Healthcare

Health and Illness Reading 1. Study the case history below. Then write ten headlines for the Presidents ten-day illness, from President taken ill to The nation holds its breath. Youre in perfect health as fit as a fiddle theres nothing wrong with you. I feel a bit off-colour rather under the weather I do feel funny

I really dont feel well I think Im sickening for something I feel feverish like death warmed up. Hes been taken ill hes in a coma fighting for his life still critically ill in a very critical condition no change still seriously ill still hasnt regained consciousness is responding to treatment off the danger list showing signs of coming round making progress his condition is satisfactory hes come out of the coma hes as well as can be expected comfortable no change hes turned

the corner hes on the mend. We all wish you a speedy recovery get well soon were glad youre over it. The worst is over hes almost completely recovered hes practically cured hes convalescing coming along nicely hell be on his feet again soon hell be out and about again in a few days. Hes had a relapse hes no better hes getting worse his condition is deteriorating hes getting weaker hes slipping away fading fast his life is hanging by a thread its just a matter of time he could go

a any second! Hes made a miraculous recovery hes as good as new as right as rain hell live to be a hundred. 2. After all that, do you feel well enough to read on? Note the ways that illnesses can be spoken of and reported in the text below. Examination Fever For most of the year, most of us had been allergic to work apparently there had been a history of such allergies in the school. Throughout the spring there had been quite a few cases of

Exams are stupid, which proved highly contagious among friends. Then in late May, one or two of us suffered a mild attack of Gosh, is it really next month? and we seemed to give that to the others rather rapidly. You could tell how it was spreading from improved attendance at lessons. An even more serious outbreak was that of the very infectious

I dont know a thing two weeks before. At about the same time everyone seemed to catch Youre no good! from the teachers. Then there was a bout of I dont really care followed by a few chronic cases of My parents will kill me. This again proved very catching half the class was down with it in the week leading up to the exam itself, and it had reached epidemic proportions by the

Friday before. By this time, those who had been suffering from Itll be easy for me had made a total recovery. That Friday there was a What if Im, suffering from amnesia? scare, and this had developed by Monday into a touch of I cant even remember my own name. There were also, of course, the normal isolated cases of

My pen doesnt work and several pupils had a sudden fit of Wheres the toilet? Afterwards there were a couple of complaints of I know Ive failed, but generally the worst seemed to be over. Such diseases are rarely terminal. And after all, we had a convalescence and recuperation period of six and a half weeks to follow. Practice 1. Without looking back at the previous two texts, try to

supply the missing word that completes these expressions a Under the b Its just a of time c the mend d suffer hayfever e to go with flu f turn the g as as a fiddle h a bit -colour i fighting his life j allergic dust k as right as l just as attack of nerves 2. Here are some of the best known and least-wanted diseases and conditions, arranged according to where they strike or what causes them. However, in each group there is on that should not be there.

Can you identify it? The heart and blood vessels Poor circulation High blood pressure A stroke Heart attack Jaundice Cardiac arrest Heart failure The liver Gallstones Cirrhosis of the liver Hepatitis Cancer of the liver Coronary thrombosis The blood Anaemia Pneumonia Leukaemia A haemorrhage A blood clot

The stomach and intestines Appendicitis Stomach ulcer Polio A hernia Constipation Food poisoning Typhoid Dysentery Diarrhoea and vomiting Salmonella mumps The joints Rheumatism Enteritis Arthritis fibrositis Infectious fevers Measles Chickenpox German measles rubella Smallpox

Pleurisy Glandular fever Yellow fever Scarlet fever Whopping cough Influenza Leprosy malaria The lungs and respiratory system Diphtheria Catarrh Sinusitis Tonsilitis Laryngitis Asthma Angina Cholera Bronchitis Tuberculosis TB Lung cancer The nervous system Migraine Epilepsy epileptic fits

Parkinsons disease Multiple sclerosis Muscular dysthrophy Mental disorders Schizophrenia Manic depression Neurosis paranoia 3. This is a section on symptoms, possible diagnosis and remedies. These six exchanged between doctor and patient have been mixed up. Decide which response should follow which question.

1. Ive been suffering from insomnia lately. Do you think I might be heading for a nervous breakdown? 2. I seem to have some sort of stye or infection in my right eye. Do you think I might have conjunctivitis? 3. I cant stop scratching this place on my foot. Do you think its athletes foot? 4. Ive got a rather sore throat, and I keep feeling a bit flushed. Do you think it could be flu?

5. Ive got a big bump on the back of my head. Do you think it might be more than a bruise? 6. I keep getting shooting pains down my skin and ankle. Is it possible that Ive broken or sprained something? a. Possible. Try this lotion for a few days to stop the itching, then start putting on this powder at night. b. Unlikely, but Ill let you have some cough mixture to relieve the symptoms.

You can get yourself some lozenges, if you like. c. I would doubt it. Here, rub this cream in for the next few nights to help reduce the swelling. d. No, of course now. But Ill prescribe some barbiturates - sleeping pills - to help you get a good nights rest. OK? e. I wouldnt have thought so. But Ill give you a prescription for some drops to try and clear it up. f. Well, the X-ray didnt show anything. If its so painful, youd better have some crutches to

walk with an some painkillers to ease the pain. 4. Rearrange these six paragraphs in the same way. 1. Ive got a dull ache in my arm and occasionally I get a spasm. Could it be a minor fracture, a chipped bone or something? 2. Ive got these tiny little bumps all over the back of my neck.

Do you think it might be gland trouble. 3. Ive come out in a rash on my chest. Do you think it could be a skin disease like impetigo or dermatitis? 4. I keep getting short of breath. Is there any way I could be suffering from asthma? 5. I think Ive got an ulcer in my mouth. Do you think it could be a sign that Im run down? 6.

I feel so feverish, and Im sure Ive got a temperature. Im so afraid that theres something wrong with my heart. a. Mm, sounds a bit like it. Ill make you out a prescription for some penicillin, and some menthol inhalations might speed up the recovery. b. Its just possible. Ill strap it up anyway and put it in a sling. That should reduce your discomfort quite a lot. c.

