Тексты по Английскому языку

Топики по английскому языку. Art galleries of London Art in Moscow British education British theatres Customs and traditions of English speaking countries. Hamlets Soliloquy. LEISURE TIME AND HOBBY LIESURE TIME. LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . Learning languages Learning languages.

MASS MEDIA. MOSCOW THEATRES MOSCOW THEATRES MUSIC. Moscow theatres Music in our life My favorite painter My favorite painter My future profession PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE. RADIISION. RUSSIA. SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAN. THE NATIONAL THEATRE

THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER. THE PROBLEMS OF TEEN-AGES. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THEATRES, MUSISoliloquy. To be, or not to be, that is the question Whether its no blur in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing, end them, To die, to sleep- No more, and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to this a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep- To sleep! Per chance to dream! Ay, theres the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,

When we have shuffled off this mortal coil. Must give us pause - theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life LEISURE TIME AND HOBBY Many man, many minds. All people are different and so they Prefer spending their free time in different ways. Some of them Go the parks, forests, to the country and enjoy the beauty of

Nature. Others like to stay at home watching TV or reading Начало документа books. There are people who are fond of cinema and theatres, so They try to go there as often as possible. As for me I prefer To spend my free time in different ways. I like to go in for Sports, to play football, basketball or volleyball with my

Friends. I like to watch TV, to listen a tape recorder and play Computer games. Also I like to go for a walk in the country and Enjoy the beauty of nature. And my way of spending free time is Connected with my hobby. And my hobby is reading books Id like to say that its hard to imagine our life without

Books. Books play such a great role in the development of Personality. They help as to forget our daily problems and to Pretend we travel to the past, future and to many different, Wonderful places that we cant visit in reality. I am also Sure those books are our good friends and teachers.

From them we Get to know the life around as better, they teach as how to Tell right from wrong, to love our Motherland, to understand Friendship, peoples feelings. So, they teach us how to live. As for me I like to read different kinds of books Art galleries of London Speaking about art galereys of

London we should first of all mention The national galery, The national portret galerey and The tate galery. I would like to tell you about National portret galery and about Tate galery. The national galery houses one of the richest and most extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the Trafalgar

Square. the galerey was desighned by William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of painting, but is a specially famous for it s examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented as the national collections are shared with the Tate galerey. The National galerey was founded in 1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.

The Tate gtalery houses the national collection of british painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national galerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national galerey of british art. It owes it s establishment to Suie Henritate who built the galerey and gave his own collection of 65 painting. MOSCOW THEATRES For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres.

The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy , Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it s great number of highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists. Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers.

The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today Начало документа exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. I d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building of the

Bolshoy Theatre stands in Sverdlov Square in Moscow s central quater, not far from Kremlin. This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists and choreographers in it s company. The Bolshoi traces it s history to 1776 when a standing opera company was organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera life of tsar now Ivan Susanin .At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky,

Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and others. The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world s finest.

This is equally true of it s brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire. Teen-ages problems Fool guys. But they don t understand, that it s wrong. Some of them can t stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. Andthey commit different serious, because they need some money to buy drugs. there are alsomany other problems alchoholism, smokin and so on. There are many youth organisations in our country, wich unite

young men on different principles. Members of every organisation has ons own world out looks. Each of them has their own morral qualities. There are some informal organisations, for example skinheads, hippies, panks and so on. Now there exists the problem of missundrstanding beetwen different youth groups. We also face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teen-ages spend their free time in different night clubs.

Other young people spend their free time in the strets. As for me, i spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time then i have them i try to slove them without quorrel. Now we are young people and we are the future of our country. Teen-aegs play an important role in the modern society.

Grown up s must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our character is formed and that s why our parents must not assert pressure on us.end our free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teА Learning languages. The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science

and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue.

The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the В НАЧАЛО former British and US colonies. It is the major international language for communication in

such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism. Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning

English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the

BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language. LIESURE TIME. Everybody sometimes has a free time. Somebody prefer only to sleep in their liesure time, but the largest part of us prefer to do a great

amount of things which are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading, a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and others. If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the attractive places. Many peoples thing that pupils and studients have too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Many pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day a week.

Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school. And we just no time to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. IТam not spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free time devote to reading. I like to read books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds.

Also I read books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. I and my school friends often gather after school and play basketball, fooftball or other active games. But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea. thing all peoples must have other occupation besides their basic work, ba-csuse it extand the bounduries of the familar

world and teach us something new about people and thing. MASS MEDIA. Mass media that is the press, the radio and television play an important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views. Mass media mould public opinion. Millions of people in their spare time watch

TV and read newspapers. Everybody can find there something interesting for him. On the radioone can hear music, plays, news and various discussions or commentaries of current events. Lot s radio or TV games and films attract a large audience. Newspapers uses in different ways, but basically they are read. There is a lot of advertisment on mass media. Some of the

TV and Начало документа radio stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations. The owners can advertise whatever they choose. But it is hardly fair to say that mass media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs. There are more then six TV channels and lot s of radio stations and newspapers now in the

Russian Federation. PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE. People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernitious disease but it hits the youth the hardest. It s name is unemployment. The persent-age of unemployed youth in the total number of the jobless is high. In many developing countries the situation is more serious. Many young people to commit suside. Unless the economic situation in the world changes, youth unemployment

will mount. This prodictions refer to all catigories of workers-with high and low skills in town and country. For all there possible distinctious,these young people over outside the production structure of society. The are deprived the possebility of creting there are surplus from time to time some may get a hit of luck, but the lot of the majority is to feel their unlessles to lose their ideals and become disillusioned. Unemployment greatly intemcilicselle tendency among the youth towards, drug education

, frastretion and crime. This is a time bomb and is a heavy acusation of any social economic system. British education British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling takes place between the agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare for further higher education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide range of opportunities for academic and

vacational education and to continue studying through out life. Administration of state schools is decentralised. The department of education and science is responsible for national education policy, but it doesn t run any schools, if doesn t employ teachers, or prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount of freedom.

According to the law only one subject is compulsary. That is religious instruction. Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery schools or in infant s classes in primary schools. Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and the small proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most independent schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.

Education within the mantained schools system usually comprises two stages primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdevided into infant schools ages 5 - 7 , and junior schools ages 7 - 11 . Infant schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write and make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all their work with the same class teacher exept for

PT and music. The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible. Начало документа The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D streams according their abilities. The most able children were put in the

A stream, the list able in the D stream. Till reccantly most junior shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent test. According to the results of the exam children are sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary modern schools. So called comprehansive schools began to appear after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which can provide education for over 1000 pupils.

Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools. By the law all children must receive full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of 18 or 19. The course is usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the upper 6.

The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3. The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general certeficate of education the GCE exam and certificate of secondary education the CSE exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels ordinary level 0 level and advanced level A level . Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away.

GCE level is usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of everage abilities of their age. My future profession What I would like to become? This question pasels me greatly. Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest. I think that nearly all the professions are very important in life.

But to choose the right occupation is very difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors. We must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same time we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples needs in one profession or another. The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will help

us best to live and work. Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind and use knowledge and education received at school. Some may prefer to work in factories or works, others want to go into construction to take part in building power stations and new towns. Many opportunities to work and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and your own personal interest are offered in the sfere of the services transport, communications and many others.

I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this profession because it very interest. Art gallereys of London Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. Начало документа I would like to tell you about

National portret gallery and about Tate gallery. The national gallery houses one of the richest and most extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north of the Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of painting, but is a specially famous for it s examples of Rembrant and

Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented as the national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey. The National gallerey was founded in 1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings. The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national gallerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture made in

Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national gallerey of british art. It owes it s establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own collection of 65 painting. MOSCOW THEATRES For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy , Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a center for

The development exploratory modern ideas in the dramatic art and Is famous for its great number of highly gifted, interesting Directors, actors, playwrights and artists. Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams Of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoted themselves to Developing the principals of directing and acting lay

down by Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and Others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today Exists do to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. Art in Moscow Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the most famous gallereys. The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture gallereys in

Russia. It takes it s name from it s founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19 th century Tretyakov began to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St.

Peterburg to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from 11 th century to the present day. Also I d like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art.

