultural integration of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS with all the neighbouring, accessible to it SCS-s. Socio-cultural assimilation of the
Barbarian-Nomadic SCS territory and population into these SCS (late XII - 1380-s)
6. Rise of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS residual homeland and population. Conflict of various neighbouring SCS-s for its socio-cultural assimilation,
with the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS itself marionette participation in the process (late XIV century - middle of the XX century)
7. Establishing the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS residual homeland and population on the borders of Russian and Chinese SCS-s as their external buffer zone (from
the second half of the XX century and for some future)
MUSLIM SCS
(Models 8 - 14)
1. Initial sporadic colonization of the homeland territory in the most ancient civilizations and unknown old centres of inhabitance (XXX - VII
centuries BC)
2. Initial spatial defining of the Muslim SCS territory and its early acquisition in the form of Empires. Conflict with Western SCS of its second
stage for buffer spaces (750-s - 330-s BC)
3. Socio-cultural contest of Muslim SCS. Creating the internal buffer zones on borders with Western SCS. Assimilation of the other socio-cultural systems’
population within the Muslim territories (from 330-s BC until early VII century AD)
4. Islam as the product of the socio-cultural contest; unification of the Muslim territories based on Islam. Beginning of the Muslim controlled spaces
growth, and establishing the buffer zones between Muslim SCS and all of its neighbouring SCS-s (Western, Barbarian-Nomadic, Hindu and Black African) (early
VII century - 1258)
5. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Further growth of the Muslim controlled spaces into the territories of Black African and Hindu
SCS-s. Creating the military-political vassals and buffer zones with all the neighbouring SCS-s (1258 - early XVIII century)
6. Conflict for buffer spaces with various SCS-s. Loss of the military-political vassals and the alien socio-cultural systems’ permanent
presence in the Muslim homeland. Diffusion of the Muslim communities outside the Muslim homeland (early XVIII century - 1970-s)
7. Liberation of the Muslim homeland and its internal buffer zones from the alien socio-cultural systems’ permanent presence. Political-geographical
transformation of the Muslim SCS space based on its own socio-cultural standards. Conflict with other SCS-s for the external buffer zones (from 1970-s and for
some future)
CHINESE SCS
(Models 15 - 21)
1. Initial period of the Chinese population existence and Chinese SCS creation (from legendary Hsia
Dynasty 1800 - 1500 BC to Eastern Chou Dynasty 770 BC)
2. Socio-cultural contest for creating the most efficient socio-cultural standard for Chinese SCS (from 770
to 221 BC - Eastern Chou Dynasty)
3. Unification of the Chinese SCS territory based on the chosen socio-cultural standard. Beginning of the
homeland growth and establishing the naturally dependent vassals (221 BC - 317 AD)
4. Creating the internal buffer zone on the North, new naturally dependent vassals on the West and new
homeland on the South (317 - 1211 AD)
5. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Creating the internal buffer zones, naturally
dependent vassals and homeland growth on the South. Unification of the socio-culturally transformed territories into the united state (from 1211 until
1840-s)
6. Defining the buffer zones’ territories through conflict with various SCS-s. Military, political and
economic presence of alien socio-cultural systems in the Chinese homeland. Beginning of the Chinese population intensive diffusion around the World (from
1840-s until the Great Cultural Revolution)
7. Creating the integral internal buffer zone and liberation of the Chinese homeland from the alien
socio-cultural systems’ presence. Establishing the Chinese enclave-communities within Western SCS and the mixed socio-cultural regions (as from the end of the
Great Cultural Revolution and for some future)
WESTERN SCS
(Models 22 - 28)
1. Initial period of the Western population existence and Western SCS creation. Initial sporadic
colonozation of the homeland territory in the most ancient civilizations (from ancient times until 770 - 750-s BC)
2. Greek-Roman times. Western homeland growth. Rise of the first Empires and Greek-Roman communities outside
the homeland. Establishing the buffer zone with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS (770 - 750-s BC - 380-s AD)
3. Socio-cultural integration with Barbarian-Nomadic SCS. Transformation and further expansion of the
homeland. Creating internal buffer zones. Defining the new ideological grounds of Western SCS, based on Roman Catholicism (from 380-s AD until the Crusades
beginning)
4. Socio-cultural contest of Western SCS. Transformation of the Pyrenees Muslim enclave into internal buffer
zone. Creating naturally dependent vassals in the East-European buffer zone. Expansion outside own homeland into the mixed socio-cultural regions (from the
Crusades beginning until the discovery of America)
5. Global overseas colonial expansion of Western national states. Growth of the homeland in the mixed
socio-cultural regions with Western predominance (1490-s - 1918)