Oh, I shouldnt think so, but I think perhaps you ought to start taking these tranquillisers, to at least get your blood pressure down. d. Oh no, no, no. Youd know if it was. Ill give you some ointment to sub in to get rid of the inflammation. e. Probably not. Ill put you on a course of tablets to prevent them from spreading. They should go soon. f. It might well be. Ill put you on antibiotics for a while anyway, to lessen

the risk of serious infection. HEALTH Idioms describing health. Mark had been feeling 1. under the weather for weeks. One day he came into work 2. looking like death warmed up and so we told him to go away for a few days to 3. recharge his batteries. After one day beside the sea, he no longer 4. felt off-colour and by the second day he knew he was 5. on the road to recovery.

He sent us a postcard and we were all glad to learn that he was 6. on the mend. By the end of the week, he returned to work 7. as fit as a fiddle. And hes been 8. as right as rain ever since. 1. Not very well 2. Looking extremely ill 3. Do something to gain fresh energy and enthusiasm 4. Felt unwell 5. Getting better 6. Getting better 7.

Perfectly well 8. Perfectly well Informal idioms for MAD There are many informal idioms which are used to say that someone is mad Hes not all there. Shes off her trolley. Hes not right in the head. Shes got a screw loose. Shes a basket case. Hes off his rocker. Shes one sandwich short of a picnic. Hes as nutty as a fruitcake.

Informal idioms for DIE. There are also a lot of very informal idioms meaning DIE, for example Shes popped her clogs. Hes bitten the dust. Shes given up the ghost. Hes fallen off his perch. Shes kicked the bucket. Idioms based on medical images. Idiom meaning Example A sore point spot A subject which sb would prefer not to talk about because it

makes them angry Try not to mention baldness while hes here - its a sore spot for him. Give someone a taste dose of their own medicine Do the same bad thing to sb that they had done to you in order to show them how unpleasant it is Refusing to lend him money now would give him a taste of his own medicine - hes never lent you any. A bitter pill to swallow Unpleasant, but has to be accepted Losing my job was initially a bitter pill to swallow.

Sugar the pill Do sth to make sth unpleasant more acceptable The boss has sugared the overtime pill by offering a large extra payment. Have itchy feet Want to travel or move on I cant stay in one place for more than a year without getting itchy feet. EXERCISES 1. Put these expressions into four groups of idioms that share the same meaning. There are two groups of two idioms and two groups of four .

Explain the meaning in each case. Give up the ghost be on the road to recovery bite the dust be on the mend be as nutty as a fruitcake feel off-colour be not all there feel under the weather pop your clogs be off your trolley fall off your perch be a basket case 2. Complete each of these idioms. a. Dont mention the merger to him - its a bit of a spot for him. b. Telling Joe want you feel may be a pill for him to swallow, but you owe it to him nevertheless. c.

Watching travel programmes on TV always gives me feet. d. I wonder whats happened to Stan - he looks like death up! e. Plans to put increased funds into education are supposed to sugar the of increased taxation. f. Imagine someone as unfit as Ruth going on holiday in the Himalayas. She must have a loose. g. A good game of golf at the weekend always helps to my fathers batteries.

h. Tom was quite ill for a while last year, but hes as fit as a now. i. I was exhausted when I got home from work, but, after a nice cup of tea, Im as as rain. j. Helen wont understand the problem - shes one short of a picnic. 3. Match each statement on the left with the most likely response on the right. a. Ive got itchy feet. b. Hes as right as rain now. c.

Hes not right in the head. d. Im going to tell him what I think of him. e. Dads a bit off-colour today. f. Failing the exam was a bitter pill to swallow. Oh, dear, I hope hes OK tomorrow. Yes, but shell soon get over it. Where would you like to go? That is a relief! Good.

Give him a dose of his own medicine. I know, Jane told me he was off his rocker. FOLLOW UP Why do you think there are so many idiomatic expressions meaning MAD and DIE? Is it the same in your language? Do you think it would ever be appropriate for you to use any of these English idioms for MAD or DIE? If so, in what circumstances? If not, why not? Topic 2 HEALTHCARE 1. Read the article and state the problem it deals with.

Give a summary of the article. Hospital Stops Testing Customers Patience Compare try sb s patience - make someone lose their patience e.g. He began to try my patience with his negative attitude. By Del Jones Instead of having the patient roaming around the hospital, they brought the tests to where the patient was It really is common sense. John Moran,

Changing Healthcare Inc. Anniston, Ala The last thing hospital patients need is the run-around. Its the first thing they get. Pre-admission testing at the Northeast Alabama Regional Medical Centre typically consisted of schlepping between six floors for up to four hours, through halls thick with sights and smells that arent exactly comforting to those approaching elective surgery. The pink lady and I both got lost, says former patient

Judy Isabell, recalling her 1995 trip through the maze with a pink-clad volunteer escort. The rigmarole included stops at admissions and anesthesia before giving blood at the lab, posing for X-rays at radiology and getting wired for an electrocardiogram. Mostly it meant waiting for some of the Souths slowest elevators and finger-drumming in waiting rooms where the worried-sick are entertained by TV shows.

I think men would be the most impatient. The women would bring their crochet and needlework, says Dot Hurst, the retired director of admission who watched the runaround for 27 years. Hurst is part of the eight-person team that won the 1997 USA TODAY Quality Cup in health care for bringing all the tests to the patients for one-stop shopping. The team nailed its point by producing a videotape showing the tribulations of a white-haired, animated

woman being escorted by her very pregnant granddaughter through the process of preparing for outpatient surgery. The tape showed the elderly woman stabbing in frustration at elevator buttons with her cane and, in the end, exhausted and asleep in a wheelchair. Upon seeing the problem through the eyes of the customer, the hospital board didnt hesitate to take the teams advice. It approved 250,000 to renovate office space to put all pre-admission functions in

one place about the size of a 7-eleven store 7-Eleven - trademark a shop that sells food, drinks, magazines, cleaning products etc. 7-Elevens are smaller than supermarkets and usually a little more expensive. But they are usually in busy parts of a city and they are almost always open, so this makes they convenient for many people. 7-Elevens are very common in the US, and there are also some in the UK, especially in London The results и Average pre-admission time was cut 30 from 69 minutes to 48 minutes,

including time cuts of 44 at X-rays, 40 at registration and 33 in the blood lab. Not to mention the drop in inconvenience for patients. и The number of elective surgery at the hospital jumped 25 to 27 per day because of increased efficiency and favorable word-of-mouth among doctors and patients. и Nurses such as Todd Corona once spent 10 hours a week searching for paperwork from pre-admission tests

scattered throughout the hospital. Without the test results, surgeries had to be postponed a day or more, something that happened to one in 20 surgeries. Corona says centralization means he spends no time unearthing paperwork, and postponements have become slashed to one in 100. и Efficiency has given the hospital time to confirm that insurance companies have pre-approved elective surgeries. Patients who fail to get pre-approval are stuck with all or part

of the bill, something not good for customer relations, nurse manager Elaine Davis says. и The hospital used to commit as many as four volunteers at a time to the escort service. Now, they are used elsewhere. Quality Cup judge John Hamburg says Northeast Alabama regional Medical Centers entry didnt have the spit and polish of a consultants dream.

