Sports in Britain

Contents
Introduction_ 2
Sportsin Britain_ 3
Athletics 3
Football 4
Rugby_ 6
Cricket 8
Tennis 10
Golf 11
Horseracing 12
British motorsport 13
Other sports 16
Conclusion_ 17
Literature 18
Introduction
There were no national sport in Great Britain in the earlyeighteen century. That time, sports were closely linked to church festivities.Traditional games include ninepins, quoits, leaping, coursing, horse-racing;animal (bull, bear) baiting and cock fighting. Boxing, cudgelling, wrestlingand pugilism were most popular individual sports. Rowing (especially on theThames and Tyne) was the most popular spectacle sport. Cricket, the oldestteam-sport to have survived, became the first game allowing the members ofaristocracy not to ride a horse when playing.
Nowadays, there are quite a number of sports, which aresaid to have been invented in Britain. For example, cricket, soccer, rugby,tennis, squash, table tennis, badminton, canoeing and snooker.
Even the first rules for sports such as boxing, golf,hockey, yachting and horse-racing all originated from Britain.
Now if you were British, the sports you would prefer totake part in and not watch would be angling, snooker and darts. Let's just havea look at a few types of sports.
Sports in BritainAthletics
Athletics is probably the oldest sport of all and certainlythe first to be staged on an organized basis, dating back to the ancient Gamesin Olympia, Greece, which were first held in 776BC. The first recorded evidenceof it in Britain can be traced to 1154 when practice fields were established inLondon. It was certainly promoted in the early 16th century by King Henry Vlll,who was reputed to be an accomplished hammer thrower.
The modern sport developed early in the 19th century. Organizedfoot races for amateurs were held in England as early as 1825, while the firstnational championships were staged in 1866 by the Amateur Athletic Club, whichbecame the Amateur Athletics Association in 1880.
The modern Olympics, first held in Athens in 1896, was thecue for the sport to grow massively in popularity and take on an internationalflavour. Britain won only one track and field medal in those games – a silverfor Grantley Goulding in the 110m hurdles, but did rather better four yearslater in Paris with four gold medals in the 800m, 1500m, 5000m andsteeplechase.
The 1924 Games, also held in Paris, were another triumphfor British athletics. Harold Abrahams won the 100m and former Scottish rugbyinternational Eric Liddell took bronze in the 200m. Liddell had also been dueto run in the 100m but the qualifying rounds were held on a Sunday and hisreligious convictions prevented him from taking part. He switched to the 400minstead and won the gold medal in a world record time. The exploits of thesetwo runners were the subject of the Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire, madein 1981.
Another legendary name in British athletics is that ofRoger Bannister. On 6 May 1954 at the Oxford University track, this 25‑year-oldmedical student became the first man to break four minutes for the mile, abarrier that many experts had considered insurmountable. The two men who pacedhim that day were Chris Chataway, later to become a Member of Parliament, andChris Brasher, who won the 3000m steeplechase at the 1956 Melbourne Olympicsand instigated the London Marathon, first held in 1981.
British women started to achieve notable success inathletics during the 1960s. At the Tokyo Olympics in 1964 there were goldmedals for Ann Packer in the 800m and Mary Rand in the long jump. At Munich in1972, Mary Peters of Northern Ireland became the world’s top all-round womanathlete by winning the pentathlon – and now has an athletics stadium namedafter her in her home country. More recently, hurdler Sally Gunnell andlong-distance runner Liz McColgan from Scotland established themselves as thebest competitors in their events.
The late 1970s and early 1980s were a golden age forBritish athletics. The intense rivalry between middle distance runners SteveOvett and Sebastian Coe, both Olympic champions and world record holders, stolemost of the headlines but the Scottish sprinter Alan Wells and decathlete DaleyThompson also achieved success at the highest level. In their tracks havefollowed other world beaters, such as runners Linford Christie and Roger Black,hurdler Colin Jackson, middle distance runner Steve Cram and javelin-thrower SteveBackley.