The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest ancient collections of european art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2 Начало документа thousands works of various schools of painting

which enaibous us to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the centuries. The Pushkin museum pereodically hald s exibition of the art of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present. British theatres Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy.

There are no permanent staff in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws the odious and pays it s way. Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced bookable , and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them

on the principal first come - first served. And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places. The first theatre in England The Blackfries build in 1576, and The Globe build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of all mention The English National theatre , The Royal Shakespeare company and

Covent Garden . Covent Garden used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as St. Jame s Square . The first Covent Garden theatre was build in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after.

It opened in September 1809, with Shakespeare s Macbeth . Since the middle of the last century Covent Garden became exclusively devoted to opera. Now Covent Garden in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet. My favorite painter

One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master, one of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it s earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher destiny. The son of the prosperous miller, Rembrant was born in

Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting. His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631. In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of paintings and rarities. The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to the

Dutch art. The best of them are Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp and The night watch . In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several financial troubles. At that period he painted The Polish Rider , which is an allegory of the man s earthly journey. Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant painted his famous Return of the Prological son , which stands Начало документа at the ultimate peak of

Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship of the self to the eternity. The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant. He painted Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir , The Saint Family . Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in poverty. But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes

Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world. THE PROBLEMS OF TEEN-AGES. There are many young people in our country. Each of them has one s own view point on their life and their future. There are many problems which are common for all young people.For Example how to spend their free time, what to do after school, choosing a profession, how to deal

with girl and boy-friends and so on. The problem number one of most of the young people is the problem of fathers and sons. All young people want to be independent, they want their parents to listen to their opinion, not to interfere in their private life. Some parents neglect their children, because they cant find a common language with each other. Many problems were hushed up, but now we can speak openly about them. I think that the most difficult and sirious problem of modern teen-ages is drug-habit.

Some young man use drugs, because they think that will be cool guys. But they don t understand, that it s wrong. Some of them can t stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. And they commit different serious, because they need some money to buy drugs. There are also many other problems alchoholism, smokin and so on. There are many youth organisations in our country, wich unite young men on different principles.

Members of every organisation has ons own world out looks. Each of them has their own morral qualities. There are some informal organisations, for example skinheads, hippies, panks and so on. Now there exists the problem of missundrstanding beetwen different youth groups. We also face the problem how to spend our free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teen-ages spend their free time in different night clubs.

Other young people spend their free time in the strets. As for me, i spend my free time at home or in the night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time then i have them i try to slove them without quorrel. Now we are young people and we are the future of our country. Teen-aegs play an important role in the modern society.

Grown up s must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our character is formed and that s why our parents must not assert pressure on us. THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else the chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying in London for a few days, you ll have no difficulty whatever in finding

somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You ll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day. Начало документа The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most theatres and music halls have good orchestras with popular

conductors. You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won t interest you. At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery,

everything being done of the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and you ll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you ll probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen.

In fact, I would say, the further away the better. LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he remained popular in many other countries, especially in

the Soviet Union, for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival. John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at the

University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first book, The Son of Wolf , published in 1900, and for Call of the Wild 1903 , one of his most popular stories. In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing

expenses. His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority. London s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best books are the Klondike tales, which also include White Fang 1906 and Burning Daylight 1910 . His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical Martin Eden 1909 , but the exciting Sea Wolf 1904 continues to have great appeal for young readers.

In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif where he intended to build his dream home, Wolf House. After the house burned down before completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22, 1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide. MUSIC. Начало документа Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-

kind plays a huge social, cultural and educational role. Lieading composers are connected to progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity of composers

is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to it s to decline and degeneration. Idia emotional contents of music is passed through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basic of music is the tune. according to the way of performance music is divided into 2 main branches instrumental and vocal. There are a lot of different styles of music. Such as

Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic and new musical directions.Such as Rave, Hard Core, Jungle, Break Beat and many other. I like to listen to rave music and Happy Hard Core. As for me i like these styles because they are very rythmic and dancing. The beginning of techno music was put very known singer

Fredde Mercuri was the first to compose music in the style techno. In those years very few people evaluated new style of music. But with the years a new style has grown up to such global sizes. Now this music is listened to by large part of youth. I think it s very good that such musical direction as raiv has appeared.

