Thecreation and activities of local organizationsofthe Bund Belarus
The formationof the Bund as the organization was laid union of the circles of the Jewishworkers and artisans western provinces of Russia empire. Have them on the basisof traditionally existed in the trades among mutual-aid funds (the Jewishcraftsmen — hevres) for the benefit of mass labor movement in terms of economicrecovery and encouraging the participation in the struggle to improve theirconditions of workers and artisans, as put forward demands to increase wageswages, and shorter working hours, better working conditions were all clear andurgent.
Gradually, theunion is «shop» Cass (a profession) in the city, and then thedistrict. Reason for this is was, firstly, the need for financial support forstrikers (especially if the strike was prepared in all crafts), and secondly,the desire of the Social Democrats to establish a network of closely relatedlabor organizations, united by one goal. Cash gatherings used the SocialDemocrats to promote Marxist ideas, and later for the dissemination ofrevolutionary literature and training facilitators in the working environment.
BenevolentFund, were also formed on an occupational basis — the shop. They were led bydepartmental gatherings that solve critical issues and the organization of thestrike (which was very timely in the wake of the mass strike movement in the90's. This has enabled the Social Democrats to use the mass workers' movementfor political agitation and klasovogo education workers. Thus began the processof transformation mutual-aid funds to fund the fight, which took place underthe influence and direct participation of the Jewish Social-Democrats, whichhave developed active in the province at the turn of the 80 — 90 years of theXIX century, and was most common in the mid 90's. With the end of the periodpromotion and transfer of Social Democrats to mass agitation in the workingenvironment. The first such ticket was founded in Vilna in 1888 at chulochnits.[2, pp. 56]. By Remark Martov «became the head of the strike movement,helping to formulate the strikers their demands, the Social Democrats havereached a short AREM noticeable effect on the workers and Masa had to turnfragmented, the private struggle of individual groups of workers in classstruggle against the oppressor of his poleiriata mass classes „[4, p.83].
This fundbegan to struggle not only at the head of the strike movement in the province,but also a center of education workers. Craftsmen fund set up everywhere andthe Government as a source of antigovernment propaganda. In 1896, in Minsk acted Booking artisans bench and blacksmith shops of the 50 people on her needs metweekly for 10 kopecks. with the student and 20 kopecks. with apprentice [6, LL2 on 9 on.]. The same cashier from 1894 existed at the tailors, cobblers,schetochnikov etc. [6, pp. 12 on. — 13 on].
Thus againstthe background of the strike movement has developed and matured a mass workers'organization, has united a community economic requirements for employers(increased wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, etc.). In October1897 took place on 1 congress of representatives of 15 cities: Vilnius, Minsk, Warsaw, Dvinsk, Bialystok, Bobruisk, Smorgon, Lodz, Kovno, Mogilev, Gomel, Vitebsk, Odessa, Verzhbolova, Vilkovyshek [5, pp. 199]. Thus was created the Bund.
At the turn ofthe XIX-XX centuries. basis of the organizational structure of the Bundcontinued to be cash struggle (strike funds). Their primary objectives are: todisseminate among the masses of social democratic ideas, the development ofclass and political consciousness of workers, improve their economic situation.The transition from propaganda in small circles to the general agitation amongthe working masses, marked changes in the tactics of the Social-Democrats, themiddle 90's. XIX century., Demanded radical changes in prevailing before thework and organization. The reform plan was scheduled for leaders of themovement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final conversion of shop insurance fundsin public resistance (cash counter), etching of them the last remnants of peacefulmutual-aid funds, and 2) direct connection of the Social Democratic Center withthese insurers through the permanent collections of prominent figures for eachfund “with the center (meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of thecircles to the problem of making the leaders of the mass movement of workers,so the clubs should be taken only active workers are able and inclined toengage in propaganda; classes in the groups must be free from academic andschool nature, closer to life, 4) classes in the groups should be conductedprimarily in the jargon, to make possible the participation of all capable ofpropaganda work of the proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the lateXIX-early XX centuries. in each city with a notable labor movement hasestablished local committees of the Bund. Initially, their role was more of acoordinating and directing: equipment for the study circles of socialistliterature and political readings, distributing illegal literature and issueproclamations supporting the strikers with money and formulation ofrequirements in the strikes, etc. To do this, the committees were neededstreamlined communication among themselves and with the Central Committee forthe supply of literature, organization of illegal libraries on the ground, anetwork of safe houses for the organization of meetings. For the CentralCommittee sets forth the general leadership of the movement, liaison betweenthe local committees, supply of literature and publishing activities [3, pp.85-86.].
