Introduction
TheRussian literature of 20 centuries developed roughly and is inconsistent. TheRussian literature of 20 centuries is not only preservation and development oftraditions of writers and poets of 19 centuries, it and the innovative approachto creation of new themes, images.
20centuries in history of Russian poetry were unique time. At that time brightyoung poets at once have come to the literature many, talented and searchingfor new ways. The hobby for poetry was mass — approximately as now go on rock concerts.The poet, having got popularity, becomes a figure cult. It was meant, whatexactly to it the God allowed to understand True — and to explain to its other.Each of poets felt itself as a few prophet, on it huge responsibility laid — tochoose is unique a true way and to specify to its other.
Largepoets united in groups on interests, then to them the set of imitatorsadjoined. Symbolists, acmeists, futurists, ishamanists — each of these currentsfound the ardent adherents and admirers and not less furious enemies.
Inthe beginning of 20 centuries there were many reprisals, many left inemigration. But the Russian literature of 20 centuries developed prompt rates.The contribution to development of the Russian literature have brought: IvanAlekseevich Bunin, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, Maxim Gorky, Vladimir VladimirovichMajakovsky and others.
Nowthe most actual is the problem of theoretical judgement of the most complicatedphenomenon, as the Russian literature of 20 centuries. In the abstract I have consideredAnna Andreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry.
Terrestrialdrink is too sweet,
Lovenetworks are too dense.
Letsometime my name
Childrenwill read in the textbook.
A.Ahmatova1913г.
Thefuture poetess was born on June, 23rd 1889 in suburb of Odessa the Big Fountainin a family of the retired engineer-captain of 2nd rank of Andrey AntonovichaGorenko and Inna Erazmovny. In a family was six children. Great-grandmotherAnna on a parent line conducted a sort from Tatar khan Ahmata; therefore theyoung writer in the further a beret to itself a surname of thegreat-grandmother as a pseudonym. On a parent line, obviously, has passed alsoliterary gift: known poetess Anna Bunin (1794-1829) was the aunt of the mum'sfather.
Ina year after Anna's birth the family moves to Tsarskoe Selo where it grew tillsixteen years, every summer, spending under Sevastopol. Children's summermemoirs became a basis for its first poem «At the sea» in 1914, and motives ofImperial village and Pushkin were a creative basis, and frequently and asupport throughout all life.
Firstpoem Ahmatova has written, when to it was eleven years, and all in maidenlyyears has created them about two hundred. She studied in the TsarskoselskyMariinsky female grammar school: «I Studied at first badly, then much better,but always reluctantly». In Tsarskoe Selo in Christmas Eve 1903 Any Gorenko hasgot acquainted with grammar-school boy Nikolay Gumilev, and became the constantaddressee of its poems.
Afterdivorce of parents in 1905 Ahmatova together with mother moves to Evpatoria,and later to Kiev. A gymnasia course it passed in-home as it was threatenedwith a tuberculosis, but last class has ended in the Fundukleevsky grammarschool in Kiev then has arrived on legal branch of the Kiev higher femalecourses.
Atthis time she corresponded with Gumilev who have left to Paris. In 1907 inParis, in magazine «Sirius» published by Gumilev the poetess haspublished the first poem «On its hand many brilliant rings» under the initials«And. Г».Itself Ahmatova recollected it so: «To me therefore has occurred to take toitself a pseudonym, that the daddy, having learnt about my verses, has told:«do not shame my name "." And it is not necessary to me of your name!»- I have told...»
Inthe spring of 1910 after several refusals Ahmatova has agreed to become wifeN.S.Gumileva. Spouses have got married on April, 25th in village churchNikolsky slobodka near Kiev. The honeymoon has passed in Paris where thepoetess has got acquainted with artist Amadeo Modigliani who has embodied itsshape in a pencil portrait. Leaving Paris, Ahmatova threw in a window of itsworkshop farewell red flowers.
Inthe autumn 1910 Ahmatova does attempt to be printed independently and sendsverses to «Russian thought» to V.J. Bryusov, asking, whether it is necessary toit to be engaged in poetry. Having received a negative response, the youngpoetess gives verses to magazines «Gaudeamus», «General magazine»,«Apollo» which publish them. At this time it also becomes Ahmatovoi,publishing under this pseudonym a poem «the Old portrait». Its debut with theverses has the same year taken place, and it has met with for the first timefrom the husband approval of the creativity. The next year Ahmatova has arrivedon the Petersburg Female historico-literary courses.