Because in raiv there are a lot of musical directions. Young people that are fond of music can easily choose just that style which appeals to them. THE NEWSPAPERS AND ITS READER. 1. Press is often called amirror of current events. The information we get from newspapers and magazins helps us to know the life at home and in other countrys. The newspapers aim is to inform the readers as fully as possible of the events taking place

in Russia an afroad. They try to cover domestic and foreighn policy and the public opinion on all topicall usenes. 2. My family receives I think is most interesting i prefer It because It s a daly weekly, monthly newspaper magazin . 3. If you are a regular reader of the press, you can got a lot of Information. RADIO AND TELEVISION. Of all the discoveries ever made by man, radio or wireless, is one

of the most wonderfull. By means of wireless, you can speak to a man on the other side of the world. Seated confortably in your own home, you can hear music or talks, broadcast thousand of miles away from your- talks on national and international affairs, on science, history and other educational subject. I listen to the wireless almost every evening, mine is are eght-valve set an arial which gives splended results. I t has medium, long and short wave-lenghts and it quit simple to manipulate.

All I have to do it s to tune into the station I require. I use my set a good deal for keeping up my forhn lanuges. Начало документа RUSSIA. Russia occupy a large territory. It strech almost 10 000 ten thousend kilometres from east to west and nearly 5 000 five thousend kilometres from north to south. It s population is 150 000 000 one handred and fifty million people.

From spring till autmn the sun never sets over Russia in Kaliningrad peole see it sitting in the Baltic, while in Kamchatka it rises out of the Pasific Ocean at the some time. People in our country see the New Year in eleven times in one night. If you begin to trevell in the Far East by air and fly 8 000 eight thousend kilometres towards the

west, you will land in Moscow on thr same hour same day that you left the Far East. It is a wonderful sight yo see our country from the plane. One can hardly imagine a country more interesting to trevellers whan Russia. Siberia covers millions of square kilometres. You fly over mountain, endless forests, large and small rivers, railways, motorways.

You leave behind the lights of young and small towns, plants and factories. Siberia is a rigeon of untold riches. Father West are the Ural Mountains the border between Asia and europe. The Urals are riche in different minerals. The country s European part covers the territory from Urals to the

Baltic Sea. The largest cities of the Russia are situated between theBlack Sea in the south and the Black Sea in the north. Such an our country from East to West. There is no over countrys in which the climet differs so much from one part to another. When it is still winter in the northen regions of our country the first warm days arrive in the south. In the central regions show storms and cold are still in power, while in the south people begin to

think of spring crops. In the same season nature looks different in different parts of our country. Russia is rich in oil, coul, iron, gold, silver and other minerals. THE NATIONAL THEATRE It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company. It s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had.

A special building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one The Oliver theatre , the biggest is for the main classical repertoire The Lyttilton , a bit smaller is for new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and The Cottesloe theatre , the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions. The Royal Shakespeare company are devided between the country and the capital and it s produces plays

mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is Stratford -on-Avon , and modern plays in it s two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre. Начало документа Moscow theatres For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy , Maly and

Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it s great number of highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists. Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and acting laid

down by Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. I d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands in Theatre Square in Moscow s central quater, not far from

Kremlin. This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists and choreographers in it s company. The Bolshoi traces it s history to 1776 when a standing opera company was organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera life of tsar now Ivan Susanin . At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and

Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and others. The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world s finest. This is equally true of it s brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire.

My favorite painter One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master, one of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it s earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher destiny. The son of the prosperous miller, Rembrant was born in

Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting. His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631. In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of paintings and rarities. The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to the

Dutch art. The best of them are Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp and The night watch . In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several financial troubles. At that period he painted The Polish Rider , which is an allegory of the man s earthly journey. Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant painted his famous Return of the Prological son , which stands at the ultimate peak of

Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship of the self to the eternity. The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant. He painted Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir , The Saint Family . Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in poverty. But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes

Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world. Начало документа Theatres, music halls and cinemas Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else the chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying in London for a few days, you ll have no difficulty whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening.

You ll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day. The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most theatres and music halls have good orchestras with popular

conductors. You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won t interest you. At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery,

everything being done of the most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and you ll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you ll probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen.

