MODULE 2LECTIO PRIMA (1)Topic: Verb. Categories of Verb. Imperative Mood. Common Phrases Used in Prescriptions.Number of Hours: 2Objectives: to get general notion of the verb as a part of speech; to differentiate between four conjugations of verbs; to master the rules of the Imperative Mood formation and its use in prescriptions; to learn common phrases used in prescriptions.TOPIC CONTENT General categories of the verb. Four conjugations of the verb. Formation of Imperative Mood. Dictionary form of the verb.GENERAL NOTION ABOUT THE VERB The verb is a part of speech that expresses an action (such as go), an event (such as happen), or a state (such as exist). Besides, the verb is characterized by several grammar categories. Latin verbs are widely used in professional sayings, proverbs, aphorisms and prescriptions. The main categories of Latin verbs are: 1) Number: numerus singularis (sing.) – singular numerus pluralis (plur.) – plural 2) Person: persona prima (ego, nos) – the first person singular and plural (I; we) persona secunda (tu, vos) – the second person singular and plural (You) persona tertia (pronouns do not exist) – the third person singular and plural (He, she, it; they)Nota bene: in Latin pronouns are not written together with the verbs. The person is defined according to the form of the verb and its ending. 3) Tense: tempus praesens (corresponds to the English Present Indefinite) tempus imperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Indefinite) tempus perfectum (corresponds to the English Present Perfect) tempus plusquamperfectum (corresponds to the English Past Perfect) futurum I (corresponds to the English Future Indefinite) futurm II (corresponds to the English Future Perfect)Nota bene: medical students study only tempus praesens. 4) Voice: genus activum – active voice genus passivum – passive voice 5) Mood : modus indicativus – the Indicative Mood modus conjunctivus – the Subjunctive Mood modus imperativus – the Imperative Mood 6) Infinitive – Infinitivus. (In Latin all the infinitives have inflexion –re following the stem of the verb; eg.: dare (to give), miscere (to mix), dividere (to divide), audire (to listen). 7) Conjugation: conjugation. There are four conjugations in Latin.^ CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB The conjugations are defined according to the final letter of the stem of the verb. To define the stem of the verb it is necessary to cut –re from the Infinitives of the 1, 2, 4 conjugations and –ere in the 3rd conjugation:Infinitive Stem dare da- miscere misce- dividere divid- audire audi- Thus, the 1st conjugation includes the verbs with the final –a in their stem; the 2nd conjugation includes the verbs with the final –e in their stem; the stem of the verbs of the 3rd conjugation mostly ends in a consonant or –u, -i; the 4th conjugation includes the verbs with the final –i in their stem. The stem of the verb is a very important part of the word as it serves as the basis to build other forms of the verbs including the Imperative Mood which is used in prescriptions.^ FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD The Imperative Mood or Modus Imperativus exists in two forms: the second person singular and the second person plural. The Imperative Mood expresses an order or request to do something. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person singular it is enough to drop the inflexion –re from the Infinitive in all the four conjugations, it coincides with the stem. To form the Imperative Mood in the second person plural it is necessary to add the ending –te to the stem of the verb in the 1st, 2nd, 4th conjugations, and the ending –ite in the 3rd conjugation, because the stem of the verbs in the 3rd conjugation contains final consonant. That’s why the vowel –i is inserted for the sake of pronunciation. Infinitive Stem 2nd person sing. 2nd person plur. Dare da Da Date Miscere misce Misce Miscete Dividere divid Divide Dividite Audire audi Audi Audite It should be noted that long vowels of the Infinitive inflexions in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugations are preserved in the form of the Imperative Mood in the 2nd person plural as well as a short one in the 3rd conjugation.^ DICTIONARY FORM OF THE VERB Verbs, like nouns and adjectives, have their own dictionary form. Medical students use a shortened dictionary form of the verb which consists of the verb in the 1st person singular, Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice (always with the ending -o), and after coma inflexion of the Infinitive with the part of the stem.Nota bene: the ending –o is the inflexion of the 1st person singular for all the verbs in Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice. It is added to the stem of the verbs. In the 1st conjugation the final letter of the stem –a is transformed into –o. Thus, the dictionary form of the Latin verbs looks like the following: 1st conjugation – do, are 2nd conjugation – misceo, ere 3rd conjugation – divido, ere 4th conjugation – audio. ire^ THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOMEDetermine the stem and conjugation of the following verbs given in the Infinitive form. solvere, praeparare, sumere, signare, miscere, scire, repetere, videre, dare, habere, formare, dignoscere, tussire, laborare, munire.Define conjugation and stem of the following verbs on the basis of their dictionary form. addo, ere coquo, ere ausculto, are dormio, ire servio, ire floreo, ere bibo, ere filtro, are doceo, ere valeo, ereForm the Infinitive on the basis of the stem of the verbs, denote their conjugation. cred- scrib- adhibe- infund- fini- lini- defend- ama- veta- stude-Write down dictionary forms of the following verbs on the basis of their stems: noce- perfora- palpa- ter- repet- sana- sci- senti- vide- disc-^ Form the Imperative Mood singular and plural of the following verbs and translate them: spirare dormire adhibere sanare sentire videre legere solvere scribere nutrire signare habereVOCABULARY1st conjugationausculto, are - to listen tocuro, are - to curedo, are - to givefiltro, are - to filterformo, are - to formlaboro, are - to workpalpo, are - to palpatepraeparo, are - to preparesano, are - to healsigno, are - to signspiro, are - to breathe2nd conjugationadhibeo, ere - to usedoceo, ere - to teachhabeo, ere - to havemisceo, ere - to mixstudeo, ere - to studyvideo, ere - to see3rd conjugationdefendo, ere - to defenddignosco, ere - to diagnoselego, ere - to readscribo, ere - to writesolvo, ere - to solvevivo, ere - to live4th conjugationaudio, ire - to heardormio, ire - to sleepfinio, ire - to finishmunio, ire - to strengthennutrio, ire - to feedsentio, ire - to feel^ LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGSVivere est militare. - To live means to struggle.Vivere est cogitare. - To live means to learn.Carpe diem. - Catch the day (don’t waist your time).Primum non nocere. - First of all, don’t do any harm.Festina lente. - Be quick but slowly.Perfice te. - Improve yourself.Veto. - I forbid.