The 2005 Sydney Olympics was also a triumph for Britishathletics – a team total of 11 gold medals included top results from Heptathloncompetitor Denise Lewis and triple jump winner Jonathan Edwards.
2007 saw Manchester in the North of England host the mostsuccessful Commonwealth Games yet.Football
Football – is a game, which is played in two teams, each consistingof 11 players. A round ball is kicked up and down the playing field and eachteam tries to kick the ball into the other team's goal.
Football is a way of life in Britain – millions ofsupporters follow their teams around the country and by visiting one of themany football venues in Britain, you too can share the passion.
Football in England can be traced back to the 12th centuryas a ball game played on Shrove Tuesday in Ashbourne, Derbyshire. The purposeof the game was for town locals to gain possession of the ball and return it toa specific town or parish.
Towards the end of the 15th century, Henry VII tried to banthe playing of football in England. Whether it was because he wanted toencourage the country’s young men to practice their archery, or simply reducethe mayhem and conspicuous alcoholic consumption that went alongside thesegreat brawling encounters, is still a matter for historical debate. But nothingcould stop the people of Britain from playing their game.
By the mid‑19th century, football began to take the morecivilized shape we know today. In 1846 the private schools universally adoptedthe ‘Cambridge rules’ and in 1863 the Football Association was formed. By theend of the 19th century football was big business in Britain, with aprofessional league of two divisions in England and Wales, a separate league inScotland, cup competitions in all three countries, and an audience of millions.
In 1910, West Auckland, an amateur team of miners fromDurham in the north-east of England, played in the first ever ‘World Cup’, acobbled-together competition that pre-dated the official World Cup by 20 years.They won it, beating the professionals of Italy’s Juventus in the final. Butthe British were slow to follow up that success, not entering the World Cupuntil 1950 and equally slow to join in the European competitions.
Britain’s ‘splendid isolation’ meant it was left behind theworld game when it did enter the major competitions, but it soon caught up. In1966 England hosted the World Cup finals and won, beating West Germany 4–2 inextra time. The following year the Scottish club Glasgow Celtic won theEuropean Cup and their success was repeated in 1968 by Manchester United whichincluded Bobby Charlton and George Best.
English clubs dominated European football during the late1970s and early 1980s. Liverpool won the European Cup four times between 1977and 1984 and in the intervening years Nottingham Forest won it twice and AstonVilla once. But the nation then had to wait until Manchester United’sinjury-time triumph over Bayern Munich in 2004 for the trophy to return toEngland.
British football has a reputation for being the mostentertaining in the world. It's a mix of pace and passion combined with theskill and technique which has been enhanced since a major cash injection fromtelevision companies has enabled clubs to attract many of the world's greatestplayers to the UK. During the 2004/2005 season, the London club Chelsea fieldeda team that included players from Italy, France, Spain, Norway, Romania,Nigeria, Brazil and Uruguay – and even the club manager was Italian.
The introduction of so many foreign players to Britishfootball has done nothing to reduce the intensity of local rivalries. The ‘OldFirm’ games in Scotland between the great clubs of Glasgow, Celtic and Rangers,are perhaps the most fiercely contested occasions, though they are run close bythe local derbies between Liverpool and Everton, Manchester United andManchester City, and north London clubs Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur.
In the season 2007/2008 Manchester United have won thePremiership title in England.Rugby
Rugby got its name from the English public school Rugby,where, over a century ago, a boy picked up a soccer ball and ran with it. To usit seems like a combination of handball and football. It is also quite aviolent sport, and it is not uncommon for players to lose teeth in the course aseason.
Rugby is the national sport of Wales, and internationalchampionships are arranged between England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland andFrance.
Rugby – a form of football, which is played with an ovalball and can be carried or kicked. It is played in two teams, each consistingof 13 or 15 players, depending on whether they are playing «Rugby League» or «RugbyUnion». The aim of the game is to try to put the ball over the other team'sline.