In fact, I would say, the further away the better. Music in our life Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one of the forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social, cultural and educational role. Leading composers are connected to progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people.

Each nations differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity of composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to it s to decline and degeneration. Idea emotional contents of music is passed through sound

art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune. According to the way of performance music is devided into 2 main branches instrumental and vocal. There are a great number of different styles of music, such as Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic and new musical directions. One of the new music directions is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet music such as

Roxette and others. Now days the number of music styles is growing, and every young people, which are fond of music can easily choose that style which appeals to them. Learning languagesНачало документа The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information.

The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the

United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies. It is the major international language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the

United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism. Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing.

It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers.

One must work hard to learn any foreign language. LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he remained popular in many other countries, especially in

the Soviet Union, for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival. John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at the

University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first book, The Son of Wolf , published in 1900, and for Call of the Wild 1903 , one of his most popular stories. In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing

expenses. His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority. London s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best books are the Klondike tales, which also include White Fang 1906 and Burning Daylight 1910 . His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical Martin Eden 1909 , but the exciting Sea Wolf 1904 continues to have great appeal for young readers.

In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif where he intended to Начало документа build his dream home, Wolf House. After the house burned down before completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22, 1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide. SPORTS IN The GREAT BRITAN. The English are great lovers of sport and they are neither playing nor

waching games, they like to talk about them. However, there is important thing about sport in Britain which we must know. Today, an big sports is professional and famous players can make a lot of money. Lat s take Football for example. It is the most popular team game in Britain. It is played in most of the schools, and there are thousands of amatur teams for young man in all parts of the country. But for most of the public, football is a professionals games which is

watched on saturday afternoons at the stadiym. Professional football is big business. Every larg town has one or more professional clubs. Ragby football is played with an oval ball which may be carried. The players in the other team try to stop the man running with the ball by frowin him to the ground. There are fifteen players in each team. Sports competition get big crowds in

Great Britan. All people in Great britan are fond of sport and Englishman know is they train hard Sport will make them srong and helthy. Customs and traditions of english speaking countries. Every country and every nation has it s own traditions and customs. It s very important to know traditions and customs of different people.

It will help you to know more about the history and life of different nations and countries.One cannot speak about England without speaking about it s traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of English people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.

It s celebrated on the 25-th of december. There are some traditions connected with it.One of them is to give presents to each other.It is not only children and members of family.It s a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B especially London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees.

On Trafalgar Square, in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding.

Other great holidays are FatherТs day,MotherТs day,Helloween and other. Mass media. Mass media that is the press, the radio and television play an important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views. Mass media mould public opinion. Millions of people in their spare time watch

TV and read newspapers. Everybody can find there something interesting for him. On the radio Начало документа One can hear music, plays, news and various discussions or commentaries of current events. Lot s radio or TV games and films attract a large audience. Newspapers uses in different ways, but basically they are read. There is a lot of advertisment on mass media. Different corporations own some of the

TV and radio stations, and newspapers. The owners can advertise whatever they choose. But it is hardly fair to say that mass media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs. There are more then six TV channels and lot s of radio stations and newspapers now in the

Russian Federation. Education in Russia An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things. I think it is very important that everyone should be educated. Each pupil ought todo his best to become a useful member of our society. Education is very important in our life. Going on educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge. In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsary.

Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession. When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities. There are many school types of schools in Russia specialized, politecnical, musical art and others.

Nowdays appeared some new types of schools gimnasiums and colledges. The educational system of Great Britain. The educational system of G.B. is extreamely complex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalise about particular types of schools as schools differ from one to the other. The departament of education and science is responsible for national educational policy,but it doesn

t employe teacher or prescribe corricular or text books. Each school has it s own board of governers consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community, businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. Such as religious instruction. Schooling for children is compulsary from 5 to 16, though some provision

is made for children under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education. The state school system is usually devided into 2 stages secondary and primary .The majority of primary schools are mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools ages 5 to 7 ,and junior schools ages 7 to11 . In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressue of progressive parents and teachers

the 11 examination has now been abolished in most parts of the country. There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high level of academic education wich can lead to the university. Technical Schools offer a general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more

mecanically minded. The corricular includes more science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser attainment. The corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive schools brings about a general improvement in the system of secondary education. Начало документа Leisure time. Everybody sometimes has a free time.