^ LECTIO SECUNDA (II)Topic: Prescription. Abbreviations in Prescriptions.Number of hours: 2Objectives: to acquire practical skills of prescribing medicines.TOPIC CONTENT General information about the prescription and its structure. Grammatical structure of compound pharmaceutical terms. Abbreviations in prescriptions.^ GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRESCRIPTION A prescription (in Latin “receptum”) is a written order of the physician to the pharmacist to prepare and give certain medicines to the patient indicating the way these medicines should be used. A prescription is an important medical and legal document written according to certain rules. In Ukraine these rules are stipulated by the Order No 117 of the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine date June 30, 1994. Prescriptions are written out on a standard form, legibly, without any corrections in the Latin language. It is a classical form of the prescription. Traditionally a prescription consists of 9 parts:Inscriptio I (the first sign) – inscription including the name of a medical establishment, its address, telephone, code.Inscriptio II (the second sign) – inscription containing the date of prescribing.Nomen aegroti (patient’s name) – patient’s name and age are indicated (especially when the patient is under 14 or over 60).Nomen medici (physician’s name) – the name of a physician writing out the prescription in a legible style.Invocatio – the physician’s order to the pharmacist which is expressed by the Imperative Mood of the verb “recipere” (to take): Recipe: (Take:). When the prescription is written in English it includes the symbol Rx.Designatio materiarum – the list of medications or their ingredients and their amount. A prescription is simple (receptum simplex) if designatio materiarum contains only one (main - basis) medication. A prescription is composite (receptum compositum) if designatio materiarum contains two and more medical preparations. There is a certain order of writing out medical preparations or their ingredients in composite prescriptions. The main medical preparation – basis – is the first, it has the most important therapeutic effect; then additional medications – remedium adjuvans – are written which intensify or reduce the effect of the main medicine; after that there may be a remedy which improves the taste or smell of the preparation – remedium corrigens (it may be some juice or simply sugar); and at last those substances which give the medication its final form are written – remedium constituens – there may be distilled or purified water, some vegetable oils or spirits. While writing designatio materiarum the following rules must be kept: - every new name of a medicinal preparation must be written with a new line with a capital letter and in Genitive case (sing. or plur.). Nothing is written under the word “Recipe:”; - in the middle of the line only the names of plants, chemical elements and medicines are written with a capital letter. The names of medicinal forms, adjectives, oxides, anions of salts, general words are written with a small letter; - with every medicinal preparation its single dose is indicated to the right. The amount of solid or dry substances is indicated in grams, milligrams, centigrams, decigrams with Arabic numbers – 10,0; 0,005; 0,02; 0,1, but the words “gram, milligram, centigram, decigram” are not written. Liquid substances are prescribed in millilitres – 1ml; 0,5 ml or in drops. The words “millilitre” (ml) and “drop” (gutta) are written in the prescriptions. The amount of drops is written with Roman numbers after the word “drop”. If one drop is taken “guttam I” must be written, if two or more drops are taken “guttas III” is written instead (Acc. sing. and plur. respectively). Some medicinal preparations (antibiotics, hormonal preparations, vitamins) are measured in biological units of action – 100 000 UN. In this case we write the first letters of the words in a language other than Latin, e.g. English – UN. If two or more medicinal preparations are prescribed in the same amount, this amount is indicated after the last name of the drug with the word “ana” which means “ this amount of each”.VII. Subscriptio (subscription) – it contains information for the pharmacist how to prepare the medicine (Misce, ut fiat… - Mix to get…), what form it should be (Misce, ut fiat unguentum – Mix to get some ointment), what amount should be given to the patient (Da tales doses numero… - Give such doses in the amount of…), and how to pack (Da tales doses numero…in charta cerata – Give such doses in the amount of…in a waxed paper). If a prescription is simple, this part contains only indication to give medicine (Da. – Give.).Signatura (signature) – it contains indications for the patient concerning a single dose of the given medicine (pro dosi), time and way to take it. These indications are written in the language understandable for the patient. Only the word “Signa” (Sign) is written in Latin. Nomen medici et sigillum personale – signature and personal seal of the physician writing out the prescription. If medicines should be given very quickly, the physician must write the word Cito! (quickly) in the upper part of the prescription, and in some urgent cases – Citissime! (very quickly) or Statim! (immediately). The prescription form may contain two prescriptions if medicines prescribed do not have any narcotic or poisonous substances. In this case the prescriptions are divided by the sign #.^ GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND PHARMACEUTICAL TERMSCompound pharmaceutical terms can consist of: the noun and adjective in Nom. case; two nouns, one of them in Nom. case, the other – in Gen. case; - two nouns and one adjective. The first noun is in Nom. case, the second noun – in Gen. case, and the adjective may by either in Nom. or Gen. depending on the noun it belongs to; three nouns, the first of them – in Nom. case, the rest – in Gen. case (without changing the word order).Models of the Terms:noun + adjective etheric tincture – tinctura aetherea simple powder – pulvis simplex alcohol solution – solutio spirituosanoun in Nom. + noun in Gen. tincture of valerian – tinctura Valerianae liniment of ammonium – linimentum Ammoniinoun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + noun in Gen. powder of the leaves of the foxglove – pulvis foliorum Digitalis decoction of the oak bark – decoctum corticis Quercusnoun in Nom. + noun in Gen. + adjective in Nom. or Gen. dry extract of the lily of the valley – extractum Convallariae siccum oil solution of menthol – solutio Mentholi oleosa tincture of peppermint – tinctura Menthae piperitae While translating compound pharmaceutical terms into Latin one should keep in mind that: - the nouns indicating medicinal form are on the first place in Nom. case (tincture, infusion, liniment, solution, powder, tablet, suppository, extract, etc.); - the nouns indicating the name of the plant or chemical element, or medicinal preparation are on the second place in Gen. case. The name of the part of the plant (flower, root, bark, herb, etc.) precedes the name of the plant; - the adjective (either in Nom. or Gen. case) is written at the end of the phrase. For example: coated tablets of laevomycine – tabulettae Laevomycetini obductae; infusion of the leaves of the peppermint – infusum foliorum Menthae piperitae.Nota bene: all the medications in prescriptions are written in Genitive case singular or plural, except those which are not changed according to the cases. For example: Cacao, Ginseng, Dragee.^ ABBREVIATIONS IN PRESCRIPTIONSPrescriptions may be written in a full form or with abbreviations. It should be noted that trivial names of plants, names of medications, chemical nomenclature, most adjectives are never abbreviated. The table below presents the most frequently used abbreviations in prescriptions. ^ Abbreviated form Full form Translation aa ana this amount of each Ac., Acid. Acidum acid amp. ampulla ampule aq. aqua water aq. destill. aqua destillata distilled water aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water cort. cortex cortex, bark D. Da. Detur. Give. D. t. d. N Da tales doses numeroDentur tales doses numero Give such doses in the amount dec., dct. decoctum decoction dr. dragee dragee em., emuls. emulsum emulsion empl. emplastrum plaster extr. extractum extraction, extract f. fiat, fiant let there be made fl., flor. flos, flores flower(s) fol. folium, folia leaf (-ves) fr. fructus fruit gel. gelatinosus, a, um gelatinous gtt., gtts. guttam, guttas one drop, more drops hb. herba herb inf. infusum infusion in amp. in ampullis in ampoules in caps. gel. in capsulis gelatinosis in gelatinous capsules in ch. cer. in charta cerata in waxed paper in ch. paraff. in charta paraffinata in paraffin paper in tab. in tabulettis in tablets in tab. obd. in tabulettis obductis in coated tablets linim. linimentum liniment liq. liquor liquid, fluid M. Misce. Misceatur. Mix. M., (ut) f. … Misce, (ut) fiat…Misceatur, (ut) fiat… Mix, let there be made… m. pil. massa pilularum mass of pills mucil. mucilago mucilage, mucus N. numerus number, amount ol. oleum oil past. pasta paste pulv. pulvis powder pro inject. pro injectionibus for injections q.s. quantum satis as much as it is required r., rad. radix root rhiz. rhizome rhizome, a huge root Rp.: Recipe: Take (Rx) sem. semen seed (s) simpl. simplex simple sir. sirupus syrup sol. solutio solution sp., spec. species tea (mixture of dried medicinal plants) spir. spiritus alcohol supp. suppositorium suppository subtil. subtilis fine (powder) subtiliss. subtilissimus extremely fine tinct., t-rae, tct. tinctura tincture ung. unguentum ointment ^ EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOMERead and translate into English, explain the structure of the compound pharmaceutical terms. 1. Solutio Jodi spirituosa 6. Unguentum Hydrocortisoni 2. Herba Arnicae montanae 7. Flores Chamomillae 3. Gemmae Betulae 8. Tinctura amara 4. Linimentum Naphthalani 9. Oleum Eucalypti 5. Oleum Menthae piperitae 10. Sirupus fructuum RosaeTranslate into Latin, name their dictionary forms. 1. Tincture of the peppermint 6. Eye tetracycline ointment 2. Infusion of camomile flowers 7. Decoction of oak bark 3. Oil solution of camphor 8. Leaves of eucalyptus 4. Powder of the rhubarb root 9. Fruit of the sea-buckthorn 5. Dry extraction of valerian 10. Chloroform waterRead and translate the following prescriptions into English. 1. Recipe: Penicillini 200 000 UN pro injectionibus Da tales doses numero 10. Signa. 1 ml intramuscularly every 6 hours. 2. Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 20-30 drops 2-3 times a day. 3.Recipe: Solutionis Novocaini 1% 100 ml Dimedroli 1,0 Euphyllini 0,5 Aquae purificatae 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa. 1 ml per one inhalation in case of pneumonia. Recipe: Infusi foliorum Sennae 20,0: 200 ml Da. Signa. One spoonful twice a day. Recipe: Unguenti Laevomycetini ophthalmici 1% 10,0 Da. Signa. Apply on the eyelids 2-3 times a day. Recipe: Nicotinamidi 0,025 Da tales doses numero 100 in tabulettis. Signa. 2 tab. three times a day.Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations.1. Rp.: Thymoli 0,75 D. t. d. N 12 in caps. S. 2. Rp.: Ol. Persicorum 50,0 D. S. Rp.: Promedoli 0.025 Thipheni 0,3 Sacchari 0,2 M., f. pulv. D. t. d . N 10 S. 4. Rp.: Inf. fol. Urticae 15,0: 200 ml D. S. 5. Rp.: Citrali 2,0 Spir. aetylici 95% 25 ml Glycerini 75,0 M. D. S. 6. Rp.: Apilaci 0,01 Ol. Cacao q. s. M., f. supp. rect. D. t. d. N 10 in ch. cer. S.Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations. Rx: Monomycin 0,5 Dimexide solution 30% 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Sulphathiazolum 5,0 White clay 2,5 Glycerine as much as is required Mix to get some paste. Give. Sign. Rx: Iodoform 2,5 Vaseline about 25,0 Mix to get some ointment. Give. Sign. Rx: Triturated camphor 0,1 Sugar 0,3 Mix to get some powder. Give 10 such doses in waxed paper. Sign. Rx: Alcohol solution of iodine 10% 5 ml Give. Sign. Rx: Iodine 0,1 Glycerine 10,0 Peppermint oil 3 drops Mix. Give. Sign.VOCABULARYEnglish Latin alcohol spiritus, us m Apilac Apilacum, i n arnica Arnica, ae f birch (tree) Betula, ae f bitter amarus, a, um bud gemma, ae f camomile Chamomilla, ae f Camphor Camphora, ae f Chloroform Chloroformium, i n Citral Citralum, i n clay bolus, i f cocoa` Cacao (not changed) Dimexide Dimexidum, i n dog-rose Rosa, ae f dry siccus, a, um ethyl (adj.) aethylicus, a, um eucalyptus Eucalyptus, i f eye (adj.) ophthalmicus, a, um Glycerine Glycerinum, i n Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisonum, i n Iodine Iodum, i n Iodoform Iodoformium, i n Monomycin Monomycinum, i n mountain (adj.) montanus, a , um nettle Urtica, ae f Sulphathiazol Norsulfazolum, i n oak-tree Quercus, us f peach (fruit) Persicum, i n peppermint Mentha piperita, Menthae piperitae f Promedol Promedolum, i n rhubarb Rheum, i n rectal rectalis, e raspberry Rubus idaeus, Rubi idaei, m sea-buckthorn Hippophae, es f senna Senna, ae f sugar Saccharum ,i n Thiphen Thiphenum, i n Thymol Thymolum, i n triturated tritus, a, um valerian Valeriana, ae f Vaseline Vaselinum, i n white albus, a, um ^ LECTIO TERTIA (III)Topic: Chemical Nomenclature. Number of Hours: 2Objectives: to acquire the skills of chemical terminology formation.TOPIC CONTENT Latin names of chemical elements. Latin names of oxides and bases. Latin names of salts. Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts. Latin names of compound ethers. Latin names of acids.^ LATIN NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS Latin names of chemical elements are the neuter nouns of the 2nd declension, that is, they have the inflexion –um in Nom. sing. and the inflexion –i in Gen. sing. For example: Ferrum, i n – iron Kalium, i n – potassium There are only two words-exceptions: Phosphorus, i m – phosphorus Sulfur, uris n – sulphur The names of chemical elements in prescriptions are written with a capital letter and never abbreviated. Chemical symbols are not accepted in prescriptions.^ The most important chemical elements Latin names English names Symbols Aluminium, i n Aluminium Al Argentum, i n Silver Ag Arsenicum, i n Arsenic As Aurum, i n Gold Au Barium, i n Barium Ba Bismuthum, i n Bismuth Bs Borum, i n Boron B Bromum, i n Bromine Br Calcium, i n Calcium Ca Carboneum, i n Carbon C Chlorum, i n Chlorine Cl Cuprum, i n Copper Cu Ferrum , i n Iron Fe Hydrargyrum, i n Mercury Hg Hydrogenium, i n Hydrogen H Iodum , i n Iodine I Kalium, i n Potassium K Magnesium, i n Magnesium Mg Natrium, i n Sodium Na Nitrogenium, i n Nitrogen N Oxygenium, i n Oxygen O Phosphorus, i m Phosphorus Ph Plumbum, i n Lead Pb Sulfur, uris n Sulphur S Zincum, i n Zinc Z ^ LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES AND BASESAccording to the International Chemical Nomenclature Latin names of oxides consist of two words: the first place is occupied by the name of a chemical element with a capital letter in Gen. sing. (cation), the second place – by the group name (anion) with a small letter in Nom. sing. The group names may be oxide (oxydum, i n), peroxide (peroxydum, i n), hydroxide (hydroxydum, i n). In prescriptions both names are written in Gen. sing. For example: zinc oxide – Nom. sing.: Zinci oxydum Gen. sing.: Zinci oxydi The names of bases consist of two words: the name of a metal is written first with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of hydroxide with a small letter in Nom. sing. follows. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.: For example: iron hydroxide – Nom. sing.: Ferri hydroxydum Gen. sing.: Ferri hydroxydi^ LATIN NAMES OF SALTS Latin names of salts consist of two words: first the name of a chemical element or medication (cation) is written with a capital letter in Gen. sing., then the name of anion is written in Nom. sing. with a small letter. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing. For example: copper citrate – Nom. sing.: Cupri citras Gen. sing.: Cupri citratis morphine hydrochloride – Nom. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridum Gen. sing.: Morphini hydrochloridi There are certain rules to form the names of salts: If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ate, it corresponds to Latin –as in Nom. sing. and –atis in Gen. sing.: nitrate – nitras, atis m. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ite, it corresponds to Latin –is in Nom. sing. and –itis in Gen. sing.: nitrite – nitris, itis m. If the name of anion in English contains the ending –ide, it corresponds to the second declension neuter nouns with the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: bromide – bromidum, i n. The names of anions of hydracid salts with the organic base correspond to the second declension of nouns formed by means of the prefix hydr-, the suffix –id and the ending –um in Nom. sing.: hydrochloride – hydrochloridum, i n.The most frequently used anions of saltsEnglish names Latin names sulphate sulfas, atis m nitrate nitras, atis m phosphate phosphas,atis m acetate acetas, atis m benzoate benzoas, atis m salicylate salicylas, atis m sulphite sulfis, itis m nitrite nitris, itis m arsenite arsenis, itis m bromide bromidum, i n chloride chloridum, i n sulphide sulfidum, i n iodide iodidum, i n hydrochloride hydrochloridum, i n^ LATIN NAMES OF ORGANIC SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SALTS The Latin names of organic sodium and potassium salts consist of the name of their base written with a capital letter in Nom. sing. and the words natrium, kalium with a small letter in Nom. sing. These names are written with a hyphen. In prescriptions both words are written in Gen. sing.: For example: sulphathiazole sodium – Nom.sing.: Norsulfazolum-natrium Gen.sing.: Norsuflazoli-natrii benzylpenicillinu potassium – Nom.sing.: Benzylpenicillinum-natrium Gen.sing.