6. Global war against other socio-cultural systems headed by Russian SCS. Losing the control over colonies.
Reversion of Western population into own homeland and its redistribution between the mixed socio-cultural regions with Western predominance and
traditional Western territories (1918 - 1990-s)
7. Transformation of the European homeland and stimulating further population redistribution between the
territories of old homeland and mixed socio-cultural regions with Western predominance. Creating the American and South-Eastern internal and external
buffer zones (from 1990-s and for some future)
RUSSIAN SCS
(Models 29 - 35)
1. Initial period of the Slavonic world existence, with undeveloped socio-cultural differences (from
ancient times until 882 AD)
2. Period of the socio-cultural differences defining in the Slavonic world. Early accumulation
of the Russian SCS territory and population as well as establishing the internal and external buffer zones (from 882 until middle - end of the XI
century)
3. Socio-cultural contest for creating the most efficient socio-cultural standard for Russian
SCS. Socio-cultural integration with barbarian-nomadic SCS (from the end of the XI century until 1572)
4. Creating the united Russian state, with utmost homeland, based on Moscow socio-cultural standard
(from 1572 until 1700)
5. Imperial program of the Russian SCS: creating naturally dependent vassals and further homeland growth; expansion into neighbouring SCS-s as
resistance to Western SCS pressure onto these SCS-s (from 1700 until 1917)
6. Communist program of the Russian SCS: defining boundaries of own socio-cultural spaces
(especially internal and external buffer zones); leading the global war against Western SCS expansion outside its homeland (1917 - 1991)
7. Nationalist program of the Russian SCS: re-structuring own socio-cultural spaces; maintaining balance of socio-cultural powers in the
World (from the end of the XX century and for some future)
HINDU SCS
(Models 36 - 42)
1. Initial period of the Indian population existence and rise of the ancient Hindu civilizations as a
form of sporadic colonization of the territory. Rise of the Hindu SCS religious, cultural and social foundations (2500-s - 327 BC)
2. First contacts with Muslim SCS. Beginning of the homeland growth and establishing the North-Western buffer
zone (327 BC - 711 AD)
3. Muslim SCS attacks withstanded. Creating the buffer zone on the joints with Muslim SCS (711 -
early XIII century)
4. Muslim SCS intervention and establishing the vassal military-political control over the Northern and
Central regions of the Hindu homeland. Further evolution of the Hindu homeland (early XIII century - 1658)
5. Military-political control of the Great Britain and co-operation with it to withstand the Muslim SCS expansion.
Adaptation of Western innovations and Hindu population diffusion into other socio-cultural formations as a vassals of British colonists. Creating the
internal buffer zones; conflict with Muslim and Chinese SCS-s for the external buffer zones (1658 - 1945)
6. Transition to an indirect forms of co-operation with Western SCS in the struggle against Muslim and
Chinese SCS-s. Extreme point of the conflict with Muslim SCS for control over buffer zones. Further developing the internal buffer zones; efforts to
transform the external buffer zones into naturally dependent vassals (from 1945 and for some future)
7. Prognostic stage: Retention of the indirect forms of co-operation with Western SCS to withstand
the Muslim and Chinese SCS-s expansion. Final stages of creating the internal and external buffer zones. Political-geographical transformation of the Hindu
homeland based on its own socio-cultural standards (more distant future)
SOUTH-AMERICAN SCS
(Models 43 - 49)
1. Initial existence of the South-American population and sporadic colonization of the territory in form of
the most ancient civilizations (from ancient times until the end of the XV century)
2. Socio-cultural integration with Western and Black African SCS-s. Spatial colonization / assimilation of
the territory and creating the renewed basis for South-American SCS (from 1490-s until the 1823 Monroe Doctrine)
3. Establishing the internal buffer zones and re-structuring own territory based on the national states
principles. Permanent military-political and economic presence of Western SCS (represented by the USA) (1823 - 1918)
4. Operative involvement of the USA into South-American SCS rising. Introduction of economic, social and
military innovations. Further creating the internal buffer zones. Co-operation of South-American and Russian SCS-s in the struggle against permanent presence
of the USA (1918 - 1980-s)
5. Liberation of the South-American SCS homeland from military, economic and political presence of
all the alien socio-cultural systems. Creating the buffer zone with Western SCS (in the mixed socio-cultural region with Western predominance in North
America). Operative conversion of the submitted Western economic and social innovations (from 1980-s and for some future)
6. Prognostic stage: Socio-cultural contest in South-American SCS and its re-structuring in
accordance with the own renewed socio-cultural standards (this period may last for a 100 years or more)
7. Prognostic stage: Further intensive development of the South-American SCS territory based on its
own socio-cultural standards (quite distant future)
BLACK AFRICAN SCS
(Models 50 - 56)
1. Initial period of the Black African population existence on the territory of its homeland, at the stage of
clan-tribal organisation (from ancient times until IV century AD)
2. Beginning of the contacts with Muslim SCS, rise of the early States; creating the Northern and Eastern
internal buffer zones (IV century - 1490-s)
