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Unite 3 Basic Economic Terms

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«Иностранный язык профессионально-коммуникативный»


Unite

3 –

Basic

Economic

Terms


1. Study the following vocabulary before reading.


aggregate demand совокупныйдоход


chargeable taxes взимаемыеналоги


collect taxes взиматьналоги


direct taxes прямыеналоги


econometrics экономика


equilibrium равновесие


exact a tax взыскатьналог


externalities внешние


factorsofproduction факторы производства


fixedtax фиксированный налог


grossnationalproduct (GNP) валовой национальный продукт


imposeatax вводить налог


incometax подоходный налог


indirecttax косвенный налог


macroeconomics макроэкономика


microeconomics микроэкономика


paytaxes платить налоги


progressivetax прогрессивный налог


specialtax специальный налог


surtax дополнительный налог


taxableobject объект налога


taxpayer субъект налога


taxdeclaration налоговая декларация


taxlaws налоговое законодательство


turnovertax налог с оборота


Reading


2. Read the sentences
“Basic Economic Terms”.


1. Factors of production (or inputs) are resources used by firms in their production process, namely land and the natural resources in it, labor, capital, and (in recent definitions) information.


2. Externalities (or spillovers) are costs imposed on others without their receiving compensation, or benefits received by others without their paying the proper costs.


3. Microeconomics concerns the economic factors affecting individual consumers and companies.


4. Equilibrium is a state of balance, for example, when supply meets demand.


5. Econometrics is the application of mathematical and statistical models to economic theories and problems.


6. Macroeconomics is the study and analysis of the economy as a whole.


7. Aggregate demand is the total amount spent in a country by consumers, companies, and the government.


8. Gross national product (GNP) is the total wealth earned or created in a country in a year.


9. Endogenous means coming from or controlled from within, e.g. variables that are totally under the control of a company, a government, etc.


10. Exogenous means coming from or controlled from or without; uncontrollable variables.


Language development


3. Which twelve terms in the box are defined in the sentences below?


aggregate supply balance of payments capital


cost of living economic economical


economize economy fiscal


free enterprise fluctuate inflation


inputs market monetarism


protectionism scarcity standard of living


1………………………..


Adjective meaning of or relating to an economy or economics.


2………………………...


Adjective meaning related to public (i.e. government) finances (taxation, expenditure, etc.).


3………………………...


Adjective meaning using a minimum of resources; or cheap.


4………………………..


A rise in the general level of prices, and an increase in the money supply.


5………………………..


A shortage of sometimes; insufficient supply to meet demand.


6…………………….….


The accumulated stock of goods used for the production of further goods (and the money required to purchase them)


7………………………..


A measure of the amount of money that has to be paid for essentials such as food, accommodation, heating, clothing, etc.


8………………………..


A measure of the amount of disposable income that people have to spend on both necessities and luxuries.


9………………………..


The difference between what a country pays for its imports and receives for its exports.


10………………………


The practice of restricting imports in order to increase the sales of domestic products .


11………………………


To change constantly, to show irregular variation.


12………………………


To save money, to reduce an amount normally used.


4. Here are the words and phrases you need to talk about trends using graphs. Make sure you can translate these “Describing Graphs” into your own language.


UP - verbs


go up take off shoot up soar jump


increase rise grow improve rocket


UP – nouns


an increase a rise a growth an improvement


an upturn a surge an upsurge an upward trend


DOWN – verbs


go /come down fall fall off drop slump


decline decrease slip plummet shrink


DOWN – nouns


a fall a decrease a decline a drop


a downturn a downward trend


NO CHANGE – verbs


remain stable level off stay at same level


remain constant stagnate stabilize


AT THE TOP – verbs


reach a peak peak top out


AT THE BOTTOM – verbs


reach a low point bottom out recover


DEGREES OF CHANGE


Adjectives: dramatic, considerable, sharp, significant, substantial, moderate,


slightly;


Adverbs: dramatically, considerably, sharply, significantly, substantially,


moderately, slightly;