Analysis ofthe economic situation during the economic downturn of the late XIX century.forced the Bund to its 4 th Congress in 1901 to introduce a limited offensivestrikes [1, pp. V]. first place in the activities of organizations outpolitical struggle. As the nature and expanding forms of fighting organizationbecame grow the necessary specialized branches (the editorial group andprinting for the publication of proclamations and other revolutionaryliterature; Red Cross, helping prisoner and exile, etc.).
Evolution ofthe organizational structure of the Bund was a parallel evolution of the mainideological principles and, accordingly, the goals and objectives put forwardby the Bund at the turn of XIX — XX centuries.
Thus, at thehead of the labor movement of every city in fact there were two centers — theworkers and intellectuals, who possessed a high degree of autonomy. Theconfrontation of these centers, the reluctance to restructure work circles ofeducation led to the Workers' Opposition in many centers of motion.
But at thebeginning of XX century, аs the exhaustion of theprospects for purely economic struggle, anti-government protests intensifypolitical and retaliatory government repression against Zubatovism and impactof such vocational-revolutionary organizations, like Iskra begin centralisticgrowth trends in the Bund and the corresponding restructuring of its structure.It was expressed primarily in the expansion of the competence of localcommittees of the Bund and strengthening the leadership role of the CentralCommittee on the basis of strict party discipline.
At the turn ofthe XIX-XX centuries. basis of the organizational structure of the Bundcontinued to be cash struggle (strike funds). Their primary objectives are: todisseminate among the masses of social democratic ideas, the development ofclass and political consciousness of workers, improve their economic situation.The transition from propaganda in small circles to the general agitation amongthe working masses, marked changes in the tactics of the Social-Democrats, themiddle 90's. XIX century, Demanded radical changes in prevailing before thework and organization. The reform plan was scheduled for leaders of themovement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final conversion of shop insurance fundsin public resistance (cash counter), etching of them the last remnants ofpeaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct connection of the Social DemocraticCenter with these insurers through the permanent collections of prominentfigures for each fund „with the center (meeting facilitators), and 3)adaptation of the circles to the problem of making the leaders of the massmovement of workers, so the clubs should be taken only active workers are ableand inclined to engage in propaganda; classes in the groups must be free fromacademic and school nature, closer to life, 4) classes in the groups should beconducted primarily in the jargon, to make possible the participation of allcapable of propaganda work of the proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the conductof local committees, and also took over stewardship of the surrounding villagesto the city. Under the direct supervision committee meetings were agitators whohad carried out the decisions of the Committee. In addition to theseinstitutions, headed by general revolutionary work throughout the city, therewere also craft centers for the same work in certain crafts. Thus, the cashgradually replaced the rallies from 80-ies of XIX century. workers' circles,where the Social Democrats trained workers in literacy and аbility to consider,the beginnings of political economy, gradually turned into numerous organization,which became the head of a numerically increased the labor movement. Thus werecreated the conditions for creating one of the oldest and most influential inthe territory of Belarus Social Democratic Party — the Bund.
Sources andliterature
1. 1905 in Belarus. Collection of articles, memoirs and Materials, Ed. M. Schulman / Commission CEC ofthe BSSR in the commemoration of the 20 th anniversary of the revolution. — Mn., 1925. — 131 pp.
2. Buchbinder NA Historyof the Jewish labor movement in Russia. In unpublished archival material. — L.:Academic Publishers, 1925
3. Report on the RussianSocial-Democratic movement to the International Socialist Congress in Paris. History of the Jewish labor movement in Russia and Poland. — Geneva, 1901
4. Martov L. proletarianstruggle in Russia. — 2-nd edition, revised and expanded. — Spb., Publishing RGGlagolev, 1906
5. NARB, fax. 60, op. 3,d. 91.
6. NIAB, fond. 705, op. 1, d. 1.