But it made so much sense, Hamburg wonders its the exception and not the rule among hospitals. Northeast Alabama Regional Medical Center continues to regularly survey patients to uncover additional ways to improve service. But where those surveys used to be filled with fiery complaints about four-hour waits, Now, nurse manager Martha ODell says, they want to know why theres no coat rack. The USA Today Look through the article and find equivalents for the following a complicated and confusing

arrangement an arrangement that is difficult to understand wearing a particular kind of clothing someone who does something without being paid, or who is willing to offer to help someone a person or a group of people or vehicles that go with someone in order to protect or guard them to make a sound similar to a drum by hitting a surface again and again with your fingers extremely unhappy because you are anxious about sth to show, bring out, or offer something so it can be seen or considered serious trouble or

a serious problem showing a lot of interest and energy someone who goes to a hospital for treatment but does not stay there to make quick pushing movements with your finger or something pointed the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something to repair and paint a building so that it is in good condition again to reduce something a lot, especially prices, time, or money to increase suddenly and by a large amount the quality of doing

something well and effectively, without wasting time, money, or energy the documents that you need for a business deal, a journey etc to change an event, action etc to a later time or date to show that something is definitely true, especially by providing more proof to have something you do not want because you cannot get rid of it to decide to use money, time, people etc for a particular purpose a set of answers, a song or picture etc that is intended to win a competition thorough cleaning and polishing a senior

hospital doctor who has a lot of knowledge about a particular kind of medical treatment to be a sensible thing to do to ask a large number of people questions in order to find out their attitudes or opinions to find out about something that has been kept secret Look through the article and find synonyms for the following to reduce, a reduction. Look through the article and find words that are used figuratively.

Make a list of hospital departments and say what work is carried out in each of them. Look through the article and write out words containing the prefix pre What is the meaning of the prefix. What words nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc are used in the article to convey the tediousness of the process of pre-admission testing? Prove that the article is written in American English.

Transcribe the following verb-noun pairs to survey - a survey to escort - an escort to increase - an increase Correct the following statements. a. Pre-admission testing has always been centralized. b. Pre-admission testing is optional. c. Centralization of pre-admission testing does not make any sense. d. Patients had to go through the process of pre-admission testing alone. No helpers were available. e. Mr Hurst believes that women are less patient than men. f.

Mr Hurst alone developed and implemented a scheme to make pre-admission testing less time- and effort-consuming. g. The scheme to centralize all pre-admission functions did not go down with the hospital board. h. Now that the scheme has been implemented, average pre-admission time is steadily growing. i. More surgeries are postponed now because of increased paperwork. j. No volunteers are recruited by hospitals now. k. Despite the centralization of pre-admission testing,

patients are still unhappy with it. 2. Read the following. Ask questions for your groupmates to answer. Work-related stress Examples that can cause work related stress are trying to get too much work done in too little time, cutting corners or otherwise taking chances that may put you, or someone else at risk, and trying to get along with superiors and co-workers. Everybody has days when there simply seems to be too much work

to get done. Trying to get everything done by yourself can bring on stress. Some people try and deal with the pressure by delegating certain jobs to others, which is great if you can unburden yourself and not worry about when and how the work gets done, if you can put full faith and trust in co-workers or subordinates it can be an effective escape. The trouble is, most people can t let go, especially if you have the type of personality that demands

to know how things are going, chances are you re only increasing the pressure and stress on yourself by constantly worrying if the work is getting done or not. To lessen stress you must either learn to trust others to get the job done, or prioritize jobs to get rid of what must be done first. Many people tend to put off the difficult jobs they hate to do until the last possible minute, of course, this only makes it all the more difficult and stressful when you

finally get around to doing what you should have done earlier. When you feel the walls closing in on you if at all possible, take a break. Many people in trying to relax actually kick their bodies into overdrive by using their break time to either smoke or get a caffeine fix but instead of calming you down, these stimulants speed up your body processes. You may think you re relaxing, but your blood pressure and heart end up working harder.

Instead of coffee or cigarettes try a brief chat with friends, a short leisurely walk, even just looking out the window for a few minutes. Never take breaks, or eat lunch at your work station, the point of a break is to get away from whatever work you re doing and you can t get your mind off your work if you re chained to your work area. Getting along with your co-workers and the boss can be more than a sore point it can be something you learn to put up with, or it can turn into a festering wound that

only gets worse with time, so if you re having problems, get them out in the open. Most managers today at least have some training in dealing with personal problems. If you can t clear the air or have tried using all the company procedures to resolve a grievance, and you no longer enjoy your job, hate to go to work in the morning, or feel that the pressure is getting to be too much, it may be time to seriously consider a change.

KeepAhead cut corners - to do things too quickly, and not as carefully as you should, especially to save money or time take a chance to take chances - to do something that involves risks to get along with sb - if two or more people get along, they have a friendly relationship to bring on - to make something bad or unpleasant happen to delegate sth to sb - to give part of your power or work to someone in a lower position than you to let go - to stop holding something chances are - used to say that something

is likely to prioritize - to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first get round to sth - to finally do something that you have been intending to do for some time, but have not because you were too busy, too lazy etc to close in on sb - to move closer to someone or something, especially in order to attack them go into overdrive - to become very excited or active a fix - an amount of something, especially an illegal drug, that you often

use and badly want to end up doing sth - to come to be in a particular situation or state, especially when you did not plan it workstation - the part of an office where you work, where your desk, computer etc are to get take your mind off sth - to make yourself stop thinking about something that is worrying you a sore point spot - sth that is likely to make sb upset or angry when you talk about it festered - infected to get bring sth in the open - to stop hiding sth or keeping it secret to clear the air -

to talk calmly and seriously with someone in order to try to end an argument and feel better grievance - sth that you complain about because you feel you have been treated unfairly Mountains of Waste Minor Health Threat Present practices for managing municipal waste in Britain have at most a minor effect on human health and the environment when compared with everyday activities, concludes a review of the environmental and health effects of waste management commissioned

by the Blair Government and made public last Thursday. But Friends of the Earth Friends of the Erath FoE - an international organization that tries to influence people and governments to protect the environment said the report does little to increase confidence in the government s waste strategy and warned that it should not be used to justify more waste incineration. The review found no evidence to suggest that the current generation of municipal solid waste incinerators

is likely to have an effect on human health. Cancer, respiratory diseases and birth defects were all considered, and no evidence was found for a link between the incidence of the disease and the current generation of incinerators. The review was commissioned in early 2003, and was carried out by a team led by Enviros environmental consultants and Roy Harrison, professor of Environmental Health at the Institute of Public and