SPEED OF CHANGE


abrupt sudden rapid quick steady gradual slow


PREPOSITIONS


a rise from ₤1m to ₤2m to increase by 50%


to fall by 30% an increase of 7.5 per cent over last year


5. What are “The Three Sectors of the Economy”? Match the following questions and answers;


1. What do we mean by the primary sector of the economy?


2. What happens to the food extracted in the primary?


3. So what’s the secondary sector?


4. How do people in the secondary sector make things?


5. And the tertiary sector?


6. Why is the number of people working in the primary sector regularly declining?


7. And why is the secondary sector getting smaller in many of these countries?


8. But not tertiary services?


a. Because agricultural methods are always becoming more efficient. Western Europe and the USA already produce too much food with only 3% of the population working on the land.


b. Because much manufacturing can be carried out more cheaply in low-wage economies, for example in East and South-East Asian countries like China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaya and Vietnam.


c. Agriculture and the extraction of raw materials from the earth or the sea.


d. It includes the commercial services that enable industry to produce and distribute goods to their final consumes (trade, banking, warehousing, transport, communications, and so on) , as well as activities like education, heals care and tourism.


e. It involves the transformation of raw materials into finished products.


f. Not if the activities require a lot of training, education, know-how and technology.


g. Only some of them. Manufacturing companies also employ finance and marketing managers, administrative staff, maintenance staff, and so on.


h. Some of it, such as fresh fruit or fish, is consumed almost immediately after extraction; the rest serves as raw material for the secondary sector.











1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Grammar


6. Add verbs in the correct form to the following sentences.


1. Raw materials are . . . .from the ground and then either . . . . , or . . . . into finished goods.


2. Before finished goods are sold they often have to be . . . . , . . . . , . . . . , etc.


7. Match up the phrasal verbs on the left with the verbs that have a similar meaning on the right:


1. bottom out a. accept ( job, responsibility, etc.)


2. bring out b. continue


3. carry on c. decline


4. carry out d. dismiss


5. close down e. establish


6. count on f. have confidence in


7. cut back on g. increase


8. fall off h. introduce something new


9. lay off i. postpone, delay


10. level off j. reach the lowest point


11. look through k. read quickly


12. look for l. reduce


13. mark up m. reduce in size


14. pull out of n. shut


15. put off o. stabilize


16. scale down p. try to find


17. set up q. do or undertake


18. take on r. withdraw from


1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -


10 - 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18-


8. Use each of the phrasal verbs above once to complete the text. You may need to use the past tense, the past participle or the present continuous form.


After three years of rapid grown, sales began to (1). . . . . Then, with the recession, they (2). . . .dramatically. We had to (3). . . .the factory in Ireland, and (4). . . . sixty people. That left a lot of machine workers (5) . . . . a job in one small town. They (6) . . . . the newspapers every day, but there weren’t many job vacancies.


The unemployed had to (7) . . . . any kind of casual work they could find. We also had to (8) . . . . staff in the London office, and reconsider the whole British operation that we’d (9) . . . . only five years before. Some of the American managers wanted to (10) . . . . the British market entirely, and to (11) . . . . our whole European business. Instead we have (12) . . . . a restructuring, and (13) . . . . all our plans for expansion, and for (14) . . . .new products. We’re trying to (15) . . . .as best we can. We might even have to (16) . . . . our prices a little, hoping we can (17) . . . . . our customers’ brand loyalty. At least there are some signs that the recession has (18) . . . . .


9. Use the correct form of these verbs in the following sentences:




avoid be liable deduct evade


levy lower pay raise



1. If you inherit a lot of money, you …. for capital transfer tax.


2. In some countries, employers have to …. tax from your pay and ….it direct to the tax authorities, so employees have no possibility of ….income tax.