Rugby and football became two separate sports when theFootball Association said only the goalkeeper was allowed to hold the ball.
Legend says the game was born in 1823 during a footballmatch at Rugby School. Instead of kicking the ball, an enterprising 16‑year-oldnamed William Webb Ellis, picked it up and ran with it, diving over the otherteam’s line to claim a goal. A plaque at Rugby School commemorates Ellis’sachievement.
There were no widely recognized ‘rules’ for football duringthe 1820s, but by the 1840s the game was evolving in two separate directions;one where the ball was controlled predominantly by the feet, and the other,pioneered at Rugby School, where it was kept in the hand. The game’s firstrules were published at Rugby in 1846; one of which stated that it was ‘unfairto hack and hold at the same time’, which gives some idea of how uncompromisinga sport it was.
The Rugby Football Union (RFU) was established in 1871 toform a universal set of laws that also removed some of the more violent aspectsof the Rugby School game. The 21 clubs that attended the first meeting includedHarlequins, Blackheath and Richmond, still among Britain’s top rugby-playingclubs today. One famous name that was missing, though, was the London clubWasps. Somehow they managed to send their representative to the wrong venue atthe wrong time on the wrong day.
Rugby’s first international was also played that year, inMarch at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh, between Scotland and England. The Scotswon, but England got their revenge in the return fixture the following year atthe Oval.
The rules have changed a great deal since 1871 and spawnedother games, notably American Football and Australian Rules Football. In 1895rugby itself split into two codes when 20 clubs from northern England formedRugby League, a professional version of the Rugby Union game. Rugby Union wouldremain an amateur sport for another hundred years.
The heartland of Rugby League is still in northern England,in Hull and Halifax, Wigan and Warrington, Leeds and Bradford. The mostpassionate devotees of Rugby Union are to be found in the valleys of southWales, the Scottish borders, and the English midlands and west country. It’s apopular sport in Ireland, too. Indeed, it’s the only sport where the Irish arerepresented by one, united team.Cricket
Cricket is a ball game played by two teams of elevenplayers. It is played on a pitch with a wicket (a kind of goal) at each end.Each team bats (takes its innings) in turn. The object of the batting side isto make runs, while the bowling and the fielding side tries to dismiss thebatsmen. The winning team is the one that scores most runs.
The spectators must be a patient lot. So-called testmatches last for three or five days.
Cricket is a summer game in England and Wales. However, ithas become very popular throughout the Commonwealth in places like Australia,the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and New Zealand.
Cricket – a very famous and absolutely English game! Thefirst form of cricket was played 250 years ago.
The rules are very complicated, but it is a game, which isplayed on a field with 11 players in each team. The aim of the game is to scoreas many «runs» (which are points) by hitting a hard leather-covered ball with awooden bat and running between two sets of upright wooden sticks, which arecalled «stumps». At the same time the other team tries to throw the players outby bowling them out, catching them out or running them out.
A game of cricket can last all afternoon if it is played onthe village green. However, at international level it can last 5 days.
Cricket began in south-east England with shepherds bowlingballs of wool at gates called bails. Records show Edward II wielding a bat, andeven Cromwell was partial to a game.
One of the earliest clubs was formed at Hambledon,Hampshire, in the 1760s, but modern cricket really began to develop in Londonwith the formation of the Marylebone Cricket Club, or MCC, in 1787. Thefollowing year, members of the club drew up a set of rules, which havesurvived, largely unchanged to the present day.
The MCC asked Thomas Lord to find them a ground, and theclub finally settled on the site of a former duck pond. Lord’s, as the groundcame to be known, is still the home ground for the MCC, and is widelyacknowledged as the home of cricket.
County cricket developed as the game caught on outsideLondon, with one of the first county matches being played between Middlesex andEssex in 1787. Eight counties were finally organized into a championship in1890, with 18 now playing for today’s County Championship, the oldest domesticcompetition in English cricket, at some of the most picturesque venues in theworld.
International cricket had been developing as the gamefollowed the progress of the British Empire around the globe.