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii^ LATIN NAMES OF COMPOUD ETHERS The Latin names of compound ethers consist of two words (in English it is one word): the name of a medication with a capital letter in Gen. sing. is the first, the second is the name of anion with a small letter in Nom. sing. In prescriptions all the words are written in Gen. sing. For example: methylsalicylate – Nom. sing.: Methylii salicylas Gen. sing.: Methylii salicylatis amylnitrite – Nom. sing.: Amylii nitris Gen. sing.: Amylii nitritis^ LATIN NAMES OF ACIDS The Latin names of acids are given in scientific literature according to the International Nomenclature. The names of acids consist of two words: the first is the word “acid” itself written with a capital letter – Acidum; then the name of acid, which is an adjective of the 1st class, follows. Thus, the names of acids in Latin are actually the “noun+adjective” combinations. To form the name of acids in Latin it is enough to add the ending –um to the English name.The most frequently used names of acidsEnglish names Latin names arsenic acid Acidum arsenicicum arsenous acid Acidum arsenicosum ascorbinic acid Acidum ascorbinicum acetic acid Acidum aceticum acetylsalicylic acid Acidum acetylsalicylicum adipinic acid Acidum adipinicum barbituric acid Acidum barbituricum benzoic acid Acidum benzoicumchloric acid Acidum chloricum chlorous acid Acidum chlorosum capronic acid Acidum capronicum chromic acid Acidum chromicum citric acid Acidum citricum carbonic acid Acidum carbonicum folic acid Acidum folicum formic acid Acidum formicicum glutaminic acid Acidum glutaminicum hydroiodic acid Acidum hydroiodicum hydrocyanic acid Acidum hydrocyanicum hydrosulphuric acid Acidum hydrosulfuricum hydrochloric acid Acidum hydrochloricum lactic acid Acidum lacticum nitric acid Acidum nitricum nitrous acid Acidum nitrosum nicotinic acid Acidum nicotinicum nucleinic acid Acidum nucleinicum oxalic acid Acdium oxalicum phthalic acid Acidum phthalicum phosphoric acid Acidum phosphoricum phosphorous acid Acidum phosphorosum sulphuric acid Acidum sulfuricum sulphurous acid Acidum sulfurosum salicylic acid Acidum salicylicum tartaric acid Acidum tartaricum^ EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOMEWrite down the names of the following chemical elements in Latin intheir dictionary forms: Sodium, potassium, lead, copper, iron, gold, silver, chlorine, boron, bromine, mercury, manganese, silicon, antimonium.Translate the names of oxides and bases into Latin, form their Gen. sing. Hydrogen peroxide; magnesium peroxide; zinc oxide; aluminium hydroxide; lead oxide; potassium superoxide; bromine oxide; arsenic trioxide; iron oxide; calcium dioxide.Translate the names of salts into Latin and form their Gen. sing. Barium sulphate; lead acetate; sodium benzoate; cocaine hydrochloride; ammonium bromide; potassium perchloride; copper subsulphate; mercury cyanide; sodium nitrite; potassium arsenite.Give Latin equivalents of the following sodium and potassium salts, form their Gen. sing. sulphacyl sodium furagin potassium oxacillin sodium benzylpenicillin potassium barbital sodium thiopental potassium sulphathiazole sodium methicillin potassium sulphapyridazin sodium aethazole potassium^ Translate the names of acids into Latin, form their Gen. sing. aminocapronic acid boric acid dehydrochloric acid etacrynic acid lipoic acid hydrofluoric acid mephenamic acid trichloacetic acid telluric acid hydrobromic acid Prescribe the following in Latin both in a full form and using abbreviations . Rx: Morphine hydrochloride Cocaine hydrochloride both in amount of 0,1 Purified water 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Dicaine 0,05 Solution of adrenaline hydrochloride 1: 1000 4 drops Solution of zinc sulphate 0, 25% 10 ml Boric acid 0,2 Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Diluted hydrochloric acid 10 ml Purified water 150 ml Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Ephedrine hydrochloride 0,15 Dimedrolum 0,05 Novocaine 0,1 Solution of thiamine bromide 5% 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Benzylpenicillin sodium 500 000 UN Solution of sodium chloride 0, 9% 8 ml Glycerine 3, 0 Mix. Give. Sign. Rx: Streptocide 2, 0 Bismuth subnitrate 0, 02 Zinc ointment about 10, 0 Mix. Give. Sign.7. Write down the following prescriptions without abbreviations and translate them. Rp.: Hydrargyri dichloridi 0, 1 Resorcini 2, 0 Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml M. D. S. Rp.: Riboflavini 0, 001 Ac. ascorbinici Ac. nicotinici Thiamini bromidi aa 0, 005 Glucosi 0, 3 Sol. Cupri citratis 0, 01% 10 ml M. D. S. Rp.: Calcii glycerophosphatis 2, 0 Ac. citrici 0, 2 Sir. simpl. 100 ml M. D. S. Rp.: Sol. Norsulfazoli-natrii 5% 10 ml Mesatoni 0, 025 M. D. S. Rp.: Magnesii sulfatis 30, 0 Ac. citrici 40, 0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis 45, 0 Sacchari 85, 0 M. D. S. 12 Rp.: Neomycini sulfatis 200 000 UN Prednisoloni 0, 2 Ol. Vaselini 20, 0 M. D. S.VOCABULARY English Latin Adrenaline Adrenalinum, i n Cocaine Cocainum, i n Dicaine Dicainum, i n diluted dilutus, a, um Dimedrol Dimedrolum, i n Ephedrine Ephedrinum, i n Glucose Glucosum, i n Mesaton Mesatonum, i n Morphine Morphinum, i n Neomycin Neomycinum, i n Novocaine Novocainum, i n Prednisolon Prednisolonum, i n Resorcine Resorcinum, i n Riboflavine Riboflavinum, i n Streptocide Streptocidum, i n Thiamine Thiaminum, i n^ LECTIO QUARTA (IV)Topic: Structural Units in the Names of Medical Preparations.Number of hours: 2Objectives: acquire practical skills of correct writing the names of medications.TOPIC CONTENT Scientific and trivial names of medications. Structural units in the names of medications.^ SCIENTIFIC AND TRIVIAL NAMES OF MEDICATIONS Most medical preparations have two names: scientific and trivial. Scientific or systemic name indicates chemical composition of the drug, the location of components in it which corresponds to the composition and structure of a compound’s molecule. They may be very long and look like chemical formulas. Trivial names do not show scientific or chemical structure, they have a short form, simple phonetic and grammar structure. That’s why they are easy to operate with. Latin trivial names of medications are the second declension neuter nouns with the ending –um in Nom. sing. and the ending –i in Gen. sing. They are written with a capital letter. For example: novocaine – Novocainum, i n oxytetracycline – Oxytetracyclinum, i nNota bene: many modern names of medications do not often have the ending –um. However, they are considered to be the second declension neuter nouns and in Gen. sing. they traditionally are written with the ending –i. For example: Nom. sing. – Allergol Gen. sing. – Allergoli^ STRUCTURAL UNITS IN THE NAMES OF MEDICATIONS Pharmaceutical structural units in the names of medications are word-building elements, which are regularly used in the names of medicines and inform about their pharmacological group, chemical composition, therapeutic action, anatomical or physiological character. The knowledge of structural units in the names of medications gives better understanding of the nature of numerous modern medicines and ability to write them correctly.