Реферат по предмету "Иностранный язык"


European Influence Of Theater Essay Research Paper

European Influence Of Theater Essay, Research Paper


Perhaps one of the greatest aspects of the Arts today is the Performing Arts. Yet,


without previous cultures such as the ancient Greeks, the Romans, and the Europeans, we


would not have the entertaining, history enriched performing arts that we do


now.


The history of the Ancient Greek Theater begins with a man known as Thespis. A


figure of whom we know very little, he won the play competition in honor of the Greek


god Dionysus, in 534 B.C. While it is uncertain whether Thespis was a playwright, an


actor or a priest, it is his name with which the dramatic arts are associated in our word


Thespian.


The Greeks held their performances in theaters located in large (holding up to


twenty thousand people) hillside amphitheaters. The players included a chorus and


their leader, and the lines were chanted instead of spoken. The actors performed below


the audience, rather than performing on a raised stage, as actors do now. They used


masks to represent characters and high soled boots worn to add height to the players


limited the movement of the actors. The concept of “actors” was not originally a part of


Greek theater, but was developed over a period of time.


The decline of Greek government and society coincided with the rise of the


Roman Empire. The Romans borrowed borrowed much from the Greeks, including their


Gods and their theater. Although Roman theater may not be held in the same high esteem


as that of the Greeks, they inherited much from the influence of the Roman Theater,


including the word “play” itself, which derives from a literal translation of the Latin word


ludus, which means recreation, or play. An author of some Roman theatrical dramas is


Plautus (250-184 B.C.).


Plays of a more serious literary nature continued to be written during Plautus?


time in Rome, but these were not intended to be performed so much as read or recited.


Although we have few works by Roman playwrights surviving to us, the influence of the


Roman world on the form of the stage is one which had more lasting effect. The


semi-circular orchestra of the Greek theater came to be ?eclipsed? by the raised stage and


the more vigorous style of acting employed by the performers. However, the greatest


impact Rome may have had on the theater was to lower it in the esteem of the Church


an impact that was to slow the growth of the dramatic arts for several centuries.


The theater of that time, being bent toward low comedy, and its mass appeal,


coupled with its association with the entertainment of the gladiator arena (which


involved the martyrdom and killing of early Christians), almost certainly contributed to


its upsetting of officials of the early Christian Church. Plays were associated with either


comedy of a coarse and mature nature, or with pagan rituals and holidays. It was the


latter, however, which may account for the survival of theater through the Middle Ages.


Some have written that theater died following the fall of the Roman Empire, and


its memory was kept alive only in the performances of roving bands of ?jongleurs?;


itinerant street players, jugglers, acrobats and animal trainers. However, while such


troupes did help to maintain certain aspects of theatrical art, particularly that involving


stock characters, the Church itself contributed to the preservation of theater.


It is ironic that the Christian Church, which caused theaters to be outlawed as the


Roman Empire declined and then fell, was one of the main reasons that the theater kept


alive all through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Church’s need to establish itself


in the community — a community still steeped in pagan ritual and superstition which


manifested itself in seasonal festivals. The Church ultimately linked its own religious


holidays with these seasonal festivals and began to use dramatic form to illustrate the


stories underlying these holidays so as to reinforce their religious beliefs and to better


communicate their religious stories to an illiterate congregation.


In the years to follow (15th and 16th Centuries), European Society was


influenced by the Renaissance — a “rebirth” or rediscovery of the classical worlds of


Rome and Greece. The Renaissance, while having a major impact on the other arts, had


less influence on theater in England than in Italy, where classic Roman plays were


revived for performance. It was in this world that William Shakespeare (1564-1616)


wrote and acted in his plays in the late 16th and early 17th Centuries. Shakespeare, of


course, wrote some of the best known and loved plays of all time. Also helping to make


theater what it is today.


The Ancient Greeks invented theater. The Romans took it one step further, and


Europeans of both the medieval and renaissance time periods gave us theater. They made


much of the history of the theater and gave it purpose and meaning. If not for these


cultures, theater and the performing arts would not be known as it is today.


Bibliography


Sorry, I did not keep a bibliography for this essay.



Не сдавайте скачаную работу преподавателю!
Данный реферат Вы можете использовать для подготовки курсовых проектов.

Поделись с друзьями, за репост + 100 мильонов к студенческой карме :

Пишем реферат самостоятельно:
! Как писать рефераты
Практические рекомендации по написанию студенческих рефератов.
! План реферата Краткий список разделов, отражающий структура и порядок работы над будующим рефератом.
! Введение реферата Вводная часть работы, в которой отражается цель и обозначается список задач.
! Заключение реферата В заключении подводятся итоги, описывается была ли достигнута поставленная цель, каковы результаты.
! Оформление рефератов Методические рекомендации по грамотному оформлению работы по ГОСТ.

Читайте также:
Виды рефератов Какими бывают рефераты по своему назначению и структуре.

Сейчас смотрят :

Реферат Работа в системе Eureka
Реферат Проблема народного счастья в поэме Некрасова Кому на Руси жить хорошо
Реферат Процес створіння цивілізації у наш час: глобалізація і відкритий ринок з погляду європейських соціологів
Реферат Взаимозаменяемость, стандартиризация и технические измерения
Реферат Новая роль культуры в трансформирующемся обществе: от экономоцентризма к культуроцентризму
Реферат Mentally Ill In Jail Essay Research Paper
Реферат Влияние личностных особенностей на способность человека к преодолевающему поведению
Реферат Функциональные области логистики: дистрибьюция и физическое распределение в логистике
Реферат Awakening Essay Research Paper The AwakeningKate ChopinEdna
Реферат Женские половые органы
Реферат 1. Предмет и метод истории государства и права зарубежных стран. Его место и значение в системе юридических наук
Реферат Развитие Кузнецкой металлургии в XVIII-XIX веках
Реферат Факторы психологического характера, влияющие на поведение покупателей (или клиентов)
Реферат Grief Patterns In Children Essay Research Paper
Реферат 1. смута в орде в конце XIV века. Дмитрий донской = хан тохтамыш. Куликовская битва и "московское взятие". Общий взгляд