Leftin the spring of 1912 the first collection of verses «Evening»,despite modest circulation in three hundred copies, has brought Ahmatovoiinstant glory. The collection has been let out by «Shop of poets» — association of the poets-akmeistov which secretary have selected Ahmatova.
October,first, 1912 at a couple the son the Lion, the future historian and thegeographer, the author of the ethnologic theory is born. The same year Ahmatovagets acquainted with Majakovsky. The poet of which is considered to be most»loud-voiced" in the Russian poetry, enthusiastically responded aboutthe personal lyrics of the poetess: «Verses Ahmatovoi monolitn also willsustain pressure of any voice, not having cracked».
In1913 on the Higher female Bestuzhevsky courses Ahmatova reads the verses beforea populous audience right after performances of the Block already using gloryof the known poet: «To us has approached курсисткаwith the list and has told, that my performance after blokovskogo. I havebegged: « Alexander Aleksandrovich, I cannot read after you ». It — reproachfully — in the answer: « Anna Andreevna, we not the tenor ».Performance was shining. Popularity Ahmatovoi becomes dizzy. From it drewportraits, and poetic dedication to it A. Bloka, N. Gumilev, O. Mandelshtama,M. Lozinsky, V. Shilejko, N. Nedobrovo, V. Pjasta, B. Sadovsky and others havemade in 1925 the anthology «the Image Ahmatovoi».
Despitepopularity, Ahmatova cannot still believe, that its talent is recognised. July,seventeenth, 1914 she writes to the husband: «With bad feeling I wait July«Russian thought ». Most likely, there will make it is necessary me terribleexecution Valery» (Valery Bruces meant). But the collection «areaccurate» of 1914 brings Ahmatovoi the All-Russia glory and confirms inthe literature concept «ahmatovskoi lines».
Graduallyits relations with the husband come to naught. Ahmatova still lives at it inImperial village, for the summer leaving in Gumilevyh Slepnevo's manor in theTver province (later «the Tver poor earth» will receive reflexion in itscreativity). In the autumn of 1914 Nikolay Gumilev leaves on front thevolunteer. Anna Andreevna is treated at this time for a tuberculosis inFinland, later in Sevastopol. After divorce with Gumilev in 1918 Ahmatova marriesfor assiriologa and poet V.K. Shilejko.
Duringillness on the foreground there is an interest of the poetess to the Russianclassics. Pushkin became one of sources of creative pleasure and inspirationfor Ahmatovoi. To it belong literary articles — the analysis of its products,and also researches of its biography. In two decades, in days of hushing up ofits creativity, Pushkin again becomes a spiritual and material support for. InSeptember, 1917 there is a collection «White flight». According to the critic.M. Ejhenbauma, it is penetrated «by sensation of private life as livesnational, historical», that well transferred mood of an epoch and the relationof the poetess to the present: she has not left the native land, feelingresponsibility for its destiny.
1921has passed a heavy gait on a life of the poetess. In February it presides overevening of memory of Pushkin where the Block with speech «About a highaspiration of a poet» acts and on which there is N.S. Gumilev. At night fromthe third Gumilev for August, fourth arrest, three days the Block later dies,in two weeks Gumilev shoot. Then leaves Ahmatova with Shileiko. In acounterbalance of tragedy of private life which it then still will mourn in«Requiem», this year the poetess lets out two collections,«Plantain» (in April, even before tragical events) and «Anno Domini»- in October; in October it comes back to the vigorous activity, participatesin literary evenings, in work of the literary organisations, is published inthe periodical press. In January 1922 Ahmatova gets acquainted with Pasternak,hardly later – with Bulgakov.
Inthe twentieth years there are two books about Ahmatovoi, behind V. Vinogradovaand B. Ejhenbauma's authorship. The second book could play a fatal role indestiny of the poetess. The literary encyclopaedia of these years has givendescription Ahmatovoi in its own lines taken out of context: «not that the nun,not that the loose woman», — taken together with the deformed analysis frombook Eihenbaum. In 1924 new verses Ahmatovoi are published last time before abreak. It exclude from the Union of writers. New flash of a tuberculosis hasresulted it in sanatorium of Tsarskoe Selo where it is treated together withwife Mandelshtama.