Environmental Health at Birmingham University, England. The team considered a wide range of evidence from the UK and abroad. British Environment Minister Elliot Morley says, I am particularly encouraged by the report s conclusion that, on the evidence from studies so far, the treatment of municipal waste has at most a minor effect on health in this country particularly

when compared with other health risks associated with ordinary day-to-day living. KeepAhead at the most - used to say that a number or amount could not be larger minor - small and not very important or serious, especially when compared with other things to commission - to formally ask someone to write an official report, produce a work of art for you etc to make sth public - to make sth known by most people incineration - the process of burning sth completely in order to destroy it

an incinerator - a machine designed to burn things at a very high temperature in order to destroy them incidence - the number of times something bad happens, for example how many people have a particular illness or how many crimes there are treatment - a process by which something is cleaned, protected etc a particular way of dealing with or talking about a subject Insomnia Lack of sleep, or insomnia, is one of the most significant health problems facing

Americans. Most adults require 7-8 hours of sleep per night, and one s ability to function at work or behind the wheel of a vehicle, or to fend off and recover from illness, are all affected by sleep deficits. Insomnia is defined as either transient or chronic. Transient insomnia is usually precipitated by an acute and stressful event and lasts for less than two weeks. Chronic insomnia lasts much longer and can be caused by a wide variety of factors.

Over the course of several days, record not only the number of hours you sleep, but also the quality and quantity of your sleep for example, do you sleep straight through, have frequent wakeful periods, awaken short of breath or get up often to go to the bathroom? Also make a list of all the medications you are taking both prescription and non-prescription to bring with you when you visit your doctor. Assuming that there are no major stressors and that you are not

experiencing significant depression or anxiety, there are several steps that can lead to a better night s sleep Set a regular schedule for sleep, with a heavy emphasis on stable bedtime routines, exercise regularly, but avoid heavy exercise before bedtime, avoid taking naps, beginning 30 minutes before bedtime, provide a wind-down period with no TV, loud music or other stimulation, reserve the bedroom for sleep only, go to bed when ready to sleep and leave the bedroom if unable to sleep after 30 minutes, avoid

the use of alcohol or over-the-counter sleep medications as sleep inducers and try not to rely on caffeine to stay awake, especially later in the day. Often worry is what keeps us awake and part of what we have learned recently is that we are not in control of our lives the way we once thought. One way to deal with this is through meditation and taking the things we cannot change and just letting them fade along with the setting sun. I can think of few better ways to end the day and improve the

likelihood of a better night s sleep. KeepAhead To function - to work in the way you are supposed to To fend sb sth off - to defend yourself against sb sth attacking you Transient - continuing only for a short time To precipitate - to make sth serious happen more quickly than expected Acute - very serious or severe in over during the course of - during a process or period of time short of breath - unable to breath easily, esp because you are unhealthy medication - medicine

or drugs given to people who are ill prescription - a particular medicine or treatment ordered by a doctor for a sick person emphasis - special importance that is given to one part of something to have take a nap - to have a short sleep, especially during the day to wind down - to rest and relax after a lot of hard work or excitement over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription from a doctor to induce - to cause a particular physical condition to rely on sb sth to do sth - to trust

sb or sth to do what you need or expect them to do to fade also to face away - to gradually disappear Restless legs syndrome Restless legs syndrome is a very common condition which affects up to one in 12 of the population. For most people, it is mild and improves with simple measures, although for a few, more intensive medical therapy is needed. There are 4 characteristic features in restless legs syndrome. These include 1. An irritating, non-painful sensation in your legs that gives you an overwhelming urge

to move your legs. Occasionally, this sensation also occurs in the arms. 2. Symptoms occur or are worse when you are resting. They improve when you move your legs around. 3. Symptoms are worse from evening onwards, especially when you lie down, but you don t have to be in bed or going off to sleep. 4. Little movements of the toes, feet or legs may be visible when you rest, which may look like nervous

fidgeting. You may also find that you have repeated jerky leg movements while you are asleep which can wake you up or disturb your partner. The cause of restless legs syndrome is not yet known, but an inherited tendency does seem to be a contributing factor in many cases. It often becomes more of a problem in older age, but can also occur in young people where it is misdiagnosed as growing pains . Other factors include pregnancy many women develop the problem in the last third

of pregnancy and, it usually disappears after delivery . Anaemia and iron deficiency may also be linked, while restless legs may be a sign of more serious chronic conditions such as diabetes, kidney failure, Parkinson s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Some drugs, such as anti-depressants, can make the condition worse. There are some simple changes you can make to your lifestyle that may improve your symptoms.

Both caffeine and alcohol can aggravate restless legs syndrome. So cut out caffeine-containing drinks such as coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and soft drinks and any other product which has caffeine as an ingredient, and avoid alcohol, at least until you see if your symptoms improve. Another common trigger is inadequate sleep it s a bit of a vicious circle I m afraid . Follow good sleep habits such as a regular bedtime at a reasonable hour, a cool, comfortable

and quiet bedroom, and regular moderate exercise during the day several hours before you go to bed . You should also start and end the day with a routine of gentle exercise to stretch out the muscles. KeepAhead Mild - not serious enough to cause much suffering An urge - a strong wish or need Overwhelming - having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react from onwards - beginning at a particular time and continuing after that

time to go off to sleep - to go to sleep to fidget - to keep moving your hands or feet, especially because you are bored or nervous jerky - movements that are jerky are rough, with many start and stops to contribute - to help to cause sth to misdiagnose - to give an incorrect explanation of an illness, a problem in a machine etc growing pains - aches and pains that children can sometimes feel in their arms and legs when they are growing anaemia - a medical condition in which there are too few red cells in your blood

