One of the world's most famous yet least visited archaeological sites, Easter Island is a small, hilly, now
treeless island of volcanic origin. Located in the Pacific Ocean at 27 degrees south of the equator, some 2200 miles (3600 kilometers) off the coast of Chile,
the island is 63 square miles in size and has extinct volcanoes rising to 1500 feet. In the early 1950s, the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl (famous for his
Kon-Tiki raft voyages across the oceans) popularized the idea that the island, called Rapa Nui by the natives, had been originally settled by advanced
societies of Indians from the coast of South America. Extensive archaeological, ethnographic, and linguistic research has conclusively shown this hypothesis to
be inaccurate. It is now recognized that the original inhabitants of Easter Island are of Polynesian stock (DNA extracts from skeletons have recently
confirmed this), that they most probably came from the Marquesas or Society islands, and that they arrived around AD 380 to 400. At the time of their
arrival, the island was entirely covered in thick forests and was teeming with land birds. It was the richest seabird breeding site in Polynesia and probably
in the whole Pacific. Within a matter of centuries this profusion of wildlife was entirely destroyed by the islanders' way of life. The reasons are today
eminently clear.
It is estimated that the original colonists, who were quite probably lost at sea, arrived in just a few canoes
and numbered fewer than 100. Because of the plentiful bird, fish, and plant food sources, the population grew rapidly and gave rise to a rich religious and
artistic culture. However, the resource needs of the growing population inevitably outpaced the island's capacity to renew itself ecologically and the
ensuing environmental degradation triggered a social and cultural collapse. Pollen records show that the destruction of the forests was well under way by
the year 800, just a few centuries after the start of the first settlement. These forest trees were extremely important to the islanders, being used for
fuel, for the construction of houses and ocean-fishing canoes, and as rollers for transporting the great stone statues. By the 1400s the forests had been
entirely cut, the rich ground cover had eroded away, the springs had dried up, and the vast flocks of birds coming to roost on the island had long since
disappeared. With no logs to build canoes for offshore fishing, with depleted bird and wildlife food sources, and with declining crop yields because of the
erosion of good soil, the nutritional intake of the people plummeted. First famine, then cannibalism, set in. Because the island could no longer feed the
chiefs, bureaucrats, and priests who kept the complex society running, chaos resulted, and by 1700 the population dropped to between one-quarter and
one-tenth of its former number. During the mid 1700s rival clans began to topple each other's stone statues. By 1864 the last of the statues was thrown
down and desecrated.
Easter Island was unknown to Europeans until 1722 when it was accidentally sailed upon by the Dutch admiral,
Jacob Roggeveen, on Easter Day. The barren lands and social strife that Roggeveen first recorded make it difficult to imagine the extraordinary culture
that had flowered on the island during the previous 1400 years. That culture's most famous features are its enormous stone statues called moai, more than 200
of which once stood upon massive stone platforms called ahu. At least 700 more moai statues, in various stages of completion, are scattered around the island,
either in quarries or along ancient roads between the quarries and the coastal areas where the statues were most often erected. Nearly all the moai are carved
from the tough stone of the Rano Raraku volcano. The average statue is 14 feet, 6 inches tall and weighs 14 tons; some moai were as large as 33 feet and
weighed more than 80 tons (one statue only partially quarried from the bedrock was 65 feet long and would have weighed an estimated 270 tons). The moai and
ahu were in use as early as AD 700, but the great majority were carved and erected between AD 1000 and 1500. Depending upon the size of the statue,
between 50 and 150 people were needed to drag it across the countryside on sleds and rollers made from the island's trees. While many of the statues were
toppled during the clan wars of the 1600 and 1700s, other statues fell over and cracked while being transported across the island. Recent research has shown
that certain statue sites, particularly the most important ones with great ahu platforms, were periodically ritually dismantled and reassembled with ever
larger statues. A small number of the moai were once capped with "crowns" or "hats" of red volcanic stone. The meaning and
purpose of these capstones is not known, but archaeologists have suggested that the moai thus marked were of pan-island ritual significance or perhaps sacred
to a particular clan.
Scholars are unable to definitively explain the function and use of the moai statues. It is assumed that their
carving and erection derived from an idea rooted in similar practices found elsewhere in Polynesia but which evolved in a unique way on Easter Island.
Archaeological and iconographic analysis indicates that the statue cult was based on an ideology of male, lineage-based authority incorporating
anthropomorphic symbolism. The statues were thus symbols of authority and power, both religious and political. But they were not only symbols. To the
people who erected and used them, they were actual repositories of sacred spirit. All carved objects in ancient Polynesian religions were, when properly
fashioned and ritually prepared, believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana. The ahu platforms of Easter Island were the sanctuaries of
the people of Rapa Nui, and the moai statues were the ritually charged sacred objects of those sanctuaries. While the statues have been toppled and
re-erected over the centuries, and while great social and environmental calamity afflicted the island, the mana or spiritual presence of Rapa Nui is
still strongly present at the ahu sites and atop the sacred volcanoes.