Inthe end of 1922 for one and a half decades Ahmatova links the life with criticN.N. Puninym. Having moved in 1926 in a garden wing of the Sheremetevsky palace- the Gushing House, it continues to happen in the Marble palace at Shileiko,caring about it and about its Pouninem. In the same apartment of the GushingHouse together with P continued to live and its first wife Anna Arens with theirsmall daughter Ирой.When Arens left for work, Ahmatova looked after the child. Atmosphere in thehouse was strained. These years Ahmatova helped Punin with its work in Academyof arts, translating aloud proceedings from French, English and Italian. Thanksto it Ahmatovoi it is possible to achieve that to the Lion, the son shot «theenemy of the people», have allowed to continue education in a grammar school,and then at university.
Nothaving possibility to print the verses, Ahmatova lost means of subsistence.Rubens's published in 1937 the translation of letters, has brought to it theearnings first for many years. At an abject poverty the main line of Ahmatovskyshape wonderfully remained: carstvennost, deprived of arrogance, but full ofadvantage. L.K. Chukovsky recollected: «Has come — in an old coat, in the fadedflattened out hat, in rough stockings. Statnay, fine, as always». Remained bothcharacter, and desire to help people. So, in the late thirties in theneighbourhood with Ahmatovoi a vein the young woman with two little boys. Inthe afternoon when it was on work, Ahmatova looked after children.
In1935 have been arrested son Ahmatovoj the Lion Gumilev and Punin, and shortlybefore they be its good friend poet Mandelshtam. After written reference Ahmatovoito Stalin the son and Punina have released, but in 1938 of the Lion have againarrested and have sentenced to execution. Only the subsequent repressirovanieexecutioners has rescued it from sentence execution. Experiences of thesepainful years have made a cycle «Requiem» which Ahmatova two decadesdid not dare to write down. Verses were remembered fragments by friends andrelatives. Chukovsky recollects, how Ahmatova in the Gushing house, silentlyhaving specified to eyes on a ceiling and walls and loudly speaking abouttrifles, wrote it on leaves new verses from «Requiem» and at onceburnt them over an ashtray.
In1939 after Stalin's semiinterested remark dare to publish its collection «Fromsix books», acceptable selection including along with the past by old versesand new compositions. Pasternak wrote Ahmatovoi, once again laying in hospital,that turns behind its book were stretched on two streets. Soon the book has gotunder an interdiction and has been withdrawn from libraries.
Tothe first months of Great Patriotic War Ahmatova writes poster poems. Under theorder of the authorities it evacuate from Leningrad till the first blockadewinter, and a half a year she spends two in Tashkent. Writes many verses, worksover «the Poem without the hero», the epos about Petersburg the beginnings ofthe century.
Inthe first post-war years Ahmatova attracts on itself Stalin's who has learntabout visit to it of English historian I.Berlina anger. Central Committee VKPdecision «About magazines" Stars «and „Leningrad“ for 1946has been directed against Ahmatovoi and Zoshenko. There was an interdiction forpublications. The exception has been made in 1950 when Ahmatova has writtenverses by an anniversary Stalin in desperate attempt to help the son arrestedonce again.
Lastdecade lives Ahmatovoi its verses have gradually come to the new reader. In1965 the total collection „Flight of time“ is published. On a declineof days Ahmatovoi it was allowed to accept the Italian literary awardEtna-Taormina in 1964 and a rank of the honourable doctor of the Oxforduniversity in 1965. On March, 5th, 1966 in Domodedovo Anna Andreevna Ahmatovahas died. Over it read the burial service in the Sea cathedral.
Difficult,reaching thirst of madness not to feel a pain, a life. And, nevertheless, aresult of all sufferings and an essence of all existence Ahmatova has expressedone line of the autobiography: «I did not cease to write verses». «For me inthem — my communication with time, with a new life of my people. When I wrotethem, I lived those rhythms which sounded in heroic history of my country. I amhappy, that the vein these years and saw events which was not equal».
AnnaAndreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry
AnnaAndreevna Ahmatova created during very difficult time, time of accidents andsocial shocks, revolutions and wars. To poets in Russia during that rough epochwhen people forgot, that such freedom, often it was necessary to choose betweenfree creativity and a life.
But,despite all these circumstances, poets still continued to work wonders:wonderful lines and stanzas were created.