deficiency - a lack of something that is necessary antidepressant - a drug used to treat depression a mental illness that makes people very unhappy to aggravate - to make a bad situation worse to cut sth out - to stop doing or eating sth, esp because it is harmful to you to be a trigger for - to be a thing that quickly causes a serious problem vicious circle - a situation in which one problem causes another problem that then causes the first problem again, so that the whole process continues to be

repeated Childrens accidents Accidents are common in childhood, and while most are not serious, a significant number each year are fatal or cause disability - they are by far the commonest cause of death among children aged one to 15. Accidents, especially those affecting children, are now often referred to as unintentional injuries . The list of possible causes for accidents is endless. Road traffic accidents, especially when the child is a pedestrian, are the major cause of fatal accidents,

followed by fire, drowning, suffocation, falls, inhalation of a foreign body - and poisoning. Head injury leading to brain damage is the main cause of disability from accidents, while accidents that cause disfigurement or cosmetic damage e.g. burns and scars can lead to profound psychological problems. Each year in the UK one in four children attend the Accident and Emergency Department, half of whom have had an accident.

The age of the child and their stage of development influences which type of accidents they are most vulnerable to. Toddlers, for example tend to be at risk from falls, burns, and ingestion of poisons while older children tend to fall foul of adventurous behaviour such as falling from trees or bicycling accidents. Accidents mostly lead to traumatic injuries - damage to normally functioning tissues such as broken bones, cuts and wounds, bruises and haemorrhages, burns and scalds etc which are clearly related

to the event. But sometimes the lack of any obvious harm can be falsely reassuring. In particular, trauma to the abdomen can lead to internal injuries e.g. a ruptured spleen which are not at first apparent but which cause the sudden onset of severe symptoms e.g collapse sometime later. The effects of accidental poisoning and of smoke inhalation are two other examples. If you know or suspect your child has had an accident many are not clearly witnessed try to keep calm

and quickly examine the child for injury, without moving them, while asking witnesses what occurred. If they are unconscious put them into the recovery position. Minor injuries may be treated at home but if your child is bleeding, has lost consciousness even if only briefly , has major injuries, possible abdominal injuries or may have inhaled smoke, call for urgent medical help. Remember - it s better that children are checked out at hospital and found to be okay

than one serious injury is missed. There is much that can be done to prevent accidents, from making your house a safe place, to vigilant supervision of small children at play. Get advice from your health visitor, or the Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents. KeepAhead Disability - a physical problem that makes someone unable to use a part of their body properly by far - used to say that sth is much better, worse etc than anything

else to suffocate - to die or make someone die by preventing them from breathing to inhale - to breathe in air, smoke, or gas a foreign body matter object - sth that has come into something else, and that should not be there to disfigure - to spoil the beauty that something naturally has cosmetic - dealing with the outside appearance rather than the important part of something vulnerable - someone who is vulnerable is easily harmed or hurt emotionally, physically, or morally a toddler - a very young child

who is just learning to walk at risk - in a situation where you may be harmed to ingest - to take food into your body to fall foul of sth - to do sth which makes sb angry, or which breaks a rule with the result that you are punished falsely - incorrectly reassuring - making you feel less worried or frightened abdomen - the part of your body between your chest and legs which contains your stomach to rupture - to break or burst, or make something break or burst spleen - an organ near your stomach that controls

the quality of your blood the onset of sth - the beginning of something, esp sth unpleasant a collapse - sudden illness that makes you fall down or become unconscious vigilant - giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity a health visitor - a nurse in Britain who visits people in their homes Mobile telephone related cancer? Two new studies have added to the growing evidence that mobile telephones don t increase the risk of

brain tumours. These two studies together looked at more than 1250 people with brain tumours and an equal number of healthy people. No link could be found between the cancers and those people who used mobile phones most frequently. One of the studies, from New York, failed to show an increased risk of cancer among those who used a mobile phone for the longest duration. Neither was there any link between which hand a person routinely used to hold the phone and

which side of the head the tumour developed on. The other study also American compared nearly 800 people diagnosed with brain cancer between 1994 and 1998, with a similar number admitted to the same hospital for other conditions. Once again there was no evidence that the risk of a brain tumour was higher among people who used mobile phones for an hour or more a day, or regularly for more than five years.

This tends to suggest that fear about mobile phones is unfounded and that they can be safely used without risk of brain tumours. However, the studies did point out that more long-term research needed to be done to check out for a very slow cumulative effect of mobile phone use, and for slower growing tumours that might not yet have become apparent. KeepAhead routinely - if sth is routinely done, it is usually done as part of the normal process of working, doing a job etc long-term - continuing for a long period

of time into the future, or connected with what will happen in the distant future to check out - to make sure that something is actually true, correct, or acceptable investigate cumulative - increasing gradually as more of something is added or happens Snacks Demanding lifestyles and the need to eat on the go mean that eating between meals is now the norm. Snacking is often seen as unhealthy but, if you know what to eat, it can be an important part

of a healthy and varied diet. What is a Snack? If you asked the average person to define the word snack, they d probably say it meant a bag of crisps or a chocolate bar. Certainly, since their invention in the 19th century, crisps have grown to be the world s favourite savoury snack. Meanwhile, as a nation, we spend millions of pounds on chocolate every year. Though snacking is often associated with eating fatty and sugary foods, a snack is basically something

light to eat, instead of or in between breakfast, lunch or dinner. Sensible Snacking If eating between meals keeps you going during the day, but you re worried about the effect on your health, read on Snacking between meals will only make you gain weight if you re already getting the right amount of calories from your main meals. If this happens, eat a little less at breakfast, lunch or dinner, or do some extra activity to balance

things out. Keep fatty and sugary snacks to a minimum - make them a once-a-week treat. Snacks can be a wonderful source of nutrients. For example, foods like yogurt, fromage frais, cheese slices and enriched cereal bars are good extra sources of calcium - important for bone health. Liquid snacks, such as fruit and vegetable juices or low fat milk shakes, are full of goodness too. Plus hot chocolate has beneficial nutrients, such as iron.