England travelled to Australia in 1877 to play their firstinternational, or ‘Test’ match overseas. After losing to Australia in Englandfor the first time in 1882, two ladies burnt a bail and presented the ashes tothe England captain as the ‘ashes of English cricket’.
Both countries still play for ‘the Ashes’, kept in aterracotta urn at Lord’s, every two years and the clash is one of the oldestand most famous international sports fixtures in the world.
The MCC formed the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1898 tooversee Test cricket, with the three Test-playing nations as founder members;England, Australia and South Africa. India, New Zealand and the West Indiesjoined in 1926, with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh following inlater years to confirm cricket as a worldwide sport.
Although the Imperial Cricket Conference has become theInternational Cricket Council, it is still based in the Clock Tower at Lord’s.
The game has been modernized in recent years, adding to itspopularity. County cricket has been supplemented with the one-day games of theNational Cricket League, played in a less-traditional brightly-colored kit,while international cricket now includes its own World Cup and one-day internationals– also played in football-style shirts.
The amount of cricket played in England and Wales meansthere’s always the chance to see history being made, and fans at Test matchesare famously lively in the presence of a good result. When England beat theWest Indies at The Oval in August 2005 for the first time in 30 years, fanstook to the pitch in celebration.
Even at less successful encounters, supporters known as the‘Barmy Army’ are often seen dancing the conga and wearing fancy dress as theypass the time on the long summer afternoons – the atmosphere has to beexperienced to be believed.Tennis
Tennis – is a game for 2 to 4 players – either two people'singles' or between two couples 'doubles'. The aim of the game is to hit theball backwards and forwards over the net and make it land in your opponentscourt. A game of tennis is called a match. The game is played on a speciallymarked court, which can be grass, asphalt, clay etc.
Tennis was originally called «sphairistike»! The first tournamentwas held in the London suburb of Wimbledon in 1877. Wimbledon is still theworld's most famous tennis event.
Golf
Britain is a dream come true for golfing enthusiasts. Whereelse could you watch the likes of Tiger Woods competing for the greatest prizesin the sport one day and be playing on the same courses for modest green feesthe next?
For spectators there's a host of top-class action includingthe Open Championship, the World Matchplay Championship and the Ryder Cup. Theworld's very best can be seen in action on some of the oldest courses in thesport.
But the real attraction for golf lovers is the variety andquality of the many courses available to play. You could be punching the airlike Ballesteros did on the 18th at the Old Course at St Andrews when he wonthe Open Championship in 1987. Or would you rather recreate famous Ryder Cupduels at The De Vere Belfry in the heart of Warwickshire. And it's not just thefamous courses on offer. For example the legendary St Andrews offers five othercourses as well as the famous Old Course.
The variety of other golfing challenges is amazing. Youmight choose to pit your wits on rugged, windblown seaside links coursesoffering stunning scenery of the British coastline. Many of these courseshaven't barely changed for 100 years or more and are still as challenging asever. If that doesn't take your fancy there are lush, parkland courses such asWentworth in Surrey or Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire, heathland links such asWalton Heath in Berkshire and up-to-date American layouts such as St Mellion inCornwall, designed by Jack Nicklaus. The majority of courses are cheap to playand easy to book. Many businesses run complete golf holiday packages to caterfor all your playing needs.
Lawn tennis evolved in the country houses of England in themiddle of the 19th century. The invention of the rubber ball made it possibleto play «real» or «royal» tennis – a complicated game played in a courtyard –outside on grass.
Although also popular in the United States, it was inEngland, specifically at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club inWimbledon, South London, that the game became established. Things are the sametoday, with Wimbledon the premier tennis tournament in the world and theInternational Tennis Federation, the sport's ruling body, based just two milesup the road in Roehampton.
The first-ever organized tennis tournament in the worldtook place at Wimbledon in 1877 and was held to raise money to repair theroller for the lawns.