Sourceof inspiration for Ahmatovoi steels the Native land, Russia scolded, but fromit become even more close and rodnee. Anna Ahmatova could not leave inemigration as she knew, that only in Russia it what exactly in Russia itspoetry is necessary can create.
Butlet's recollect the beginning of a way of the poetess. Its first verses haveappeared in Russia in 1911 in magazine „Apollo“, and next year therewas also a poetic collection „Evening“. Almost at once Ahmatova ithas been put by critics abreast the greatest Russian poets. All world early,and in much and late lyrics Ahmatovoj has been connected with Alexander Blokom.The muse of the Block has appeared married muse Ahmatovoi. The hero blokovskoipoetry was the most considerable and characteristic „man's“ hero ofan epoch whereas the heroine of poetry Ahmatovoi was the representative of a»female" epoch. From images of the Block there is a hero ahmatovskoilyric poets. Ahmatova in the verses is in an infinite variety of femaledestinies: mistresses and wives, the widow and mother changing and left. Ahmatovahas shown in art difficult history of female character of a critical epoch, itssources, ломки, new formation. Thatis why in 1921, during a drama time of the and general life, Ahmatova hasmanaged to write updatings of a line amazing with spirit:
Allis plundered, betrayed, sold,
Blackdeath the wing flashed,
Allhungry melancholy it is eaten,
Whyto us it became light?
Soin a sense Ahmatova was also the revolutionary poet. But it always remained thepoet traditional, put under a banner of Russian classics, first of all Pushkin.Development of the Pushkin world proceeded all life.
Thereis a centre which as though reduces to itself all other world of poetry, itappears the basic nerve, idea and a principle. It is love. The elements offemale soul inevitably should begin with such statement of in love. In one ofpoems Ahmatova named love «the fifth season». The feeling, in itself sharp andextraordinary, receives an additional sharpness, being shown in limiting crisisexpression — launch or the falling, the first meeting or the made rupture,danger of death or deadly melancholy therefore Ahmatova so gravitates to alyrical short story with unexpected, is often whimsical-whimsical end of apsychological plot and to необычностямa lyrical ballad, horrible and mysterious.
Usuallyits verses — or the drama beginning, or only its culmination, or even moreoften the ending and the termination. Here again she leant against a wideexperience Russian any more only poetry, but also prose:
Gloryto you, a hopeless pain,
Thegrey-eyed king has died yesterday.
Andbehind a window rustle a poplar:
Isnot present on the earth of your king.
VersesAhmatovoi bear special elements of love-pity:
Aboutis not present, I not loved you,
Scorcheddelightful fire,
Soexplain, what force
Insad your name.
Theworld of poetry Ahmatovoi — the world tragical. Motives of a trouble, tragedy,sound in poems «Slander», «Last», «In 23 years» and others.
Indays of reprisals, the hardest tests when her husband will shoot, and the sonwill appear in prison, creativity becomes unique rescue, «last freedom». Themuse has not left the poet, and she has written great «Requiem».Thus, in creativity Ahmatovoi the life was reflected; creativity was her life.
Thenative earth.
Notwith those I who has thrown the earth
Onworry to enemies.
Ishall not accept their rough flattery,
Iof the will not give songs to them.
Butthe exile is eternally pity to me,
Asthe prisoner, as the patient.
Yourroad, the wanderer is dark,
Aswormwood bread the stranger smells.
Andhere, in the deaf person to the child of a fire
Theyouth rest ruining,
Weuniform blow
Havenot rejected from itself.
Alsowe know, that in an estimation late
Eachhour will be justified...
Butin the world there are no people more ruthlessly,
Morehaughty and easier us.
Theanalysis of poem Ahmatovoi «Native earth».
LateAnna Andreevna Ahmatova leaves a genre of «a love diary”, a genre in whichshe did not know contenders and which it has left, maybe, even with some fearand ogladkoi, and passes to meditations about a history role. Ahmatova haswritten about A.S. Pushkin: «It does not become isolated from the world, andgoes to the world». It was also its road — to the world, to sensation of agenerality with it.
Meditationsabout destiny of the poet lead to meditations about destiny of Russia, theworld.
Inthe beginning of a poem of Anna Andreevny Ahmatovoj «the Native earth» twofinal lines of the poem composed most Ahmatovoi in postrevolution years aretaken out. And it begins so:
«Notwith those I who has thrown the earth
Onworries to enemies ».
