Planning For Management Information System Essay, Research Paper
The biggest challenge and
most critical success factor in reengineering projects are persuading the
people within the organization to cooperate. When you begin to computerize
a legacy system considers the advantages; reduced clerical cost, quicker
processing time and improved customer service. Everyone knows that
the computer capabilities alone make life a lot easier for all managers.
The advantage of time and accuracy spread over the lifespan of the information
system means improved long-term vision and focus for top, middle and lower
managers.
A management
information system (MIS) focus is on information that management needs
to prepare its job. This task becomes much more difficult when the
major players have a tradition of high independence, are often confrontational
to management, and are irreplaceable independent contractors. CIO’s in
major business organizations face exactly this situation; further complicated
by the fact that the reengineering effort is crucial to the continued existence
of the organization.
Such discussion has driven the software industry to focus attention on
software specifically designed to support the team approach essential to
most service and customer oriented organizations. The importance of teamwork
can not be over emphasize in achieving overall organizational goals, and
the need to capture and manage an organization’s knowledge base remain
crucial. This teamwork enables the organization to achieve and sustain
competitive advantage in their business.
In considering the framework for an information system (IS) each level
operational, tactical and strategic planning requires different IS.
At the operational planning system, the IS collect, validate and record
transactional data relating to acquisition or disbursement of resources.
The data for account receivable and payables, payrolls, inventory level,
shipping data, printed invoice and cash receipts recorded as they occur.
The operational-level IS characteristic are repetitive, predictable, emphasizes
the past and detailed in nature just to name a few. The focus of
the operational system is the daily tasks performed at the user level.
The operational level manager uses this data to check every day tasks,
i.e. ordering, shipping, inventory control, the essence of the business
processes.
The
second level in the framework is the tactical system. This system
provide middle-level managers with information to monitor and control operation
while allocating their resources efficiently. The data is summarized,
aggregated, or analyzed with a wide range of reports, i.e., summary, exception
and ah hoc reports. The tactical information system differs from
operational information system in the basic purpose: operational support
the execution of tasks and a tactical information system supports a manager
control over those tasks under their area of supervision as well as the
allocation of resources to meet the company objectives set by top management.
The data input and the information produced as outputs differ from the
type of data involved, tactical characteristics are periodic in nature,
with unexpected findings, comparative in nature with both internal and
external sources. The tactical information system purpose and the
regularity of report produced within the information system are drastically
different from an operational system.
The
third level in the framework is strategic planning, designed to provide
top managers with information that assist them in making long-range planning
decisions for the business. The different in strategic and
tactical are not always clear, because both types of information systems
may use some of the same data, you might say that the systems sometimes
overlap with the difference being in the data that the system uses.
Typically, top management uses strategic planning system to forecast long-range
company objectives. The characteristics are ah hoc basis, unstructured
format, external source, and subjectivity, summary and predictive in nature.
A MIS provides information for effective planning and tactical decision
making, which is the foundation of operational level data system.
A tactical planning system provides middle-level management with the ability
to monitor and control resources. The tactical information
system does not support the execution of operational tasks, but allow managers
visibility over the operation.
Information systems are costly, to deploy and maintain, yet the maximization
of economic value of IS in the long-run balance out over the initial set-up
cost. The right software products enable teams of people to integrate their
knowledge, work processes and applications to achieve improved business
effectiveness. It has been suggested that the implementation
of such technologies is more difficult and yields more unintended consequences
than is typically acknowledged. First, how such technologies are
used reflect the effects. Second, how these technologies are likely used
when alternative tools co-exist, meaning predictability is difficult from
technological characteristics. Third, because people use groupware with
other people, one person’s choices about how to use groupware may have
consequences for other group members, user satisfaction.
The
measurement for an effective MIS must be the users; usage and satisfaction
have a strong correlation. Obvious, the effectiveness of MIS depends
upon the use of the system and if the employees accept it. The information
system department, managers and users together make the MIS process successful.
The managers implement the MIS, their behavior and motivation play an important
part in the variables for the system to be effective.
Each designed MIS produce information for decision making throughout the
organization. Let?s examine several case studies with the implementation
of MIS as seen in three distinct companies, an insurance company, a food
marketing company and a social service agency.
The insurance company normal routine consisted of tons of policy paperwork
generated daily to accomplish the company objectives. The company
started on line systems supporting policy screening, creation and issuance
in the 70?s. An employee could key in new application information
at his or her computer terminal, after the compilation of information an
underwriter can evaluate the insurability of potential customers.