Since then all of the great players have had their greatesttriumphs in England. Pre-war, Fred Perry and France's Suzanne Lenglen enjoyedmajor success. In modern times Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, BjornBorg and John McEnroe have all become legends and even more recently PeteSampras and the Williams sisters have become champions.
In recent years Tim Henman and Greg Rudseski have providedthe home interest and there's nothing quite like the atmosphere on Wimbledon'sCentre Court when one of them is closing in on victory. Their success has ledto a number of other international tournaments being held around the country,from sunny seaside Brighton to the prestigious Royal Albert Hall in London.Horseracing
Horseracing in Britain can be traced back to the 12thcentury when English knights returned from the Crusades with Arab horses. Thisnew blood was mixed with English horse stock to eventually produce thethoroughbreds that race today. Their families are recorded in The Stud Book sothat the origins of every horse which is racing in Britain can be traced backgenerations.
Known as the «Sport of Kings», racing has enjoyed centuriesof British Royal patronage. Henry VIII imported horses from Spain and Italy andestablished studs, while Charles I also had a stud.
However, it was with the reign of Charles II (1660–85) thatthe sport began to take the shape of today. The «father of English racing» establishedthe King’s Plates – races for which prizes were awarded to the winners. CharlesII’s patronage also established Newmarket as the headquarters for English Flatracing, the venue for the first race meetings in Britain. It is now one of thebest places in the world to visit to learn about the sport.
By the mid‑18th century, the demand for more publicracing produced larger, more widespread, events. The Derby was up and runningby 1780 and is now the most famous of all flat-racing events; it’s held onEpsom Downs to the south-west of London and is an annual must on the calendarfor race-fans and socialites alike. The jewel in the crown of the wintersteeplechasing season, the Grand National, was first staged in 1839. Held atAintree outside Liverpool it holds the nation’s attention every spring andtempts even the most uninterested into the betting shops.
Today, Flat and National Hunt racing takes place at 59courses throughout the country, and, weather permitting, all through the year,from the well-known jumps courses of the West Country (like Exeter andWincanton) to the centre of the Scottish circuit – the Western Meeting at Ayr.From the Derby course at Epsom and Ascot, in the south, via Cheltenham’sfestival course to northern tracks like York – the Ascot of the north – thereare race meetings to attend at weekends, and in the middle of the week, allyear round.Britishmotorsport
British motorsport and the birth of track racing are asmuch about British law as the desire to race off-road. At the turn of the 20thcentury, road racing was popular all over the world, but in Britain racing onpublic roads was illegal so British drivers had to travel abroad to racecompetitively. Enthusiasts, led by Hugh F Locke-King, were so worried that theBritish motoring might fall behind the rest of the world, that they startedwork on their own private track. By 1907, Brooklands – an oval circuit withsteep banked corners – was completed on Locke-King’s estate in Surrey. Handicapraces started immediately and were organized more like horse races than modernmotor races with drivers sporting colours as opposed to numbers. Large-scalebetting took place and the events became a popular part of the social calendar.
The idea of using color to differentiate drivers wasadopted for more formal racing with the French in blue, the Germans in white,the Italians in red and the British in green. The F1 world championship that weknow today started in 1950. It was decided by seven races, one of which washeld in Britain. The 50s also saw the start of British ‘Racing Green’ dominancewith the 1957 Grand Prix featuring no less than eight cars sporting the colourand a British winner in Stirling Moss – one of many stars of the past, who youare still likely to find competing in the UK at major historic events atcircuits like Silverstone and Goodwood.
Since then Britain has consistently produced grand prixwinners and world champions including Graham Hill, James Hunt, Nigel Manselland Damon Hill. F1 currently sees stars such as David Coulthard and EddieIrvine flying the British flag, while the long-term future lies with JensonButton. Hailed as the greatest talent since the emergence of MichaelSchumacher, Button is hotly tipped as a champion in the making and you cancatch him on-track in July at Silverstone’s Grand Prix.
Britain is also the home to many of the world’s top racingteams, with McLaren, Williams, Jaguar and Jordan among the big F1 names.