Ahmatovahas not wished then to adjoin number of emigrants though many of its friendshave appeared abroad. The decision to remain in the Soviet Russia was notneither the compromise with the Soviet people, nor the consent with the coursechosen by it. Business in other. Ahmatova felt, that only having shared lotwith own people, it can remain as the person and as the poet. And thispresentiment has appeared prophetic. In the thirtieth — the sixtieth years itspoetic voice has got unexpected force and power. Having incorporated all painof time, its verses have towered over it and became expression of universalsufferings. A poem «the Native earth» brings an original result to the relationof the poet to the native land. The name has double sense. The»Earth" is and the country with people occupying it and with thehistory, and simply soil on which people go. Ahmatova as though returns tovalue the lost unity. It allows it to enter into a poem remarkable images: «Dirt on galoshes "," a crunch on a teeth », — receiving metaphoricalloading. Concerning Anna Ahmatovoj to the native earth is not presentsentimentality sides. The first quatrain is constructed on negation of thoseactions which can be connected with patriotism display:
«Intreasured ладанах we do not carryon a breast,
Aboutit verses navzred it is not composed … ».
Theseactions seem it unworthy: in them there is no sober, courageous sight atRussia. Anna Ahmatova does not perceive the of the country as «promisedparadise» — too many in domestic history testifies to the tragical parties ofRussian life. But is not present here and insults for those actions which thenative earth «brings living on it». There is a proud humility to that sharewhich it represents us. In this humility, however, there is no call. Moreover,in it is not present and the realised choice. And in it is weakness ofpatriotism Ahmatovoi. The love to Russia is not for it a result of the passedspiritual way as it was at Lermontov or the Block; this love is given it initially.Its patriotic feeling is absorbed with parent milk and consequently cannot besubjected any rationalistic corrective amendments.
Communicationwith the native earth is felt at all on spiritual, and at physical level: theearth represents an integral part of our person because to all of us isforeordained to merge corporally with it — after death:
«Butwe lay down in it and we become it,
Becausealso we call so freely — the ».
Ina poem three sections that is underlined and graphically are allocated.
Firsteight lines are constructed, as a chain of parallel negative designs. The endsof phrases coincide with the ends of lines that creates the measured«persevering» information which is underlined by rhythmics of aniambic pentameter.
Afterthat the quatrain written trehstopnem anapestom follows. Change of the sizesthroughout one poem — the phenomenon rare enough in poetry. In this case thisrhythmic fault serves for opposition to a stream of negations, the statementfor how by the collective lyrical hero the native earth all the same isperceived. The statement it has lowered enough character that amplifies anaforicheskimrepetition:
«Yes,for us it is a dirt on galoshes,
Yes,for us it is a crunch on a teeth … ».
And,at last, in the ending trehstopnei anapest it is replaced by the tetrameter.Such fault of metre gives to two last lines of width of poetic breath whichfind a support in infinite depth of the prisoner in them of sense.
AnnaAndreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry «ate — even in initial verses — feeling of thenative land, a pain about the native land, and this theme sounded in its poetryall more loudly
…About what she wrote last years, always in its verses the persistent thoughtabout historical destinies of the country with which it is connected by allroots of the of a being » was felt. (K. Chukovsky)
Theconclusion
AnnaAndreevna Ahmatova has created surprising lyrical system in Russian poetry,having connected the creativity new poetry of 20 centuries with great poetry of19 centuries.
PoetryAhmatovoi represents as if the novel sated with the most thin psychologism.
Inverses Ahmatovoi the life, which essence in its first books is developed andmakes love. And when it leaves the person, leaves to stop it fair pangs ofconscience cannot even: «In an illness sad washing the flesh, And free spiritalready pochiet pines is serene». Only it is seeming serenity, it isdevastating, generating sad comprehension, that in the house left by love«not absolutely safely».
Ahmatovadid not aspire to cause in the reader sympathy, and furthermore — pity: theheroine of its verses does not require it.
ForAhmatovoi art is capable to incorporate the world and by that to do it morerichly, and it defines its effective force, a place and a role of the artist ina life of people.
Thelist of the used literature
1 Good. Д.Д,Timothies. Л.И,Leontev. А.Аthe children's encyclopaedia volume 11 language and the literature, 1976г.
2 Life Ahmatovoi1987г.