After the approval process, the information system produces a policy data
sheet. This business process makes it possible to handle inquiries
from individual policyholders and sales agents seeking personal data information
about policyholders. The home office linked to all locations of their
sales agencies allowing sales agents to inquire on-line about policies
with the capability to edit application information at their site.
The home office can still update policies as well. Yes, this service provides
the agencies with a competitive advantage in product marketing and customer
service. The home office outsourced and purchased software that enable
the sales agents to analyze alternative companies? product and service
options, resulting in winning the customers? loyalty and a quicker sales.
The company continues to grasp the future for innovations and anticipating
their customers? needs in the future. This approach along ensures
valuable information for the senior-level management to plan as well as
reduce overhead cost with improved productivity and better decision-making
ability.
Next,
let look at the food industry and view how information system improved
their process. The MIS geared toward physical distribution at the
operational level, where update orders and invoices sent to the distribution
centers and the system updates the account receivable and associate system
files. The system prints invoices at the origin and destination location,
resulting in reduced cost and faster payments equal more cash flow.
The food company produced numerous reports that enabled the managers to
conduct on-line credit checks from their account receivable status report,
and identify delinquent accounts, before shipping the merchandise to the
distribution centers. The customer services personnel have
immediate access to open account allowing for immediate visibility and
response to customer inquiries about deliveries and shipments, similarly
cash payments received automatically applied to customers? on-line account.
Let us not forget to look at the marketing advantages with MIS as well.
Sales analysis reports reflect the customers? history product information
file; this data generates report by product line in each territory each
month for middle-level managers to forecast demands for any specific product
item. Normally, this begs the question about production and
if the company can continue to support the demands of the customers.
At this junction, the IS gives managers additional insight about demand
and the need to forecast for future buys. The company established
a bill-of-material file, which computerized the ingredients for each product
line and created batch size for all products. This process minimized
the work process and improved the manufacturing ordering process for each
customer batch orders. The product specification file served
as the database of reference information enabling the manager the ability
to print text on all purchase orders. The text file produced a finished
goods inventory, which is transferred to the branch warehouse stockroom
in various locations; this information is based on sales analysis report
(demand). In the finance and administration department, the updated
account receivables correlates with customers’ billing and cash receipts.
A monthly exception report generated from the aged balances spits out a
collection letter automatically to the respective recipients at specified
intervals. The MIS enabled the food marketing company to process
orders more timely, manage inventories more efficiently and organize their
production section. Bottom line cost savings of MIS results in more
revenue and a better customer relationship and senior-level managers focusing
their attention on emerging trends in the market.
A
social service department utilizes MIS in the public sector by providing
financial assistance to the residences, i.e. medical assistance, food stamps,
facilitate foster home and adoption, day care, school service, family planning,
housing and legal services. The MIS processes new applications and
payments. The applicant applies and become eligible then the system creates
an on-line record for them. The system automatically prints an identification
card for the payroll master file that entitles the recipient to service
for which the bill goes to the social service department. An on-line
inquiry and update of the applicant record are also possible.
The payroll master file sorts, generates the welfare check, and lists them
on the payroll register, which generates historical report for managers.
In all three case studies, the information systems support transactional
processing. The user involvement in each of the project selection ensures
the effectiveness of the information system and its acceptability.
How do you
measure utilization and performance in MIS? The term utilization
is the extent that the intended users use the information system (IS) for
its intended purpose. The term performance measures the improvement
of the business process that supports the IS implementation. These measurements
observed through business records, visual or electronic inspections and
take the personal opinions and attitudes out of the decision-making loop.
The multiple variables sometimes are difficult to identify, but the IS
department must be impartial if the true value is realized of a successful
IS project. A successful IS project can be measure best with psychometric
tests of attitude, interests, and opinions such as user information satisfaction
in the broadest sense. The performance measures of the business determine
the effectiveness of the MIS.
You
can see that information technology give companies a competitive edge,
once an information based service enters other company either catch up
or eliminate the original innovator competitive advantage thus raising
the stake for those participating in the marketplace. Today, company
can link its customer to its order entry system, thus improving efficiency
and improve business performance.
Sure, an effective information system, if efficient reduces needless paperwork
and allows the customer access to available stock information before committing
to the purchase of goods and services. Let not forget about effective
too, the information system provide better service to its customers, for
instance, i.e. the creation of electronic travel supermarket through on-line
reservation system, i.e. www.priceline.com or www. Travelocity.com, which
is transforming the basis of competition within this marketplace.
To compete efficiently in this world, companies must establish information
partnership as an integral part of successful business processes
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