3. Some people hire expensive accountants to tell them how to ….taxes – legally, of course!


4. The government always tries to ….taxes in the year before elections.


5. The government has a huge deficit and is going to ….either the rate of VAT or income tax.


6. The government ….special taxes on petrol, alcohol and tobacco.


Listening & speaking


10. Listen to the text “Inflation”:


Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices. It is caused by an excess of demand over supply, and is related to an increase in the money supply. Single-digit inflation is usually described by economists as a moderate inflation. Double or triple-digit inflation, which some countries have survived for quite long periods, is known as galloping inflation. Inflation of four or more digits, as in Germany in the early 1920s, and Argentina in the early 1980s, is known as hyperinflation.


Prices in general tend to remain at the same anticipated level unless there are

demand-pull or cost-push shocks. If aggregate demand exceeds what a country can produce at full employment, prices will rise (including wages, the price of labor): this is demand-pull inflation. But, for the last fifty years, costs have pushed up prices and wages, even in recessions and periods of high unemployment: this is cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation is caused, for example, when unions demand wages that employers cannot afford or when oil producers are able to raise their prices.


The opposite of inflation, when prices fall (generally for short periods), is deflation. Government policies can be inflationary (often by accident), disinflationary or reflationary. Disinflationary policies might be aimed at slowing down price inflation or at reducing imports, they involve reducing demand by raising taxation and / or cutting government spending. Reflationary policies, on the contrary, involve revitalizing a sluggish economy by increasing consumer demand, either by cutting taxes or raising benefits, or relaxing monetary and credit restrictions.


Inflation is measured by the retail price index (RPI) in Britain and the consumer price index (CPI) in the US. These measure the cost of a ‘basket’ of goods and services, including food, clothing, housing, fuel, transport and medical care. The individual items in price indices are weighted, meaning that allowance is made for their relative importance in people’s spending.


Unless inflation is both balanced (affecting all prices and costs equally) and anticipated, it distorts relative prices, tax rates and real interest rates. Unexpected inflation tends to benefit people with fixed nominal interest rate debts, and so disadvantage creditors and people with fixed nominal interest rate assets or non-index-linked pensions.


11. Make up the discussion with your partner. Use words and questions given below:


assets consumer debts deflation


excess employment hyperinflation interest


producers restrictions spending supply


unemployment weighted


1. What is the inflation rate in your country at present?


2. Can you give current examples of double and triple-digit inflation?


3. What is your government’s policy at the moment? Does it seem to be more concerned with price stability or with reducing unemployment?


Revision box


12. Use sentences 1 to 10 to make up a short text about “Government Spending”. Complete each sentence, by taking a middle part from the second box and from the third box:


1. If tax revenues are higher


2. If, on the contrary, government expenditures exceed


3. A structural surplus or deficit


4. A cyclical surplus or deficit, on the other hand,


5. Budget deficits have to be funded by the sale of government bonds,


6. The higher the amount of government bonds sold in a country,


7. Neo – classical economists


8. On the other hand, if the money supply is expanded,


9. The is partly due to the acceleration principle,


10. But of course everybody knows


________________________________________________________________


a.
called gilt - edged securities in Britain


b
. call this “crowding out”,


c.
increased government spending


d
. is result of government policies such as


e
. is the result of the business cycle:


f.
money collected by taxes,


g
. than government spending,


h
. that increasing the money supply


i.
the less capital is available


j.
which is that increased demand for consumer goods


__________________________________________________________________k.
a country has a budget deficit.


l.
a country has a budget surplus.


m
. almost inevitably leads to inflation.


n.
and Treasury bonds in the USA.


o
. and use it as an argument against Keynesian fiscal policies.


p.
can raise output and investment, at least in the short term.


q.
changes in spending or revenues caused by a boom or a slump.


r.
for private sector investment.


s.
produces a greater increased demand for capital goods.


t
. tax rates, welfare and defense spending, and so on.


















­­­­­­ Beginning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Middle
Ending

13. Match the following terms with the definitions below, and then use them to label the situations:


classical unemployment seasonal unemployment


cyclical unemployment structural unemployment


frictional unemployment voluntary unemployment


1. . . . . exists in trades or occupations where work fluctuates according to the time of year.