Some people choose to have six or seven snacks a day, rather than main meals. A few studies have shown that this is a great way of beating hunger and keeping your body s energy levels on an even keel. Vary the snacks you eat as much as you can to ensure that you get a good variety of nutrients. However, don t snack for the sake of it. If you re not hungry, there s no point. KeepAhead

Demanding - needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill on the go - very busy or working all the time varied - consisting of or including many different kinds of things or people, especially in a way that seems interesting savoury - having a taste that is not sweet having a pleasant and attractive smell or taste to keep sb going - to last sb for some time to balance out - to make equal to something else in weight, amount, or importance a nutrient - a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants

or animals to live and grow fromage frais - French a soft white mild cheese you can eat with a spoon to enrich - to improve the quality of something, especially by adding things to it milk shake - a cold drink made from milk that tastes of fruit, chocolate etc beneficial - producing results that bring advantages on an even keel - steady without any sudden changes for the sake of it - if you do something for the sake of it, you do it because you want to and not for any particular reason point - the purpose or aim

of something Stammering Stammering or stuttering as it is more often called in the USA is a problem with the normal flow and timing of speech. Attempts to say something may be interrupted by repetition of a syllable, prolongation of the sound, or a complete block on speech, so that the words do not flow smoothly. There is often also psychological distress, anxiety - and embarrassment about having a stammer.

People who stammer often find they are quite fluent if they sing, whisper or speak as part of a group. There is no simple, obvious explanation for stammering and the cause is more likely to be a variety of contributing factors rather than a single cause. These factors may be genetic or environmental, such as problems in the home, stress, school problems. Recent research has found that some people who stammer may have difficulty co-ordinating the muscles

for speech, and need more time to speak. Stammering usually begins in childhood usually between three and five and in 90 per cent of cases before the age of eight. One in 20 children will have a stammer at some time but 4 per cent recover, with or without help, so that only one per cent of adults stammer. It is four times more common in boys than in girls, and in any family with a person who stammers there is an increased risk that other family members will have

the same problem. The severity of stammering may depend on the child s surroundings. The child may have problems initiating speech, or flowing from one syllable to the next - all stammers sound different. Some deal with the problem by simply not speaking at all. Stammering or stuttering should be properly diagnosed by a speech therapist who can then advise on exactly what the problem is and how it can best be treated.

There is no cure for stammering but many therapies can make a difference. For example one simple approach that helps many people is just to speak more slowly. Speech therapists can teach the affected child a variety of techniques - and may suggest the use of technical aids. Other treatments include formal speech therapy, development of social skills, self awareness, assertiveness training and communication skills. If you are worried about your child s speech, talk

to your doctor. Some children with stammers also develop a tic or tremor shake and this should be dealt with at the same time. KeepAhead A block - the temporary loss of your normal ability to think, learn, write etc Fluent - speaking, writing, or playing a musical instrument confidently and without long pauses Environmental - having to do with all the situations, events, people etc that influence the way in which people live or work To initiate - to arrange for something important to start, such as an official

process or a new plan To make a big difference make all the difference - to have an important effect on a thing or a situation Self-awareness - knowledge and understanding of yourself To assert oneself - to behave in a determined way so that people do not make you do things you do not want A tremor - a slight shaking movement that you cannot control, especially because you are ill, weak, or upset What is an addiction? By Dr John Marsden,

Ph.D, C.Psychol. Addiction seems to be all around us. Almost everyone seems to have an opinion about people who become addicted to different substances, and the number of people who have addiction problems seems forever increasing. There s a lot of misconception and a fair bit of uncertainty about what addictions are, how they are caused, what course they follow and how best to treat them.

Impossible to control If you ask a person in the street what an addiction is, they will probably say it s got something to do with being unable to stop using a substance, such as an illegal drug like heroin, or maybe alcohol. Lack of control over the use of a substance is indeed at the heart of what an addiction is. Other aspects are a sense of compulsion to use the substance and there s an important link between this sense of desire and problems controlling how much or how often a substance is used.

Becoming tolerant to the effects of a drug, and then needing to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect, is also an important process in the development of an addiction. Perhaps the best example is cigarette smoking. Anyone who has ever smoked will recognise the strong sense of compulsion to light up particularly in situations where this is not allowed such as on an aeroplane. These aspects of addiction have a physiological basis related to how the particular substance acts

on the brain but also a psychological aspect relating to the reasons or functions for taking the substance such as smoking to improve concentration . Dependence Overall, we should not view addiction or dependence in absolute terms. Dependence exists in many different ways and in a wide range of intensity. There are some people who appear able to use substances on a fairly regular basis and over a fairly

prolonged period and experience few, if any, problems as a result. For others, however, the capacity to control how often and how much is used seems to erode quite quickly and a more powerful state of attachment or preoccupation with taking the substance comes into being. As to what will happen next, it really depends on the nature of the substance, how they are using it, the problems that it may be linked with and various aspects of the person s psychological make-up,

their personal and social relationships. Stages of Addiction Most addictions take time to develop and almost no one deliberately sets out to become addicted to a substance. What you tend to find is that a person s consumption progresses through several stages. Following initiation - maybe to experiment to see what the substance is like - a person may go on to use the substance again, and perhaps begin to use on a occasional then regular basis.

At the same time, the amount that is consumed may also begin to increase. For some substances, the body quite rapidly becomes tolerant of a dose taken and the user will increase the amount taken to achieve a desired effect. Addictions and Addictive Behaviours Popular conceptions of addiction do not stop at drugs and alcohol. If we think of things people can become overly attached to, this can include gambling, eating chocolate,

playing computer games, even using the Internet! These non-drug addictive behaviours are similar in that the person has a lack of control over their behaviour that can lead to problems. There are popular and professional definitions of what an addiction is. In everyday language, we think of someone who is addicted to something as having what we could call an unhealthy habit. misconception - an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which people believe because

they do not understand it properly The heart of sth - the most important part of a problem, question etc A compulsion - a strong and unreasonable desire that is difficult to control Overall - generally, including everything in absolute terms - measured by itself, not in comparison with other things on a regular basis - regularly to erode - to gradually destroy or reduce something such as someone s power, rights or confidence sb s make-up - the qualities, attitudes etc in someone

s character to set out to do sth - to start doing something or making plans to do something in order to achieve a particular result overly - too or very 3. Watch SARS The True Story and answer the questions. Before you watch, study the meanings of the following words and word-combinations. 1. To be in a critical condition - to be so ill that you could die 2.