3. Beginning of the contacts with Western SCS, creating the Western and Southern internal buffer zones.
Overseas diffusion of the Black African population and establishing the enclave-communities within alien socio-cultural formations. Participation in
the evolution of South-American SCS, on its 2nd stage (1490-s - 1880-s)
4. Spatial seizure of Black African SCS by Western SCS. Introduction of the superficial economic, social
and military innovations. Co-operation of Black African and Russian SCS-s in the struggle against Western SCS control over the Black African homeland
(1880-s - 1960)
5. Liberation of the Black African SCS homeland from military, economic and political presence of all the
alien socio-cultural systems. Operative conversion of the submitted economic and social innovations (from 1960 and for some future)
6. Prognostic stage: Socio-cultural contest in Black African SCS and its re-structuring in
accordance with the own renewed socio-cultural standards (this period may last for a 100 years or more)
7. Prognostic stage: Further intensive development of Black African SCS based on its own
socio-cultural standards. Establishing connections between the Black African homeland and its overseas enclave-communities (quite distant future)
4. EVOLUTION OF THE SPACES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS: NUMERICAL SYMBOLS TO THE TIME-SPATIAL MODELS
Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
Model 4.
1. Vikings - Varangians as a part of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
2. Western Slavs (Poles)
3. Magyars (Hungarians) as a part of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
4. Southern Slavs
Model 5.
1. East-European buffer zone
2. South-European buffer zone
3. Japanese SCD
Model 6.
1. North-European buffer zone
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Minor-Asian buffer zone
5. Crimean Khanate and its assimilation into Russian SCS
6. Territories inhabited by Kazakhs, Kalmuks etc. and their socio-cultural transformation
7. Territories inhabited by Mongols etc. and their socio-cultural transformation
Muslim SCS
Model 9.
1. Areas within European continent controlled by Muslim SCS of its 2nd stage
Model 10.
1. Areas within European continent controlled by Muslim SCS of its 3rd stage
2. Assimilation of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS migrants (vandals) during V - VI centuries
3. Assimilation of Alexander the Great and his armies during IV century BC
Model 11.
1. Areas within European continent controlled by Muslim SCS of its 4th stage
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Byzantine Empire as a buffer zone
Model 12.
1. Western enclave within Muslim SCS
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Byzantine, and then Ottoman Empire as a buffer zone
5. Military-political vassals within the territories of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS (in Middle Asia)
6. Military-political vassals within the territories of Hindu SCS
7. Military-political vassals within the territories of Black African SCS
Model 13.
1. Western enclave within Muslim SCS
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Ottoman Empire as a buffer zone
5. Buffer zone between Hindu and Muslim SCS-s
6. Enclave-communities within the territories of mixed socio-cultural regions
Model 14.
1. East-European buffer zone
2. South-European buffer zone
3. Turkey as a buffer zone
4. Buffer zone between Hindu and Muslim SCS-s
5. Enclave-communities within the territories of mixed socio-cultural regions
6. Enclave-communities within the territories of Black African SCS
Chinese SCS
Model 18.
1. Japanese SCD
Model 19.
Other socio-cultural formations
1. Japanese SCD
Buffer zone
2. Taiwan
3. Manchuria
4. Mongolia
5. Western territories
6. Tibet
Model 20.
Other socio-cultural formations
1. Japanese SCD
External buffer zone
2. Mongolia
Internal buffer zone
3. Manchuria
4. Western territories
5. Tibet
Western enclaves within the Chinese homeland
6. Taiwan
7. Hong Kong and Macao
Enclave-communities
1. Enclave-communities within the territory of Western SCS
Model 21.