Somebody prefer s only to sleep in their liesure time, but the largest part of us prefer to do a great amount of things which are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading, a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and others. If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the attractive places. Many peoples thing that pupils and studients have too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong.

We are very busy. Many pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day a week. Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school. And we just no time to go some-there. Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. I am not spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free time devote to reading.

I like to read books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I read books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. I and my school friends often gather after school and play basketball, fooftball or other active games. But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea. thing all peoples

must have other occupation besides their basic work, because it extand the bounduries of the familar world and teach us something new about people and thing. Customs and traditions of English speaking countries. Every country and every nation has it s own traditions and customs.It s very important to know traditions and customs of different people.it will help you toknow more

about the history and life of different nations and countries.One cannot speak about england without speaking about it s traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of english people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B.Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.

It s celebrated on the 25-th of december. There are some traditions connected with it.One of them is to give presents to each other.It is not only choldren and members of family.It s a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B especially London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees.

On Trafalgar Square,in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree.It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding.

Other great holidays are Father s day,Mother s day,Helloween and other. Culture 1. Renaissance. 2. William Shakespeare. 3. Shakespeare s works and Hamlet s soliloquy. 4. Enlightment. 5. Daniel Defoe. 6. Robinson Crusoe . 7. Jonathan Swift. 8. Gulliver s Travels . 9. Robert

Burns. Начало документа 1.The Renaissance. The Renaissance or the revival of learning was the period then european culture was at it s high. It lasted from the 14 th centure till 17 th centure, and was coursed by complex economic situation and social conditions. The feudal system was been shuttled by the bourgeoisie, thich was getting stronger and stronger. It was more profitable to unite under a single rouler.

Absolute monacy came into being. This lead to the forming of nations and the true sense of the world. New social and economic conditions called for the new ideology, because the catholic dogmas didn t correspond to the new trend of life. For this reason in many european countries the protestant religion sprend up and national churches were established. Instead of the blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new outlook which was called humanism.

The time demanded positive recional knowledge and this demand was supplied in astronomy by Copernicus, in philosophy by Tomas More, in geography by Columbus, Vaska de Gama and others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory of art It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so far experience, a time, thich called for Giants and produced Giants in power and thought, passion and character in universality and language.

An example of a typical men of the Renaissance period was the famous Englishmen sir Walter Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer, pirate, coloniser, historian, thilosother and a poet. He was much interested in science and literature. He wrote works of geography and lead expedition to South America. He was an outstanding poet. His poems are full of profound wisdom, written with great

elegance and salacity of style. He organised of academy . Christother Marlowe the greatest dramatist before Shakespear . But the most important of most this writer and one of the greatest men of this period was sir Thomas More. Thomas More. He came into great favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works of a political, philosophical and historical character.

His most famous book is Utopie . Utopie - means no place, no there . The work is writing in latin and devided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe to formulate communist principals as a bases of society. The Renaisense in England. The prideses of Shakespeare. The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16 th and begining of 17

th centure.Sometimes it s called Elizabethen age after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized. The english people were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of

Chaucer. Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hight s of literature of this period were riached in drama. 2. Life of Shakespeare.

The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people Our National Bard , The Immortal. Poet of nature and The Great Unknown . More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories.

When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described as beign in the middle of

England. Начало документа Shakespeare s father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeare s mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners. Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned

Latin smattering of Greek. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith. Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William

Shakespeare and he dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career. Shakespeare major activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of the Globe theatre and later of the Blackfriars theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford. Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town.

He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609. 3. Shakespeare s works. Shakespeare s literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600.

Shakespeare s comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are Richard 3 1592 , The comedy of errors 1592 , Romeo and Juliet 1594 , Julius Caesar 1599 , As you like it 1599 ,

1600 - Twelth night . Shakespe-are s poems are also attributed to the first period, Venus and Adonis and Lucrece , and 154 sonnets. Venus and Adonis was the first of Shakespeare s works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeare s creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full

maturity. He presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period 1601 - Hamlet , 1604 - Othello . Shakespeare s plays of the third period are called the Romantic dramas . There is no tragic tension in these plays.

