1. AIR CONTAMINATION

Insertion into atmosphere or the creation of the
chemical agents and substances caused by natural, and anthropogenous factors
forms an air contamination. The natural sources of contamination of an
atmosphere are volcanos, wood fires, dusty storms, a weathering etc. These
factors do not threaten with negative consequences to natural ecosystems,
except  some catastrophic natural phenomena. For example, the eruption of a
volcano Cracatao in 1883, when into atmosphere 18 km cubes of ashes powder were
thrown out ; eruption of a volcano Catmay (Alaska) in the 1912 that had thrown
out 20 km cubes of friable products. The ashes of these eruptions were spread
over  large part of the surface of the Earth and has caused the reduction of
solar radiation by 10-20 % that accordingly has caused in northern hemisphere
reduction of annual average temperature of air by 0.5 C.[1]

However per the last decades the anthropogenous factors
of an air contamination became to exceed by scales natural factors, acquiring
global character. They can render various effects on atmosphere: direct - on
state of the atmosphere (heating, change of humidity etc.); influence on
chemical properties of the atmosphere (change of structure, increase of
concentration of carbon dioxide, aerosols, freons etc.); influence on
properties of a spreading surface (change of size, albedo, system «ocean -
atmosphere» etc.)

To basic sources of contamination we can refer: the
industrial enterprises, transport, power system, agriculture etc.  Among
industries especially toxic wastes are made by enterprises of colour
metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical, black metallurgy, wood-working,
pulp&paper industry etc.

«If you live in the advanced country, with probability
2:3 you breathe by air that does not meet the standards»[2].
Is this air bad enough? It's bad enough to cause 50 thousand anticipatory death
annually. It's potentially enough bad to destroy ecosystem and to make the
Earth uninhabited.

2. AIR CONTAMINATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The ecological problems of the Russian society have become aggravated
recently so, that without their consideration it is impossible to decide
political and economic tasks, to form a notion of prospects of social
development. «A Level of ecological safety, in opinion of the experts, is
lowest: 94 % of the interrogated experts have evaluated an ecological situation
in country as unsuccessful»[3].

The analysis of the statistical data of the amount of
wastes of harmful substances in atmosphere during 90-s' has shown that on the
whole in Russian Federation during this period there was a significant decrease
of wastes by 6525000 tons or 19 % [4].

So, «in 1992 in comparison with 1991 wastes of
contaminating substances in atmospheric air from stationary sources have
decreased less than by 17 %. Althogh the level of production in almost all
branches was decreased by 35-30%»[5].

«Leaders» of wastes of harmful substances in an
atmosphere during 3 years are Krasnoyarsk region, the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk,
Chelyabinsk, Kemerovo area and these areas only by the given parameter it is
necessary to attribute to a zone of the ecological catastrophe (see table). As
you see most contaminated regions are economic centers of Russian Federation
and unfortunately most populated.

AIR CONTAMINATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION

                                                                              Source:
Demidenko L.О. Changing atmosphere.
Moscow., 1996.78 p.

For example, as a result of activity of the industrial
enterprises Cherepovetsk is lead up to the verge of the ecological catastrophe.
And the main part here belongs to joint-stock company «Severstal»; the share of
the company in wastes into atmosphere annually has constituted 95 % of
all-urban's.[6]

As to Yakutsk, in opinion of the chief of
the group of the monitoring center of the environment pollution of Yakutsk
hydroweather station headquarter Ludmila Yushkova, it is contaminated by the
weighted substances (dust), oxide of carbon, dioxide of nitrogen and, that
especially alarms, by benzapiren. In winter northern part of Yakutsk hardly
suffer where the industrial objects are concentrated. The greatest pollution by
dust and oxide of carbon is noted in the center of the city owing to the large
congestion of motor-vehicle transport there. Nevertheless the concentration of
heavy metals in air is lower than norm and lower than estimates over cities of
Russian Federation.[7]

Now 2/3 population of Russia continues to live in
conditions of dangerous air contamination. It undoubtedly has an effect on
their health, as the various chemical elements are most intensively absorbed by
organism during breathing. But the effect of changes of the environment is
especially harmful for quality of genofond.

3.
ATMOSPHERE PROTECTION MEASURES

Measures of the protection of atmosphere are subdivided
into three large groups. First group: decrease measures of gross amount of
contamination, thrown out into atmosphere. This is the improvement of the
quality of fuel, using of special liquids in fuel etc. Same group of measures
includes perfecting of technological processes including development of the
closed cycle production without making of harmful substances into atmosphere.

The second group includes measures of protection of
atmosphere by dispersion, processing and neutralization of harmful wastes.

And finally the third group of
measures assumes prevention of the air contamination by rational placing of the
«dirty» enterprises - sources of harmful wastes with consideration of natural
conditions and potential possibility of the air contamination.

For realization of atmosphere protection measures the strict state
control of air environment, economic and legal stimulation of measures for
control of its pollution are also important.

But no one company begins to reduce its wastes if it does not meet
their interests, if it is not profitable for them (especially for Russia).
Unfortunately it is hard to make them reduce pollution by prohibitions. In this
connection it is offered to distribute interesting experience of the USA,
Canada, Germany and Austria where enterprises redeem quotas for wastes of
harmful gases (i.e. pay for using of natural environment belonging to all world
community). Other variant is introduction of the international "green tax
" for harmful wastes. In this case firms would be interested in
ecologically clean production.[8]

But unfortunately in most cases nature protection activity does not
yield a profit for enterprises, except of cases connected with useful using,
that is utilization of wastes caught during cleaning of waste water and gases.
The most of these substances are valuable raw material (sulfur, a dust of
colour metals etc.) and can be used in production, promoting thereby for
receiving of the additional profit.

This
measure, certainly, requires forward scientific technologies. So, for example,
in Norway in 80's there was one factory on production of aluminium, it threw
out into an atmosphere many weighted particles, especially lead, and the
management of this factory was compelled to use special dustcatchers. By 90's
the factory became unprofitable, then it has paid attention to this thrown
leaden dust, It appears that this dust is a very valuable material for
production of completely new high-strength plates[9].
Now this factory exists only due to waste of this dust. In Russia, much to our
regret, there are no such examples.

Finally
large significant part has an ecological culture of the population (one of
examples of respect of the nature is the act of the board directors chairman of
the company «Monsanto» Reachard Mahoney. He, having seen, how much toxic wastes
his company makes, was shocked and has decided to reduce a level of toxic
wastes by 90 %[10]).