Other socio-cultural formations
1. Japanese SCD
External buffer zone
2. Mongolia
Internal buffer zone
3. Manchuria
4. Western territories
5. Tibet
Chinese homeland
6. Taiwan
Enclave-communities
7. Enclave-communities within the territory of Western SCS
8. Enclave-communities within the territory of mixed socio-cultural regions
Western SCS
Model 23.
1. Greek-Roman enclaves within Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
2. Greek-Roman enclaves within Asia Minor as an external buffer zone
3. Greek-Roman enclaves within Muslim SCS (in Northern Africa)
4. Western conquerors assimilated in Muslim SCS
Model 24.
1. German states as the Eastern internal buffer zone
2. Italy and Greece as the Southern internal buffer zone
Model 25.
1. German states as the Eastern internal buffer zone
2. Italy and Greece as the Southern internal buffer zone
3. Portuguese and Spanish states as the Western internal buffer zone
4. Northern part of East-European external buffer zone
5. East-European external buffer zone
6. South-European external buffer zone
7. Western enclaves within Muslim SCS during Crusades
8. Western enclaves within Byzintine Empire as external buffer zone, during Crusades
Model 26.
1. German states as the Eastern internal buffer zone
2. Italy and Greece as the Southern internal buffer zone
3. Portuguese and Spanish states as the Western internal buffer zone
4. Enclave-communities of Black African SCS in North America
Model 27.
Internal buffer zones
1. German states as the Eastern internal buffer zone
2. Italy and Greece as the Southern internal buffer zone
3. Portuguese and Spanish states as the Western internal buffer zone
4. Enclave-communities of Black African SCS in North America
5. Enclave-communities of Chinese SCS in North America
6. Enclave-communities of Chinese SCS in Australia
Model 28.
Internal buffer zones
1. German states as the Eastern internal buffer zone
2. Italy and Greece as the Southern internal buffer zone
3. Portuguese and Spanish states as the Western internal buffer zone
4. Enclave-communities of Black African SCS in North America
5. Enclave-communities of Chinese SCS in North America
6. Enclave-communities of Chinese SCS in Australia
Russian SCS
Model 31.
External buffer zones
1. East-European buffer zone, Polish lands
2. South-European buffer zone
Model 32.
External buffer zones
1. East-European buffer zone, Polish lands
2. South-European buffer zone
3. New Russian homeland created on base of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates’ territories
4. New Russian homeland created on base of the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS’s and Northern SCD’s
territories
Model 33.
External buffer zones
1. Finland
2. East-European buffer zone, Polish lands
3. South-European buffer zone
Growth of the Russian homeland
4. White-Russian lands
5. Kazakh lands
6. Far-East region
Internal buffer zones
7. The Baltic States
8. Ukrainian lands
9. Bessarabian lands
10. Lands of Crimean Khanate as a relict of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS
11. Caucasian region
12. Middle-Asian region, excluding Kazakh lands
Other socio-cultural formations
13. Japanese SCD
14. Residual homeland of Barbarian-Nomadic SCS as a developing external buffer zone
Model 34.
External buffer zones
1. North-European buffer zone
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Mongolian Peoples Republic as a buffer zone
Russian homeland
5. Belorussian SSR
6. Kazakh SSR
7. Russian SFSR
Internal buffer zones
8. Baltic SSR-s (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia)
9. Ukrainian SSR
10. Moldavian SSR
11. Crimea as a specific territorial-administrative formation (autonomous republic within
RSFSR, and then - oblast / province within Ukrainian SSR)
12. Caucasian SSR-s (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidzan)
13. Middle-Asian SSR-s (Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia)
Other socio-cultural formations
14. Japanese SCD
Model 35.
External buffer zones
1. North-European buffer zone
2. East-European buffer zone
3. South-European buffer zone
4. Mongolian buffer zone
Russian homeland
5. Independent state of Belarus
6. Independent state of Kazakhstan
7. Russian Federation
8. Kaliningrad oblast / province as Russian enclave in place of East Prussia
9. Pridnestrovie as Russian enclave within independent state of Moldova
10. Crimean Republic as Russian enclave within independent state of Ukraine
Internal buffer zones
11. Independent Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia)
12. Independent state of Ukraine
13. Independent state of Moldova
14. Independent Caucasian states (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidzan)
15. Independent Middle-Asian states (Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia)
Other socio-cultural formations
16. Japanese SCD
Hindu SCS
Model 40.