^ The most frequently used names of structural units Structural unit Meaning Example -aesth--aesthes- loss of feeling or perception; used in the names of pain-killers Anaesthesolum, i n -aeth--eth- presence of ethyl group or ethyl radical Aethonium, ii nEthionamidum, i n -alg- denoting pain-relieving preparations Analginum, i n -allerg- antiallergic means Allergol -amin- presence of amino group Aminocapron -angi- vasodilating, spasmolytic preparations Anginal -ap- preparations made of substances produced by bees or containing bee venom Apilacum, i n -asthm- antiasthmatic preparations Asthmatolum, i n -azid- -azin--azol- presence of azotogroup Diazolinum, i n Aminazinum, i nPhthivazidum, i n -barb- denoting barbiturates (sedative, hypnotic) Barbovalum, i n -benz- preparations containing benzol Benzacinum, i n -bil--chol- bile-expelling preparations Bilicholum, i nCholamidum, i n -cain- pain-killers used topically Novocainum, i n -camph- presence of camphor Camphonium, i n -carb- presence of carbon Carbocholinum, i n -cillin- antibiotics of penicillin group Ampicillinum, i n -cor--card- preparations for the heart Corvalolum, i nCardiovalenum, i n -cyan- belonging to cyanogroup Cyanocobalaminum, i n -cycl(in)- antibiotics of tetracycline group Oxytetracyclinum, i n -chlor- presence of chlorine Chloraconum, i n -derm- preparations for skin diseases Dermatolum, i n -dorm- -hypn- -sed- -stress- -tranqu--zepam- denoting sedative, hypnotic, antistress, sleep-inducing preparations Dormicum, i n Hypnofer Sedalginum, i n Anastress TranquisanNitrazepamum, i n -fung- -myc--mycin- antifungal antibiotics NitrofunginStreptomycinum, i n -gastr- preparations for the stomach Gastropharm -haem--haemat- medicines made of blood or for the treatment of blood diseases Haematogenum, i n -hydr- presence of water molecules or hydrogen Hydrocortisonum, i n -meth- presence of methyl radical Methacidum, i n -morph- narcotic pain-killer preparation Morphinum, i n -naphth--phth- presence of naphthalan nucleus, derivatives of naphtha Naphthalanum, i nPhthazinum, i n -nephr--ren- denoting preparations for the treatment of kidney diseases Renostypticin -oxy- presence of oxygen Oxytocinum, i n -pancr- denoting preparations used for the treatment of pancreatic diseases Pancreatinum, i n -phen- presence of phenol or its radical phenyl Phenobolinum, i n -phyll- indicating the leaf (Greek origin) Theophyllinum, i n -phyt- indicating the plant Phytinum, i n -phosph- presence of phosphorus Phosphacolum, i n -py(o)- denoting antiseptic preparation Pyocidum, i n -pyr- denoting antipyretic preparations reducing fever Pyrogenalum, i n -sulf- presence of sulphur Sulfalenum, i n -thyr- denoting preparations for thyroid diseases Thyreoidinum, i n -theo- cocoa derivatives Theophedrinum, i n -ur- denoting preparations for the treatment of urinary disorders Urosulfanum, i n -vir- antiviral preparations Virosol -vit- indicating vitamins Hexavitum, i n -yl- indicating any substance or remaining acid radical Methylenum, i n Nota bene: you should keep in mind that these are the most frequently used structural units in the names of medications. Studying Chemistry, Biology, Anatomy and other subjects you will find more of them.^ THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOMEFind the structural units in the names of the following medications and indicate their meaning. a) Acephenum b) Aethazolum c) Aevitum Angiotensinum Baralginum Befunginum Benzonalum Bicillinum Bromcamphora Chloraconum Cholecinum Cordiaminum Corglyconum Cyclamidum Dactinomycinum Dexamethasonum Diacarbum Diazepamum Dicainum Doxycyclinum Dipheninum Erycyclinum Ethosuximidum Euphyllinum Gentamycinum Haemodesum Hydrocortisonum Isapheninum Lidoflazinum Naphthalanum ^ Distribute the following medications according to their pharmaceutical, anatomical, therapeutic or chemical meaning on the basis of structural units they contain. Lincomycinum, Indomethacinum, Cordigitum, Bencainum, Nitrofungin, Nitroglycerinum, Novocainamidum, Oxacillinum-natrium, Phenobarbitalum, Platyphyllinum, Pyrogenalum, Sulfalenum, Thiophosphamidum, Thrombolytinum, Thyreotropinum, Undevitum, Urosulfanum, Vitaiodurolum, Cholini chloridum, Haemostimulinum.The names of medicines written below may contain structural units which are not indicated in the table of this lesson. Try to find them and explain their meaning. Cerebrolysinum,Cholenzymum,Citralum, Corticotropinum, Cyclomethiazidum, Cystenalum, Desoxycorticosteroni acetas, Diiodthyrosinum, Ergocalciferolum, Erythromycini phosphas, Ferroceronum, Fibrinolysinum, Histaglobulinum, Histamini dihydrochloridum, Hydrargyri oxycyanidum, Lactobacterin, Kanamycini monosulfas, Methylandrostendiolum, Mycoseptin, Pertussinum, Plasmolum, Vitohepatum. Write the following prescriptions in a full form, explain the meaning of the structural units in the names of medicines. Rp.: Tannini 1, 5 Ac. salicylici 2, 0 Spir. aethylici 70% ad 100 ml M.D. S. 2. Rp.: Inf. hb. Thermopsidis 0, 1: 100 ml Natrii benzoatis 0, 6 Sir. Althaeae 20 ml M. D. S. 3. Rp.: Calcii oxydi 5, 0 Calcii chloridi Natrii chloridi aa 2, 0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis 1, 5 Kalii chloridi 1, 3 M. D. S. 4. Rp.: Amidopyrini 5, 0 Natrii bromidi 10, 0 T-rae Valerianae 10 ml Aq. purif. ad 180 ml M. D. S. 5. Rp.: Barbitali-natrii 4, 5 Aq. purif. 90 ml M. D. S. 6. Rp.: Ac. lactici Ac. salicylici aa 1, 0 Collodii 8, 0 M. D. S.5. Prescribe the following in Latin in full form and using abbreviations. 