Political Life Of Jfk Essay, Research Paper
JFK: His Life and Legacy
On November 22, 1963, while being driven through the streets of Dallas, Texas,
in his open car, President John F. Kennedy was shot dead, apparently by the
lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald. The world had not only lost a common man, but a
great leader of men.
From his heroic actions in World War II to his presidency, making the decisions
to avert possible nuclear conflict with world superpowers, greatness can be
seen. Kennedy also found the time to author several best-selling novels from
his experiences. His symbolic figure represented all the charm, vigor and
optimism of youth as he led a nation into a new era of prosperity.
From his birth into the powerful and influential Kennedy clan, much was to be
expected of him. Kennedy was born on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts.
His father, Joe, Sr., was a successful businessman with many political
connections. Appointed by President Roosevelt, Joe, Sr., was given the chair of
the Securities and Exchange Commission and later the prestigious position of
United States ambassador to Great Britain(Anderson 98). His mother, Rose, was a
loving housewife and took young John on frequent trips around historic Boston
learning about American revolutionary history. Both parents impressed on their
children that their country had been good to the Kennedys. Whatever benefits
the family received from the country they were told, must be returned by
performing some service for the country(Anderson 12). The Kennedy clan included
Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean, Patricia, Rosemary, and
Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a significant figure in young John’s life as he was the
figure for most of John’s admiration. His older brother was much bigger and
stronger than John and took it upon himself to be John’s coach and protector.
John’s childhood was full of sports, fun and activity. This all ended when John
grew old enough to leave for school.
At the age of thirteen, John left home to attend an away school for the first
time. Canterbury School, a boarding school in New Milford, Connecticut and
Choate Preparatory in Wallingford, Connecticut completed his elementary
education(”JFK” 98). John graduated in 1934 and was promised a trip to London
as a graduation gift. Soon after, John became ill with jaundice and
would have to go to the hospital. He spent the rest of the summer trying to
recover. He was not entirely well when he started Princeton, several weeks
later in the fall of 1935. Around Christmas the jaundice returned and John had
to drop out of school. Before the next school year began, he told his father he
wanted to go to Harvard(”JFK” 98). On campus, young people took interest in
politics, social changes, and events in Europe. The United States was pulling
out of the Great Depression. Hitler’s
Nazi Germany followed aggressive territorial expansion in Europe. It was at
this time that John first became aware of the vast social and economic
differences in the United States. In June 1940, John graduated cum laude(with
praise or distinction) from Harvard. His thesis earned a magna cum laude(great
praise)( “JFK” 98). After graduation, John began to send his paper to
publishers, and it was accepted on his second try. Wilfrid Funk published it
under the title Why England Slept. It became a bestseller. John, at
twenty-five, became a literary sensation.
In the spring of 1941, both John and Joe, Jr., decided to enroll in the armed
services. Joe was accepted as a naval air cadet but John was turned down by
both the army and navy because of his back trouble and history of illness(”JFK”
98). After months of training and conditioning, John reapplied and on September
19, John was accepted into the navy as a desk clerk in Washington. He was
disgusted and applied for a transfer. In June 1941, Kennedy was sent to Naval
Officers Training School at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and
then for additional training at the Motor Torpedo Boat Center at Melville,
Rhode Island. In late April 1943, Lieutenant John F. Kennedy was put in command
of a PT 109, a fast, light, attack craft in the Solomon Islands in the South
Pacific. Kennedy saw action in the form of night patrols and participated in
enemy bombings. On August 1, 1943, during a routine night patrol, a Japanese
destroyer collided in the darkness with Kennedy’s craft and the PT 109 was
sunk. Through superhuman effort, the injured Kennedy heroically swam back and
forth rescuing his wounded crew. Two were killed in the crash. The injury had
once again aggravated his back. Still, Kennedy pushed on swimming from island
to island in the South Pacific hoping for a patrol to come by. The lieutenant
had no idea he had been in the water for eight hours. Finally, an island was
spotted that could provided cover from Japanese planes. With no edible plants
or water, Kennedy realized that he and the crew must move on.
The next day, he once again attempted to search for rescue. After treading
water for hours, the lieutenant was forced to admit no patrol boats were
coming. He turned back for the island but was swept away by a powerful current.
Kennedy collapsed on an island and slept. He recovered enough energy to return
to the island and gathered the crew to move to another island in search of
food. JFK was now desperate enough to seek help from natives on a Japanese
controlled island. After making contact with the natives, Kennedy persuaded the
natives to deliver a message written on the back of a coconut shell to allied
forces. The coconut fell into the hands of allied scouts and a patrol was sent.
The coconut would appear again on the desk of an American President(Anderson
35).
The crew of the PT 109 were given a hero’s welcome when they returned to base,
but Kennedy would have none of it. He refused home leave and was given another
boat. In constant pain from the back injury, JFK soon contracted malaria,
became very ill, and lost twenty-five pounds. He was forced to give up command
and was sent home to Chelsea NavalHospital near Hyannis Port. The lieutenant
received the Purple Heart, the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, and a citation from
Admiral W. F. Halsey. John’s back failed to recover was an operation was
performed on his spine in the summer of 1944.