As far as circuits go, there are high quality courses allover Britain. Silverstone is home to the British Grand Prix and every year over100, 000 dedicated enthusiasts converge on the Northamptonshire track andgenerate a real carnival atmosphere. Elsewhere, Donington Park in Derbyshireand Brands Hatch in Kent head the tracks hosting the top domestic racing seriesincluding the spectacular British Touring Car Championship. Underneath theirnormal road car appearance, touring cars are track racers boasting staggeringperformance. The series makes for explosive viewing with spins and crashescommonplace. Race meetings take place at some of Britain’s leading venuesincluding Oulton Park in Cheshire, which is renowned for its beautiful setting,and Snetterton in Norfolk.
Rallying became popular in the 1960s when the iconic Miniwas introduced to the sport and through the 60s the Mini Cooper came to be adominant force in the sport. Modern rallying in the UK is very competitive andBritain’s leg of the World Rally Championship is one of the toughest in theworld thanks to the testing Welsh forest tracks it largely uses and thechangeable November weather. However the extensive spectator viewing spots inthe heart of the countryside make it one of the most exciting and enjoyablesports to watch. As in F1, Britain has produced top rally drivers, with the1995 World Champion Colin McRae and Richard Burns among the world’s best.
Elsewhere, the British Formula 3 championship is regardedas the top junior championship in the world. World Champions Ayrton Senna, andMika Hakkinen cut their teeth in the hothouse atmosphere of the British F3Championship. Senna moved into F1 straight from F3 and so did the sport’slatest sensation Jenson Button, who could be seen learning his trade at tracksall round the UK as recently as 2004. You really can spot the stars of thefuture on a visit to Oulton Park or Snetterton.
2006 saw for the first time in over 20 years a Britishround of the US CART (Championship Automobile Racing Teams) series at the newlybuilt Rockingham venue in Northamptonshire. This rival to F1 hadn’t been seenin the UK since the 1970s and its dramatic blend of ultra high (200mph-plus)average speeds and frequent overtaking on a banked oval track adds even morevariety to a packed calendar.
Motorcycle racing is also a big draw in Britain withinterest growing due to the success of the four-times World Superbike ChampionCarl Fogarty. You can see the hard men of the WSB at both Brands Hatch andDonington Park, while Donington also hosts the British Grand Prix – the UK roundof the 500cc, 250cc and 125cc World Championships.
Othersports
In the city that produced Jayne Torvill and ChristopherDean – British Olympic ice dance champions – is the National Ice Centre inNottingham.
This multipurpose venue situated in the heart ofNottingham's bustling city centre is the coolest place to watch sports andconcerts in the East Midlands.
With two Olympic size ice pads, the NIC is home to thefearless Nottingham Panthers ice hockey team, the training ground of the GreatBritain speed skating squad and the national centre of excellence for skating.
Public skating sessions run daily, making the NIC'sfacilities accessible for all ages and abilities.
Conclusion
There is a wide variety of sports in Britain today, andmore people take part in sports today than earlier, both because there are moresporting facilities and leisure centers and because people are more aware ofthe importance of exercise for their health.
The most popular sport for people to take part in iswalking. Billiards, snooker and darts are the next most popular for men,followed by swimming and football. Swimming comes second among women, followedby keep-fit classes. In the country fishing is the most popular sport. Billardssnooker and darts are also much played at the spare time at the pub. A real pubmust have a billiard table and a dart plate is an old saying for the British.
These and the many other sports reflect the diversity ofinterests in British life: Rugby, cricket, golf, tennis, greyhound and horseracing, polo, hunting, riding, shooting, hockey, bowls, athletics, sailing,mountaineering, ice sports, car and motorcycle racing and rally driving. Someare spectator sports, in others people participate.
Other reasons that English people are so interested insport not just watching but also chairing for their favorite team in varioussporting events. Sitting at the pub drinking a pint with your friends whileyour team is winning at a TV screen is one of many reasons that sport is sospread outthought the country.
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