Contents
1. Conformism, conformal behaviorconformality
2. The study conformism
3. Positive and negative values
List of sources used
conformism adaptation power subordination
1.Conformism, conformal behavior conformality
Personalityin its public nature is active, particularly on their interests. But on therequirements of others dealing with activity much more difficult. Under theinfluence of society, state, traditions, public opinion, authority of elders,social group or its leader, under direct or indirect pressure from otherpeople's personality can control its activity, its direct channel to therequirements of those entities or public institutions to adapt some of theirinterests the interests of others, to become compliant, ductility and evenhumble, that is passive to take the interests of other life position. This formof expression of individual positions, there is passivity, nekrytychnist,pliability, prystosovnytstvo about the impact on her environment, called conformism.
Effectof group most often sold through conformism as a phenomenon of group pressure.Conformism is continually in small groups to work in groups of interest infamilies and affects the individual life settings and change behavior.
Atthe level of everyday consciousness, this concept is positive, negative andneutral value.
Conformism(Latin conformis — like, respectively) — passive acceptance prystosovnytskegroup standards of behavior, the indisputable recognition of existing orders,rules and regulations, unconditional worship of the authorities.
Thisinterpretation covers various conformism, though outwardly similar, phenomena:- the lack of a person's own views, beliefs, character weakness,prystosovnytstvo — uniformity in behavior, with the consent of the individualviews, norms, values of most people who surround him — the result of pressuregroup norms on individual who as a result of this pressure begins to act,think, feel the same way as other members of the group.
Conformismcan express:
1)prystosovnytske attitude to other requirements, of course trustworthy, strongpersonality (personality-authors of conformism and Packaging);
2)the same treatment to the requirements of large, medium or small social groupto which it belongs (intragroup conformity);
3)the same treatment to the requirements of society, its institutions, thedominant social groups, government (public or social conformity). Often torefer to different manifestations of the phenomenon of conformism use the term«conformal behavior» and «conformism». Because conformityis broader socio-psychological phenomenon, in most case studies referredConformal behavior and conformism. The contents of these concepts points to apurely psychological characteristics of positions regarding the individualpositions of the group: he accepts or rejects the group recognized norms,standards, values, properties.
Conformal(Latin conformis — like) behavior — human action, which is manifested in itscompliance of real or perceived pressure groups to change the settings andactions according to position the community to which she is involved.
Theresponse of the individual to group pressure can be verbal and behavioral. Forsocial psychology is important, or changing opinion of an individual because ofwhat he saw something in (or made changes in his cognitive structure), oroutside it only shows changes, and actually own opinion has not changed.
Conformism- a tendency of an individual subject to the opinion of the majority group,real or imagined group pressure.
Conformismshows where conflict of opinion between the person and the position of thegroup. Tag it is to change attitudes and behavior of an individual under theterms of the majority. By essentially conformality can be external (individualonly outside opinion demonstrates conquering group, continuing to do itinternally resistance) and internal (real conversion of individualinstallations of the primary position of the individual in favor of the group,most assimilation of his thoughts). Depending on the type of person group isthe negativism — resistance to group pressure to demonstrate behaviors oropinions that contradict the position of the group. Often the concept of«negativism» is used in the sense that the concept and «nonconformism.Sometimes it separates content, describing the negativism as demonstration ofbehavior or thought contrary to the views of the majority, regardless ofwhether this majority is right, and nonconformism — as a demonstration ofthought or behavior, based on their experience, regardless of the opinions orbehavior of most group. As the antithesis conformism use the term „nonconformnist“(Latin for non — not, conformis — like, respectively) — complete disagreement,violation of any norms and values of the group. Tag it considered the objectionclaims, expectations, rules, orders society. However, interpretationnonconformism not known as an alternative, and one of the manifestations ofconformism. Measure of human caused conformism and depends
First,of significance for her attitude surrounding — how important it is for her, thelower level of conformism;
Second,the authority of those who express the various views in the group — the highertheir status and authority for the group, the higher conformality members ofthe group;
Thirdly,conformism depends on the number of people expressing one or another positionof their unanimity;- fourthly, the measure is determined conformism age andgender rights — women in general more conformal than men, and children — thanolder adults.
Infact, comfort — something controversial, primarily because accommodating theindividual does not always indicate real change in his perception.
Thereare two variants of individual behavior:
— That is, when opinion is changing as a result of individual belief insomething;
— Motivated — if he shows changes.
Thereare three levels of conformal human behavior:
— submission (impact group has an external nature, duration conformal behavior islimited to a particular situation);
— Identification (exists in two forms, one can completely or partially assimilatethemselves to other group members or participants of interaction expected fromeach specific behavior, trying to justify these mutual expectations);
— internalization (related to the value of the person) in this situation, humanbehavior is relatively independent of external influences, because the views oropinions of others joined in the value system of the person.
Conformismis also considered as a function of three types of influence.
First,an information conformality of the group, where opinions of the group isconsidered adequate reflection of reality.
Second,normative conformism of the group when a person is interested to estimate thegroup.
Thirdly, normativeconformism of the experimenter. It arises when the interests of the guineafocused primarily on assessment of the no group, and experimenter.