This period lasted from 1609 till 1612. 1609 - Cymbeline , 1610 - The Winters Tale , 1612 - Henry 8 . Hamlet s soliloguy. To be, or not to be, that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufler. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing and then. To die, to sleep - No more, and by a sleep to say we end

The heart - ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is hear to tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die to sleep - To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay, there s the rub For in that sleep of death what dreams may comes, When we have shuflled off this mortal coil Must give pause - there s the respect That makes calimity of so long life. 4. The Enlightment. topThe history of

England and second part of the 17 th centure, and during the 18 th centure was marked by British colonial, expression and struggle for the leading role in cowers. The writters and philosofists of this age protested against the sovivals of feodalizm in thich they saw the main evil of this time. Man they thought was vertains by nature and wise was duty ignorence to they started a pubic movement for enlighting the people.

This movement was called the enlightment . The enlighters belived in the power of reason and the period was also called the age of reason . This period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English literature of this period may be characterise by the following features 1.The rise of the political pamphlets and issue. The novell became the leading genre. 2. The prose style became clever gracefull and polished.

3. The hero of the novell was no longer a prince but a representative of the middle class. 4. Literature became very instructive. The literature of this age may be divided into 3 periods The 1 st period is caracterised by classisizm in poetry. The greatest follower of the classical style was Alexander Pope. There appeared the first realistic novels written by

Defoe and Swift. The 2 nd peiod saw the development of the realistic social novel, represen-tive by Richardson, Fielding and others. The 3 rd period is marked by the appiriense of a new trends sentimenta-lizm. Typefed by the works of Goldsmith and Stern. This period also saw the rise of the realistic drama R. Sheridan . 5. Daniel Defoe. DD was the founder of the realistic novel.

He was also a brilliant journa-list and in many ways the father of modern English periodicals. He founded and paved the way for many magazines The Revue , The Spectator . DD was born in London, his father a butcher, was wealthy enough to give his sone a good education. D was to become a prist, but it was his cheariched desire to become wealthy. His wished was never fullfield. D was banckrote several times.

He was always in deep debt. The inly branch of business in which he proved succesful was journalism and literature. When D was about 23 he started writting pamphlets on question of the hour. He started writting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was supported by the whig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose defends his brilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, that the enemy didn t understand it at first.

But as soon as his enemy realised the real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to 7 years inprisonment. It was a cruel punishment, and when the came for him to be set free people carried him on their shoulders This was the climax of his political career and the end of it. In 1719, he tried his hand at another kind of literature - fiction, and wrote the novel he is now best known Robison Crusoe . After the book was published,

D became famous and rich and was able to pay his creditors in full. Other novels which D were also very much talked about during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them now. For example Captain Singleton 1720 , Moll Flanders 1722 . 6. Robinson Crusoe. Books about voyages and new discoveries were very popular in the first quater of the 18 th centure and many stories of this then had been written but while

Defoe was busy with politics he didn t think of also trying his hand at it. However one story in in Steel magasine attracted his attention. It was about Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on a desert island. Defoe s hero, R.C however spend 26 years on a desert island. The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumph the men over the nature.

Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from dispair. The very process of hardwork gives his satisfaction. R s most characteristic tract is his optimism. His guiding prencipal in life was never said die and in trouble to be troubles is to have your trouble double. Начало документа 7. Jonathan Swift. 1667-1745 JS was the greatest of

English satiriste. His better satire at the contempro-rary social order in jeneral and an the policy of English government towards in particular. That s why the Irish people considered Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy and freedom of their country. JS was born in Dublin, but he came from English family. His father died at the age of 25, liaving his wife and daughter penuiless.

His son was born seven month later after his death. The boy knew little of his mother chearch. He hardly ever saw her, during his childhood. J was supported by his uncle Godwin. At the age of 6 he was send to school, which he left at 14. When he entered a college in Dublin and got his bacheloris degree in 1686. 8. Gulliver s Travels. In 1726 Swift s masterpiece Gulliver s

Travels appeared. This work made a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred the interests of those in politics as well as the readers of novels. In this work Swift intended to satirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictions travels. It tells of the adventures of ship surgeon, as related by himself and divided into four parts of four voyages 1. A voyage to Liliput.