1. Rx: Potassium iodide 0, 3 Sodium hydrocarbonate 0, 2 Purified water 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 2. Rx: Aethylmorphine hydrochloride Papaverin hydrochloride Extract of Belladonna 0, 1 of each Water of peppermint 10 ml Mix. Give. Sign. 3. Rx: Trioxymethylen o, 5 Thymol 0, 05 Zincum oxyde 5, 0 Solution of oil camphor as much as is required Mix to form some paste. Give. Sign. 4. Rx: Erythromycin 250 000 UN Laevomycin 1, 5 Streptocide 2, 5 Mix to form some fine powder. Give. Sign. 5. Rx: Phenobarbital 0, 01 Trimethine 0, 05 Bromisoval 0, 2 Mix to get some powder. Give such doses 6 in the amount. Sign. 6. Rx: Butadion 0, 15 Paracetamol 0, 5 Cocoa oil as much as is required to form rectal suppositorium. Give such doses 20 in the amount. Sign.VOCABULARYEnglish Latin Aethylmorphine Aethylmorphinum, i n marshmallow Althaea, ae f Amidopyrine Amidopyrinum, i n Barbitalum-natrium Barbitalum-natrium, i n belladonna (med. plant) Belladonna, ae f Bromisoval Bromisovalum, i n Butadion Butadionum, i n Collodium Collodium, ii n Erythromycin Erythromycinum, i n Laevomycin Laevomycetinum, i n Papaverine Papaverinum, i n Paracetamol Paracetamolum, i n Phenobarbital Phenobarbitalum, i n Tannine Tanninum, i n thermopsis (med. plant) Thermopsis, idis f Trimethine Trimethinum, i n Trioxymethylenum Trioxymethylenum, i n^ LECTIO QUINTA (V)Topic: Solid Forms of Medications.Number of hours: 4Objectives: to acquire practical skills in prescribing solid forms of medications.^ TOPIC CONTENT The main rules to prescribe powders. The main rules to prescribe tablets. The main rules to prescribe dragee. The main rules to prescribe medicinal teas.POWDERS (PULVERES)Powder (pulvis, eris m) is a dry, evenly triturated or grinded solid medicinal form which may be prescribed for internal (ad usum internum) and external (ad usum externum) use. After dissolution in a certain solvent powders may be used for injections (pro injectionibus). According to the number of ingredients powders are divided into simple and composite. Simple powders consist of one substance (pulveres simplices), composite powders contain two and more substances (pulveres compositi). According to the degree of grinding powders are divided into: coarse, with comparatively big particles (pulvis grossus); the word “grossus” is omitted in the prescriptions; fine powders, with smaller particles (pulvis subtilis); the finest powders, with tiny particles (pulvis subtilissimus). According to the dosage of administration there are divided powders (pulveres divisi) and undivided powders (pulveres indivisi). Undivided powders are prescribed from 5, 0 to 100, 0 grams and contain not very drastic substances which do not require accurate dosage. Divided powders are indicated for one dose only and are prescribed from 0, 1 to 1, 0 gram. When simple divided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal substance in Gen. sing. and its single dose are indicated, and in Subscriptio the number of doses should be indicated – Da tales doses numero… For example: Recipe: Pancreatini o, 5 Da tales doses numero 6 Signa. 1 powder three times a day after meals. When simple undivided powders are prescribed, after the word “Recipe:” the name of medicinal substance is indicated in Gen. sing. as well as general amount of the powder itself. In this case Subscriptio contains only the word “Da.” For example: Recipe: Magnesii oxydi 50, 0 Da. Signa. ½ of a teaspoonful in case of heartburn. Sometimes when simple divided or undivided powders are prescribed the name of the medicinal form is used in Gen. sing. – pulveris, and after that the name of the medicine itself in Gen. sing. or with the preposition cum (with) – in Abl. sing. For example: Recipe: Pulveris Schizandrae chinensis 0, 5 Da tales doses numero 12 Signa. 1 powder twice a day. Recipe: Pulveris cum Oxytetracyclino 30, 0 Da. Signa. 1 teaspoonful three times a day. When composite divided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe” all the names of substances are written in Gen. sing. with their weight. Subscriptio contains the phrase indicating the way of preparing the powder – Misce, ut fiat pulvis, and the amount of powders which should be prescribed for the patient – Da tales doses numero…For example: Recipe: Codeini phosphati 0, 015 Natrii hydrochloridi 0, 3 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 10 Signa. 1 powder three times a day. When composite undivided powders are prescribed after the word “Recipe:” all the names of substances in Gen. sing. are enumerated and their weight, and Subscriptio contains the phrase indicating the way to prepare the medicine in the form of a powder – Misce, ut fiat pulvis, followed by indication to give the medicine – Da. For example: Recipe: Acidi borici 1, 0 Talci ad 50, 0 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da. Signa. Apply to the injured skin. Simple and composite divided powders may be produced in capsules. They are used to eliminate unpleasant smell or taste, or irritating action of the medicine. Gelatinous capsules are mostly used for powders (capsulae gelatinosae). When the powders in capsules are prescribed the following phrase is written in Subscriptio: Da tales doses numero… in capsulis gelatinosis. For example: Recipe: Bromcamphorae 0, 1 Chinidini sulfatis 0, 05 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 20 in capsulis gelatinosis. Signa. 1 capsule twice a day. If powders contain any hygroscopic substance or the powders are of vegetable origin, they are produces in waxed paper (in charta cerata), which is indicated in Subscriptio: Da tales doses numero… in charta cerata.For example: Recipe: Camphorae tritae 0, 1 Sacchari 0, 3 Misce, fiat pulvis. Da tales doses numero 12 in charta cerata. Signa. 1 powder twice a day.Tablets (tabulettae)Tablet (tabuletta, ae f) is a solid dosage medicinal form which is produced by means of compressing medicinal and additional auxiliary substances at pharmaceutical plants on special machines. Tablets may be indicated for internal (ad usum internum), external (ad usum externum) use or for injections (after dissolving in a certain solvent). Sometimes tablets are coated (tabulettae obductae). For this purpose wheat flour (farina Tritici), starch (Amylum), sugar (Saccharum), cocoa (Cacao) may be used. Tablets are prescribed with indication or without indication of all the ingredients. If tablets contain only one medicinal substance, after the word “Recipe:” its name is written in Gen. sing., a single dose is indicated, and Subscriptio contains the information how many such tablets should be given to the patient with the indication of the form of medicine – Da tales doses numero… in tabulettis. For example: Recipe: Reserpini 0, 0025 Da tales doses numero 50 in tabulettis. Signa. 