2. The study conformism
Social psychology forseveral decades studying the problem of conformism. In the mid 30' s ofXX century. American Psychologist Muzafer Sheriff investigated in vitro theformation of group norms and their impact on people using so-calledavtokinetychnyy effect (optical illusion of movement of the fixed points oflight in a dark visual field). The result of this and similar experiments haveled to the following conclusions: — The individualuncertainty by matching and comparing their own views on others, inclined toagree, as a rule, with the majority to adapt to it — a common reference system,formed in the presence of others continues to influencethe views and opinions of the individual, even without this source ofinfluence. M. Cherif not actually researchedconformism. The objective was to study the process of forming social norms in alaboratory, and clarify various aspects naviyuvanosti rights. In the early 50' s ofXX century. American researcher Solomon Ash drew attention tothe problem of group pressure, using a method „reasonably groups. Aconsiderable intensification of research and debate about the nature ofconformism as a social phenomenon that took place in the coming decades, socialpsychology has enriched many concrete conclusions. In particular it was foundthat a high degree of conformism is the result of underdeveloped intellect, lowself and others. It was then concluded that a person can be a conformist or anonconformist. So there are two options for treatment of personality to thegroup opinion: or disagreement, alienation, or full acceptance of it. Alsoalleged that the degree of conformism depends on the situation, the compositionand structure of the group. However, these factors have not been elucidated(presumably because of the nature of laboratory groups that are not allowed toconsider the significance for the individual group thought). Negative roleplayed by abstraction and participating in the experiment that revealed thelack of information on their individual characteristics,social characteristics (values, beliefs, etc.). And mostmodel variations of behavior was somewhat simplistic, since it takes intoaccount only two types: conformal and demonstrate the non. Infact, real life in a group may be associated with the third type of behavior,based on a conscious recognition of individual codes and standardsgroups. Despite these shortcomings, Asha S. technique was used in subsequentexperiments, as many scientists consider it a model of scientific creativity,unequivocally recognizing its humanistic orientation. Further investigationkonkretyzuvaly factors underlying conformal behavior, influencing it anddetermine the level of conformism. This — a conflict (real, imaginary) betweenthe individual and group; pressure (influence) groups through evaluation,offensive jokes, etc. Most unanimity, solidarity groups, especially thesituation, especially the relationship of individuals and groups, especiallythe response to pressure groups; tender and age characteristics,individual characteristics of the individual, social and cultural features, thesignificance of the situation for the individual and others. American socialpsychologist Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard discovered and described thekinds of normative and informational influence on a group of individuals.
Regulatory impact on anindividual associated with group norms. The point is that most of exertingpressure, and her opinion is seen as representative of the group norm.Regulatory requirements surrounding the group of people from early childhood:it is learned follow group norms and respect them.
Information on the impactof the individual involves changing individual positions on the group due tothe fact that an individual applies to the group as a source of information. Ifthe regulatory impact of changing the system of interpersonal relationships,the information — determines aspirations are more or less adequateassessment of reality.
Foreign researchersFestinher L., M. Deutsch and H. Gerard are two types of conformal behavior:
• externalsubordination, that is the conscious adaptation to the opinions of a group.Thus there are two well-being of the individual:
1) submission isaccompanied by an acute internal conflict;
2) adaptation occurswithout any conspicuous internal conflict;
• internalsubordination, when individuals perceive the opinion of the group as its ownand follows them outside. Use the following types of domesticsubordination:
1) making thoughtlesswrong opinions of a group on a “majority is always right»;
2) the adoption of thegroup, but the use of your logic explanation of choice.
3. Positive and negativevalues
Conformal person showweaker intellect than independent, they are more characteristic of dogmatism,stereotype thinking, unclear thoughts and utterances. Human motivation andemotional functions of conformal entity characterized byinsufficient strength of character, inability to control oneself in stressfulsituations. In the field of consciousness, they suffer from inferioritycomplex, and exhibit relations with other authoritarianism, concerns theaffairs of others. Conformism as a measure of subordination rights group normsand requirements is not a feature of personality, interpersonal relations andproperty related to the level of the group, the nature of its activities, thesituation in the presence of a group of individuals that deviate from thegeneral opinion, and others. Many researchers believe conformism negative phenomenon,which is characterized by a conscious adaptation to reality evenprystosovnytstvo. their estimates based on the belief that conformism areinherently not as a psychological phenomenon, as ethical.
But opponents arguethat conformism has important functions in the process of socialization ofpersonality, its integration into the social community. Quite peculiar viewsexpressed on the phenomenon of conformism, which, unlike conformism, somescientists consider valuable, ie it is beyond valuation. An importantdifference from conformism conformism they see that conformism can manifest notonly at the level of individual differences, but on the level of groupsituation. Known also attempts to interpret the conformality to group norms insome cases positive, in others — as a negative factor in the functioning of thegroup. According to the supporters of this view, sometimes even conformism canstimulate altruistic behavior or behavior that is consistent with the moralstandards of the individual. However, adoption of group norms to pursue privategain qualifies as prystosovnytstvo. In such circumstances conformality causesvarious adverse effects.
Thus, the conformalityto group norms in some situations a positive factor, while others — negative.Compliance with certain established standards of conduct is important, andsometimes just need for effective group action. Another thing, when theagreement with the norms of the group assuming the character of extractingpersonal gain and becomes prystosovnytstvo regulatory pressure (influence) isentering a difficult interaction with the opportunities and resources that areavailable to the minority group.
List of sources used
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