1. External buffer zone in the joint point of Hindu, Muslim and Chinese SCS-s
2. External buffer zone between Hindu and Chinese SCS-s
3. Muslim enclaves
4. Hindu enclave-community within Southern buffer zone of Black African SCS
5. Hindu enclave-community within Eastern buffer zone of Black African SCS
Model 41.
1. External buffer zone in the joint point of Hindu, Muslim and Chinese SCS-s
2. External buffer zone between Hindu and Chinese SCS-s
3. Muslim enclaves
4. Hindu enclave-community within Southern buffer zone of Black African SCS
5. Hindu enclave-community within Eastern buffer zone of Black African SCS
Model 42.
1. External buffer zone in the joint point of Hindu, Muslim and Chinese SCS-s
2. External buffer zone between Hindu and Chinese SCS-s
3. Muslim enclaves
South-American SCS
Model 44.
1. Black African enclave-communities within Portuguese-lingual territories of South-American SCS
2. Black African enclave-communities within Spanish-lingual territories of South-American SCS
3. Western enclave-communities within South-American SCS
4. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 45.
1. Black African enclave-communities within Portuguese-lingual territories of South-American SCS
2. Black African enclave-communities within Spanish-lingual territories of South-American SCS
3. Western enclave-communities within South-American SCS
4. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 46.
1. Black African enclave-communities within Portuguese-lingual territories of South-American SCS
2. Black African enclave-communities within Spanish-lingual territories of South-American SCS
3. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 47.
1. Black African enclave-communities within Spanish-lingual territories of South-American SCS
2. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 48.
1. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 49.
1. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Black African SCS
Model 51.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
Model 52.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
3. Migration of Black population to Madagascar as the mixed socio-cultural region
4. Western enclave on the South of Black African SCS
5. Black African enclave-community within South-American SCS
6. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 53.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
3. Migration of Black population to Madagascar as the mixed socio-cultural region
4. Western enclave on the South of Black African SCS
5. Western enclave on the West of Black African SCS
6. Black African enclave-community within South-American SCS
7. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 54.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
3. Migration of Black population to Madagascar as the mixed socio-cultural region
4. Western enclave on the South of Black African SCS
5. Western enclave on the West of Black African SCS
6. Black African enclave-community within South-American SCS
7. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 55.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
3. Migration of Black population to Madagascar as the mixed socio-cultural region
4. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
Model 56.
1. Muslim enclaves on the North of Black African SCS
2. Muslim enclaves on the West of Black African SCS
3. Migration of Black population to Madagascar as the mixed socio-cultural region
4. Black African enclave-community in North America as the mixed socio-cultural region with
Western predominance
5. EVOLUTION OF THE SPACES OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS: LEGEND TO THE TIME-SPATIAL MODELS
HOMELANDS AND ENCLAVES
Civilization
Initial space of the SCS in question
Homeland of the SCS in question
Growth of homeland of the SCS in question
Initial space of the alien SCS(-s)
Homeland of the alien SCS(-s)
Enclaves of the SCS in question outside
its own homeland
Alien enclaves within territory of
the SCS in question
Enclave-communities within alien SCS(-s)
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BUFFER ZONES, AND VASSALS
Process of creating the
internal buffer zones
Internal buffer zones
of the SCS in question
External buffer zones
of the alien SCS(-s)
Naturally dependent vassals
Completely formed external buffer zone
Process of creating naturally dependent
vassals within internal buffer zone
Internal buffer zone with completely
formed naturally dependent vassals
Process of creating the external
socio-cultural buffer zone
Military-political vassals
MIXED SOCIO-CULTURAL REGIONS, SOCIO-CULTURAL DOMAINS,
AND SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEST
Mixed socio-cultural regions
(South-East Asia)
Mixed socio-cultural regions with Western
predominance (North America and Australia)
Northern socio-cultural domain
in times of its independent existence
Homeland of a socio-cultural domain
Socio-cultural contest within some SCS
CONTACTS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS
Conflict of neighbouring SCS-s for control
over buffer spaces
Socio-cultural transformation of new territories
Socio-cultural pressure onto some SCS
Responsive actions of the SCS in question
Socio-cultural assimilation of aggressors / invaders - not the Barbarian-Nomadic SCS’ representatives
Hindu enclaves within Black African SCS:
their establishing and then deportation outside
Competition of SCS-s for control
over external buffer spaces
CO-OPERATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS
Indirect co-operation of Hindu and
Western SCS-s in fighting common enemies
Common actions of two SCS-s
aimed against the third SCS
Migrations of the Black African SCS
population onto new territories