A raging fever - a very bad fever 3. Hacking cough - a repeated painful cough with an unpleasant sound 4. A deadly lethal virus - a virus likely to cause death 5. Contagious - a disease that is contagious can be passed from person to person 6. To stalk - to follow a person or animal quietly in order to catch or kill them 7. At ferocious speed - at a dangerous and frightening speed 8.

Smallpox - a serious disease that causes spots which leave marks on your skin 9. Ultimate - better, bigger, worse etc than all other objects of the same kind final and most important 10. A parasite - a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it 11. To replicate - to do or make something again, so that you get the same result or make an exact copy 12. To multiply - to breed 13. To inject - to put sth into someones body 14.

DNA - an acid that carries genetic information in a cell 15. To penetrate - to enter something or pass through it, especially when this is difficult 16. A cell - the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently 17. To overload - to load sth with too many things 18. To keep up speed with sb - to manage to go or develop as fast as someone else 19. keep track of sb sth

- to pay attention to someone or something so that you know where they are or what is happening to them 20. to be on the alert - to be ready to notice and deal with a situation or problem 21. major - very large or important, when compared to other things or people of a similar kind having very serious or worrying results 22. an outbreak - a sudden appearance or start of war, fighting, or serious disease 23. virulent - a poison, disease etc that is virulent is very dangerous and affects people very quickly 24. to control

an epidemic - to stop a dangerous disease from affecting more people 25. To rule sth out - to decide that something is not possible or suitable 26. anthrax - a serious disease of cattle and sheep 27. a gateway to - a place, especially a city, that you can go through in order to reach another much bigger place 28. To be on the loose - if a criminal or dangerous animal is on the loose, they have escaped from prison or from their cage 29.

Headquarters - the main building or offices used by a large organization 30. A watchdog - a dog used for guarding property 31. To cut sth sb off - to isolate to surround a place so that the people there are completely separated from other places or people 32. To wipe sth out - to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely 33. To contain sth - to stop something from spreading or escaping 34.

A point - a very small spot 35. A source - a thing, place, activity etc that you get something from the cause of something, especially a problem, or the place where it starts 36. To win a war a battle against sb sth - to defeat sb sth 37. A hallmark of sth - an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing 38. To reserve sth for sth sb - to keep sth so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular

purpose 39. To lay sth out - to arrange to develop to formulate sth 40. To identify - to recognize something or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is, etc 41. to eradicate - to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem 42. to play for high stakes - to be in a situation where you gain or lose a lot 43. to set about doing sth - to start doing sth, especially sth that needs a lot of time and effort 44. to dawn on sb - if a fact dawns

on you, you realise it for the first time 45. to be up against sth sb - to have to deal with a difficult situation or fight an opponent 46. to add sb sth to the list - to enter sbs name on the list 47. a handful of - a very small number of people or things 48. communicable - a communicable illness is infectious 49. to deploy - to organize people or things, especially soldiers, military equipment etc, so that they are in the right place and ready to be used 50. an alert - a warning to be ready for possible danger 51.

to draw up - to prepare a written document 52. a key feature - a most important and necessary characteristic 53. guidelines - official instructions about the best way to do something, especially something that could be difficult or dangerous 54. an isolation unit - a ward in a hospital where people with infectious illnesses are place so that they are kept apart from other people 55. protective clothing - clothes used or intended for protection 56. swift - happening quickly and immediately 57. quarantine - a period

of time when a person or animal is kept apart from others in case they are carrying a disease 58. a ward - a large room in a hospital where people who need medical treatment stay 59. to set up - to make the necessary arrangements so that something can happen, such as a meeting, an event, or a system for doing something 60. in anticipation of - expecting sth to happen 61. a rush - a situation in which a lot of people suddenly try to do or get something 62. to track sb sth down - to find sb sth that is

difficult to find by searching or making inquiries in several different places 63. to fumble - to hold or try and move something with your hands carelessly or awkwardly 64. blindfold - with your eyes covered 65. to coat sth with sth - to cover sth with a thin layer of liquid or another substance 66. coating - a thin layer of something that covers a surface 67. to attach sth to sth - to connect one thing to another 68. to make all the difference - to have an important effect on a thing or a situation 69. top - most successful

having a lot of authority and expertise renowned 70. competitive - someone who is competitive is determined to be more successful than other people 71. to forego - to decide to not do or have something, especially something enjoyable 72. rivalry - continuous competition 73. a breakthrough - an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time 74. a clue to sth - an object or piece of information that helps someone solve a crime or mystery 75. to trace sth - to

find the origins of something, or where something came from to study or describe the history, development, or progress of something 76. to map sth out - to plan something carefully 77. Intensive care - a department in a hospital that gives special attention and treatment to people who are very seriously ill or badly injured 78. To establish a link between - to find out facts that will prove that something is true 79. Weird - unusual and different from anything you have seen or heard

before bizarre 80. Eventually - after a long time, especially after a long delay or a lot of problems 81. To inhale - to breathe in air, smoke, or gas 82. To be suspended in - if something is suspended in a liquid or in air, it floats in it without moving 83. To get on top of sth - to take in complete control of a job, situation etc 84. To scatter - if a group of people scatter, or if something scatters them, everyone suddenly moves in

different directions, especially to escape danger 85. A carrier - someone who passes a disease to other people without having it themselves 86. A regular flight - a scheduled flight 87. A death rate a mortality rate - the number of deaths for every 100 or every 1000 people in a particular year and in a particular place 88. To be up and running - to be working properly 89. To strike it lucky - to suddenly have good luck 90.

Dull - not active 91. innocuous - not offensive, dangerous, or harmful 92. to turn nasty - suddenly start behaving in a threatening way 93. to originate - to start to develop in a particular place or from a particular situation 94. side by side - closely together with each other 95. a menagerie - a collection of wild animals kept privately or for the public to see 96. fowl - a bird, especially a chicken, that is kept for its meat and eggs 97. in close proximity to sth - very near sth 98. compatible - able

to exist together and to be used without causing problems 99. to latch - to fasten 100. to interact - if two or more things interact, they have an effect on each other and work together 101. utterly - completely and totally 102. To come into existence - to start to exist 103. To unleash sth - to suddenly let a strong force, feeling etc have its full effect 104. stop sth dead in its tracks - to suddenly stop sth 105. to lose control of sth - not be able to control something

any longer 106. to quarantine sb - to put a person or animal in quarantine 107. to mount - to increase gradually, especially in a way that makes a situation worse 108. an economic collapse - a sudden decrease in the value of stocks a sudden failure in the way economy works 109. to calm down - to become quiet after strong emotion or nervous activity 110. fragmented - broken into a lot of small separate parts 111. to pull together - if a group of people pull together, they all work hard to achieve something 112.