1 tab. twice a day. Prescribing ready-made standard tablets containing one main ingredient after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. – tabulettas, and after that in Gen. sing. the name of medicine with its single dose and the amount which should be given are indicated. For example: Recipe: Tabulettas Aethazoli 0,5 numero 40 Da. Signa. 1 tab. four times a day. Combined tablets with a code name are prescribed in the following way: after the word “Recipe:” the name of the medicinal form is written in Acc. plur. – tabulettas and after that its code name in Nom. sing. in inverted commas without indication of a single dose and the amount of tablets are indicated. For example: Recipe: Tabulettas “Citramonum” numero 10 Da. Signa. 1 tab. three times a day. When tablets contain several ingredients and do not have a code or standard name, they are prescribed with a complete indication of all its constituents and their single dose in Gen. sing. after the word “Recipe:” , and Subscriptio indicates the amount of tablets which should be given with the name of medicinal form – Da tales doses numero… in tabulettis. For example: Recipe: Phenobarbitali 0, 02 Coffeini 0, 03 Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis. Signa. 1 tab. twice a day. ^ Dragee (Dragee)Dragee (dragee) is a solid dosage form of medication indicated for internal use (ad usum internum). Dragee are sugar-coaled pills or medicated confections. Most vitamins are usually prescribed in the form of dragee. As a rule, dragee are prescribed without indication of all the ingredients. The word “dragee” itself is not changed. It may be written after the word “Recipe:” or in Subscriptio – Da tales doses numero… in dragee. A single dose is indicated after the name of medicine which is written in Gen. sing. For example: Recipe: Dragee Diazolini 0, 05 numero 30 Da. Signa. 1 dragge a day after meals. Recipe: Aminazini 0, 025 Da tales doses numero 12 in dragee. Signa. 2 dragee twice a day. Some dragee consist of a combination of medicinal substances and have a code name. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written – dragee, and a code name is written in inverted commas in Nom. sing. with the indication of the amount of dragee. A single dose is not indicated. For example: Recipe: Dragee “Hexavitum” numero 40 Da. Signa. 1 dragee twice a day.^ Suppositories (suppositoria)Suppository (suppositorium, i n) – is a divided form of medication, solid at room temperature, but melts at body temperature. Suppositories are indicated for insertion into the body cavities: rectal (per rectum) and vaginal (per vaginam). That’s why there are rectal suppositories (suppositoria rectalia) and vaginal ones (suppositoria vaginalia). Suppositories contain medicinal substances and base. Common bases for suppositories are cocoa oil (oleum Cacao), butyrole (Butyrolum), gelatinous mass (massa gelatinosa), mixtures of various fats, mixtures with wax etc. Suppositories are prescribed in a full form with enumeration of all the ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. sing. and their amount. Subscriptio indicates the way of preparing the medication with one of the following phrases: Misce, fiat suppositorium. Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale. Misce, fiat suppositorium vaginale. The amount of suppositories which should be given is also indicated – Da tales doses numero… For example: Recipe: Euphyllini 0, 3 Olei Cacao 3, 0 Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale. Da tales doses numero 12. Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum 3 times a day. The suppositories containing only one medicinal substance are prescribed in a short form. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Acc. plur. – suppositoria followed by the preposition cum (with), after that the name of medication in Abl. sing. and a single dose. The amount of suppositories is also indicated. For example: Recipe: Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo 0, 2 numero 10 Da. Signa. 1 suppository into the rectum twice a day. Some combined suppositories have special code names. They are prescribed without indication of medicinal substances and their doses. In this case after the word “Recipe:” the name of the form of medication is written in Acc. plur. – suppositoria followed by the name of the suppositories in inverted commas in Nom. sing. with the indication of their amount. For example: Recipe: Suppositoria “Bethiolum” numero 10 Da. Signa. Insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime. Lately vaginal suppositories are produced in the form of globules – (globulus, i m).Nota bene: according to the previous State Pharmacopoeia suppositories were considered semisolid form of medication.Medicinal teas (species)Medicinal teas (species, ei f) are a mixture of several dried medicinal plants or their parts (leaves, herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, etc.), sometimes with addition of salts, ether oils, etc. Medicinal teas are indicated for internal use (ad usum internum) after being poured with boiling water as infusions or decoctions. Sometimes medicinal teas are indicated for external use (ad usum externum) for gargling, bathing wounds, inhalations, smoking. Usually medicinal teas are prescribed in a short form. These are officinal teas prepared at the pharmaceutical plants. The name of the tea is written after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. plur. and its general amount is indicated in grams. For example: Recipe: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100, 0 Da. Signa. To smoke during bronchial asthma attack. The magistral medicinal teas which are prepared in chemist’s shops according to the physician’s prescription are prescribed with the indication of all the ingredients after the word “Recipe:” in Gen. case sing. or p