2. . . . . exists when people choose not to work, often because they cannot find jobs that pay enough money (e.g. more than social security benefits).


3. . . . . is temporary unemployment that arises when people voluntarily leave a job to look for another one.


4. . . . . is the loss of jobs caused when wages are too high


5. . . . . occurs during recessions, when the overall demand for labor declines.


6. . . . . occurs when the skills of available workers do not match the jobs vacant.


I lost my job with It’s crazy – the only


4,000 other people jobs available round


when they closed here pay less than I get


down the coal mine. from Social Security.


1._________________ 4. ____________________


I work with a traveling I’m a skilled electrician,


circus in the summer, but there’s such a slump


but it’s just closed for in the construction


the winter. industry right now that


I’m out of work.


2.__________________


5.____________________


The union went on I left my job last week


strike for 8% pay after an argument with


rise. They got it, but my boss. I’m sure I can


the company laid off find something better.


ten of us.


3. __________________ 6.____________________


14. Choose the correct words to complete each sentence:


1. The tax on wages and salaries (and business profits in the US) is called . . . . . In Britain the tax on business profits is called corporation tax.


a. direct tax b. income tax c. wealth tax


2. A tax that is levied at a higher rate on higher incomes is called a . . . . tax.


a. progressive b. regressive c. value-added


3. Property taxes, sales taxes, customs duties on imports, and excise duties on tobacco, alcoholic drinks, petrol, etc. are . . . .taxes.


a. direct b. indirect c. value-added


4. Most sales taxes are slightly. . . .because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich.


a. progressive b. regressive c. repressive


5. A sales tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages, is called a . . . . .


a. sales tax b. value-added tax c. added-value tax


6. Profits made from the sale of assets are liable to a . . . . tax.


a. capital gains b. capital transfer c. wealth


7. Gifts and inheritances are usually liable to . . . . tax.


a. capital gains b. capital transfer c. wealth


8. Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum is called . . . . .


a. fiscal policy b. tax avoidance c. tax evasion


9. Making false declarations is called . . . . and is obviously illegal.


a. creative accounting b. tax avoidance c. tax evasion


10. Bringing forward capital expenditure (on new factories, machines, and so on) so that at the end of the year all the profits have been used up is known as making a


. . . . .


a. mistake b. tax haven c. tax loss


11. Multinational companies often set up their head offices in low-tax countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas, known as


. . . . .


a. tax havens b. tax heavens c. tax shelters


12. Criminal multinationals such as the Mafia tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors and the police; this is known as . . . . money.


a. cleaning b. laundering c. washing


15. Translate the text into English:


Два главных компонента деятельности по управлению налогами - это налоговые отчеты, согласование и налоговое планирование.


Первый из них включает подготовку отчетов, надлежащее указание текущих и отсроченных налоговых расходов и задолженностей по налоговым платежам в финансовых отчетах, а также контакты с налоговыми органами по проверке правильности начисления налогов.


Налоговое планирование – это непрерывный процесс наблюдения, предвидения и установления связей между развитием бизнеса и развитием налогового законодательства для достижения оптимальных долгосрочных экономических преимуществ для корпорации.


16. All the words below can be combined with tax
or taxation
in a two - word partnership (e.g. tax accounting, progressive taxation).
Add tax
and /or taxation
before or after the following words:


1. ……..accounting…… 14. …….inspector…….


2. ……..allowance……. 15. …….loophole…….


3. ……..authority…….. 16. …….loss………….


4. ……..avoidance…… 17. …….payer………..


5. ……..consultant…… 18. …….progressive…


6. ……..corporation…. 19. …….rates…………


7. ……..deductible…... 20. …….rebate……….


8. ……..direct……….. 21. …….regressive…..


9. ……..evasion……… 22. …….retune………


10. ……..free………….. 23. …….sales………


11. ……..haven………… 24. …….shelter……..


12. ……..income………. 25. …….withholding...


13. ……..indirect……… 26. …….year…………



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