To screen sb - to do tests on a lot of people to find out whether they have a particular illness 113. Thermal imaging equipment - equipment measuring the temperature of sb sth and producing an image of the object 114. A reading - a number or amount shown on a measuring instrument 115. To take a reading - to measure sth using a measuring instrument 116. An outbreak - a sudden appearance or start of war, fighting, or serious disease 117.

To be free from of sth - without something that you do not want to have 118. To apply measures - to use certain methods and ideas in a particular situation 119. Consistently - in an organized way 120. To ship sb off - to order sb to go somewhere 121. On entry - when entering a place 122. To bring sth under control - to gain the ability to stop something dangerous from getting worse or affecting more people 123.

To take precautions - to do something in order to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening 124. A riot shield - a piece of equipment made of strong plastic, used by the police to protect themselves against angry crowds 125. Available - easy top obtain and ready to be used 126. To focus on sth - to pay special attention to a particular thing instead of others 127. To fight back - to work hard to prevent something bad happening 128. it s only just a matter of time

- used to say that something will definitely happen eventually 129. inflamed - a part of your body that is inflamed is red and swollen, because it is hurt or infected 130. effectively - in a way that produces the result that was intended 131. to drown - to die from being under water for too long or to kill someone in this way 132. a steroid - a chemical compound produced in the body, but also given as a drug by doctors for injuries and used illegally by people doing sports to improve their performance 133. oxygenation

- the process of providing a body with oxygen 134. a last-ditch measure - a final measure taken to achieve something before it is too late 135. it s early days - used to say that it is too soon to be sure about what the result of sth will be 136. an advance - a change, discovery, or invention that brings progress 137. to crack a code - to find the answer to a problem or find how to use a code 138. staggering - very surprising, shocking, and almost unbelievable 139. a vaccine - a substance which contains the virus that causes

a disease and is used to protect people from that disease 140. crucial - something that is crucial is extremely important because everything else depends on it 141. to dock - to anchor to fasten something oneself firmly so that it you cannot move 142. To hold ones breath - to wait anxiously to see what is going to happen 143. Vulnerable to sth - prone to sth likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful 144. To stop counting - used to say that the number of sth is so

great that it is not worth while counting 145. A dress rehearsal - the final practice of a play, opera etc, using all the clothes that will be worn for the actual performance 146. Complacent - pleased with what you have achieved so that you stop trying to improve or change things 147. Vigilant - giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity 148. To grab an opportunity - to take the opportunity to do or have something immediately 149.

To work against time - to try to do sth even though you have very little time 1. What symptoms were to be observed in Johnny Chengs case? 2. Who was the first to notify the World Health Organization WHO of the new virus? 3. Did any of the hospital staff get infected? 4. What can viruses lead to? Five examples of diseases caused by viruses.

5. How do viruses infect a living being? 6. What makes it difficult to keep track of viruses? 7. What disease has become the first real medical challenge of the 21st century? 8. What rumours had been spreading in early February? 9. What report from Guandong, China, did the WHO receive? 10. Did anyone take any action at that stage? 11.

Why was the news that the unknown disease had crossed from China into Hong Kong so disturbing? 12. When was it that the headquarters of the WHO swung into action? 13. What is the task of the WHO? 14. What is the WHO war plan designed for? Had it ever been used before? 15. What warning did the WHOs war plan contain? 16.

What is the first instruction of the WHOs plan? 17. Who was given the task of identifying the mystery disease? 18. What samples did Dr Klaus Stцhr need? 19. What good news came from the laboratories involved in identifying the disease? What was the bad news? 20. What disturbing news came from Canada? 21. What did the

WHO announce on March 15, 2003? What message did the worldwide alert carry? 22. What was the purpose of giving the disease a name? What did the WHO name the disease? 23. Why did the WHO draw up a list of symptoms? What were the symptoms they listed? 24. What guidelines did the WHO compile for hospitals?

25. What was the response to the WHOs alert? 26. What unprecedented step did Dr Klaus Stцhr take? 27. Why is it important to trace the index case? 28. How did Dr Thomas Tsang and his team track down the 8 key cases? What link was established between the 8 cases? Was the index case found? 29. Why was the team of investigators so thrilled to find the index case?

What could the team reconstruct now that they knew who the index case was? 30. How does SARS spread? In what way is it different from flu? 31. What simple measures could eventually defeat SARS? 32. Why had the disease been so hard to contain in its earliest stages? 33. What disturbing statistic was emerging at the end of

March? 34. What encouraging news came on the 21st of March? 35. What was the cause of SARS? 36. Why is the coronavirus often overlooked? What does it cause in humans? 37. How had the coronavirus turned into a global killer? 38. Where does the SARS virus seem to have originated? 39. Can an animal virus normally infect a human? Why not?

40. What enabled the coronavirus to penetrate a human cell? 41. Why can the viruses that jump across from animals to people be utterly lethal? 42. What information about SARS did the WHO have at the end of March? Was the information sufficient to stop the disease dead in its tracks? 43. What series of hammer blows did the WHO experience that enabled journalists to announce that the

WHO had lost control of the disease? 44. What effect did the startling news from China and Canada have on the world? 45. Why did the epidemic suddenly cease? 46. What country was the first to be declared free of SARS? 47. What drastic measures were applied in Hong Kong? 48. How was the epidemic brought under control outside the hospitals in

Canada? 49. What protective clothing did ambulance workers have to wear? 50. What did doctors treating SARS patients focus on? What did the treatment for SARS boil down to? 51. What is the course of SARS? 52. How do steroids work? 53. What are laboratories all over the world on a hunt for?

What do they experiment with? 54. What important medical advance was made in Canada 20 days after the discovery of the SARS coronavirus? 55. What does the fact that the SARS virus is barely mutating mean to those engaged in designing a drug for SARS? 56. How do vaccines work? 57. What targets can drugs have? 58. How long does it take to develop a vaccine? Is it a costly process?

59. What groups of people are particularly vulnerable to SARS? 60. How dangerous is SARS? Do you know of any other major outbreaks of deadly diseases? Speak on some of them.