2. A voyage to Brobdignag. 3. A voyage to Laputa. 4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms. 1. The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput. As the result of a shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a race of people about six inches high. Everything else in this country is on a correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country with it s shallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize

the England of the 18 th centure, the court with it s atmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among the liliputians. 2. Before long Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near the land of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shore Gulliver is captured by the giants.

They are good-natured creatures and treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small size and look upon him as a plaything. Brobdingnag is an expression of Swift s desire to find the ideal and escape from the disgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes an agricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such a monarch in the king of Brobdingnag.

He is clever, honest and kind to his people. He hates wars and wants to make his people happy. 3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa. Swift s imagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in the third part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa the author touches upon all the existing sciences . It is easy enough to understand that in ridiculing the academy of

Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the 18 th century. The scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all the world. 3. In the 4 th part Swift describes Gulliver s adventures at the Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non any of the frivo-lities of human scociety. The human race ocupies a position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules

the country by reason and justice. Gulliver s travels was one of the greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in world literature. Swift s democratic ideas expressed in the book had a great influence on the English writers who came after Swift. Начало документа 9. Robert Burns. RB is the national poet of Scotland. Every year on his bithday scotsmen all over the world gather together for a traditional celebration

in which his memory is glorified,his poems are recited and his song are sung. Burns poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen. They love Burns for the generosity and kindness of his nature, for his patriotism and truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride and dignity of the Scotish peasantry. Burns sang the beauty and the glory of his native land.

He gloryfield true love and friendship. Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr, on the 25 of January, 1759. His father was a hard-working man and he took great trouble to give his family all the education he could. When Robert was 6, he was send to a school at Alloway Miln. Robert were given a good knowledge of English. For some years

Burns worked on the family farm. They lived very poor. Burns wrote his first poem at the age of 14. And from then till his death his poems and songs came out, giving delight and joy to the himself, his countrymen and all the world around. Burns worked with his father and brothers. The death of his father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own kind of life, but it also gave him new resposobilities as head of the family.

As a farmer he was unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns published his poems in Kilmarnock in 1786. The success was great. Burns wrote many poems and songs. After a short illness he died on 21 st July, 1796. Millions of people all over the world highly esteem and love Burns poems. S. Marshak, a great soviet poet, brought

Burns to russian people throught his fine translate. My Heart s in the Highlands. My heart s in the Highlands, my heart is not here My heart s in the Highkands, a chasing the deer A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe - My heart in the Highlands wherever I go. Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, The birthplace of valour, the country of worth

Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands for ever I love. Farewell to the mountains high cover d with snow Farewell to the straths and green valleys below Farewell to the forests and wild-handing woods Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods. My heart s in the Highlands, my heart is not here My heart s in the Highkands, a chasing the deer

A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe - My heart in the Highlands wherever I go. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 1. Geographical position and phisical teatures The USA occupy a large territory and are situated in the sentral and southen part of north America. The USA is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and by the

Pasific ocean in the west. In the north, the USA is borders on Canada and in the south on Mexico. 2. Climet Начало документа Mountain rangres coss the country from north to south and don t protect it from the north and warm ear from the south. The USA has a continental climet. 3.Riches of the USA Large reserves of oil, coal, iron and other minerals from solid

Baise from development of america industry. 4.Arias,lakes The USA is divited into free arias Esten area a highland,central area a plain and Western area wich is Mountains and includes the Rocky Mountains and the Sierria Nevada. 5. Lakes There are five great lakes in the northen part of the USA.There are Huren, Michigan, Supireo, Onterio, Erie.

There are connected by channeis cut by rapids one of them the Neagara Folls. 6. Rivers The Missisipy together with the Missury is the longast river in the world. The rivers of the west are unsutible for navigation.The larges of them are Colombia and Colorado rivers. PART 2 National Economy. The USA is a hardly developed capitalitic country.

Heavy industry prevails in the USA,including such brauches as the mining , metalurgical,engineering out chemical industes.Being well developed light industry includes,textile, leather and footwear industries.The food industry is also well developed. As agriculture bouth animal husbeudry and arally farming are prominent in the economy of the USA. Начоло документа