During recovery, Kennedy received word that his brother Joe, Jr. had been
killed in action. Joe had been eligible for home leave, but had volunteered for
a special bombing mission. The bombs had detonated early and Joe and his
copilot were caught in the explosion. Kennedy put his feelings onto paper and a
second book was published for the family and close friends. He called it As We
Remember Joe.
The family- particularly JFK’s father- had assumed that Joe, Jr. would carry on
the family tradition and go into politics. Both of his grandfathers had been
active in politics(Anderson 41). Now, suddenly, JFK was the oldest Kennedy of
his generation. Kennedy’s first chance in politics came when Congressman James
Curley from the 11th District of Massachusetts decided to retire in 1946(Gadney
42). JFK won his first Congressional seat by a margin of more than two to one.
At the age if twenty-nine, JFK was placed on the front page of the New York
Times and in Time Magazine. He was often mistaken in Congress as a Senate page
or an elevator operator.
It was during this time period in which Kennedy met and fell in love with
Jacqueline Bouvier. “Jackie”, as she was known, came from a wealthy Catholic
background as prestigious as the Kennedys. She attended Vassar College and the
Sorbonne in Paris, France. She spoke French, Italian, and Spanish fluently.
They were wed on September 12,1953, at St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Newport,
Rhode Island. All seemed well, yet after three two-year terms as a Congressman,
Kennedy became frustrated with House rules and customs and decided to run for
Senate.
In 1952, Kennedy ran for Senate against Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.
Fifteen years older than Kennedy, Lodge was the incumbent of two terms in the
Senate. JFK prevailed in the victory but was soon stricken with Addison’s
disease during his first year in the Senate and had to operate on a fifty-fifty
chance for survival procedure(Gadney 52). While recovering, Kennedy wrote
Profiles in Courage, a bestseller on examples of moral courage in the lives of
eight senators who risked their careers for a great cause or a belief. Kennedy
returned to Senate and participated in the powerful Senate Foreign Relations
Committee. He was also chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Labor. JFK
believed strongly in education, equal job opportunity, and the civil rights
movement. His biggest success came in the form of his Labor Reform Bill which
passed by a margin of 90 to 1 in Senate debate. Kennedy’s first child,
Caroline, was born during this time.
Due to his enormous success in Congress, the Democratic party nominated him for
the presidential ticket in 1960.Lyndon Johnson was chosen as the running mate
with Kennedy tosecure and build upon the democratic bases in the southern
states while the Kennedys sought out the younger voters, the factory workers,
and the liberals(Gadney 61).
During the Kennedy Administration, a great deal of events were going on. Jackie
had given birth to JFK, Jr., while all over the south, the civil rights
movement was going in full force with incidents breaking out. Specific
attention gathered around a black air force veteran, James Meredith, applied
for admission to the University of Mississippi. In Cuba both the Bay of Pigs
occurred, in which U.S. supported rebels revolted in a poorly laid out plan of
events that fell out beneath them, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in which the
Soviet Republic were building missile silos in Cuba, 100 miles away from
Florida. The Space Race was in full force with both Russia and the U.S. in
competition to reach the moon. U.S. involvement in Vietnam was in the latter
stages with plans to withdraw after the 1964 election.
On a trip to Dallas to stir up support for the reelection, the President’s auto
were coming down elm street when three shots rang out. The first projectile
entered at the base of Kennedy’s neck and exited through the back of his head.
The second bullet hit Texas Governor John Connally. Seconds later there was
another shot and the back of the president’s head was torn away. The assassin-
Lee Harvey Oswald with a mail-order rifle fired from the Texas School Book
Depository(Warren 5). Oswald had recently applied for a passport to Communist
Russia which led to a series of private meetings between Oswald and the Russian
Government(Warren 614). Oswald protested his innocence.
President Johnson set up what quickly became known as the Warren Commission
headed by Chief Justice Warren to find the motive behind the assassination, The
Commission finds the lone, depressed, mentally unstable, anti-social nut kills
an American president(”Theories” 1). Other theories have evolved over time
such as the Grassy Knoll theory. Witnesses say that a man in black was present
and fired simultaneously with Oswald and doubled the actual shots
fired(”Theories” 1) Another theory is that the fired CIA director Allen Dulles
used his considerable connections and plotted revenge(”Theories 2″).
On Nov. 24, 1963 as Oswald was being escorted from the city jail, Jack Ruby
shot Oswald with a single shot from a Colt .38 revolver(Warren 350). Ruby was
arrested and stood trial in Dallas. He was found guilty and was sentenced to
hang. He died in jail of cancer, on January 3,1967.
Kennedy was the first President to be born in the twentieth century and was
very much a man of his time. He was restless, seeking, with a thirst of
knowledge, and he had a feeling of deep commitment, not only to the people of
the United States, but to the peoples of the world. Many of the causes he
fought for exist today because of what he did for the rights of minorities, the
poor, the very old and the very young. He never took anything for granted and
worked for everything he owned. Perhaps Kennedy summed up his life best in his
own inaugural speech: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what
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